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Indian political leaders and bureaucrat
#96
http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/539/539%...n%20chandra.htm
<b>Elections as auctions</b>
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->The more competitive an election, therefore, the more such voters from these groups are likely to benefit. But no matter how competitive it is, a democracy that does not guarantee access to a minimal set of entitlements for its most vulnerable citizens has malfunctioned in a serious way.

Paradoxically, however, this malfunction may well be the reason for the survival of democracy in India. When survival goods are allotted by the political market rather than as entitlements, voters who need these goods have no option but to participate.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->


http://assets.cambridge.org/052181/4529/sa...521814529ws.pdf
Why ethnic parties succeed.
http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald...04/br4.asp
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/0...42400070800.htm


http://yale.edu/ycias/ocvprogram/licep/1...handra.pdf
Strategic voting

http://yale.edu/ycias/ocvprogram/licep/5/c...ndra-laitin.pdf
Frame work for identity change




<b>
Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. By Kanchan Chandra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 368p. $80.00.

In the post-9/11 world where the “clash of civilizations” has moved beyond classroom debates to the public realm, it is refreshing, and challenging, to see a study that does not give ethnicity an easy ride. The title of this book is slightly misleading, though, because even while it concedes that appeals for political support on the basis of ethnic categories based on “race, caste, tribe or religion” (p. 2) are frequently made, sometimes with considerable success, it asserts that such tactics do not always succeed. When they do, it is not necessarily because of their putative appeal to sentiments but, instead, because both ethnic candidates and their supporters, rather than being swayed by appeals to their nonrational selves, are actually driven by sophisticated calculations of expected gain. Their utility calculus takes the size of the ultimate prize as well as the probability of winning it into account when they choose to align themselves with one set of politicians as opposed to another. Kanchan Chandra's parsimonious and general model explains why ethic parties in India, riding on Hindu or, for that matter, Tamil nationalism, succeed in some contexts but not in others.</b>

<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Ethnic Bargains, Group Instability, and Social Choice Theory
KANCHAN CHANDRA

This article makes two arguments: first, it argues that theories connecting ethnic group mobilization with democratic bargaining are based, often unwittingly, on primordialist assumptions that bias them toward overestimating the intractability of ethnic group demands. Second, it proposes a synthesis of constructivist approaches to ethnic identity and social choice theory to show how we who study ethnic mobilization might build theories that rely on the more realistic and more powerful assumption of instability in ethnic group boundaries and preferences. It illustrates the promise of this approach through a study of the language bargain struck in India's constituent assembly between 1947 and 1949.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->


http://www.aasianst.org/absts/1998abst/sasia/s-toc.htm

http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/facu...ndra/as2000.pdf
Elite Incorporation in Multiethnic soceities



http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1452/Weiner.pdf
http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/sep/23us2.htm

http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2122/sto...05000507600.htm
http://kellogg.nd.edu/events/pastconf/india.shtml
http://countrystudies.us/india/108.htm
http://www.indianchild.com/congress_party_india.htm
http://www.virginia.edu/soasia/newslette..._view.html

Societies and Military Power: India and Its Armies (Cornell Studies in Security Affairs) (Hardcover)
by Stephen Peter Rosen

http://www.photius.com/countries/india/soc..._societ~82.html
http://www.crisisstates.com/download/india/gupta.pdf
http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwpol/Hankla%20-%20B...dia%20Paper.pdf

http://www.gandhiserve.org/sale/library_bo...l_congress.html
http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/teaching/ug/r...sts/210/210.pdf
http://www.suedasien.net/laender/indien/st...politik/inc.htm

http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/hardgrave/cv.html

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/sumit.htm
http://assets.cambridge.org/052180/1443/sa...521801443ws.pdf




<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->The Indian paradox: essays in Indian politics

Contents

List of Tables

Preface

Editor's Preface

I. NATION BUILDING AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

1. The Indian Paradox: Violent Social Conflict and Democratic Policies

2. India's Minorities: Who are they? What do they Want?

3. Institution Building in India

II. CHANGING PUBUC POLICIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES

4. Capitalist Agriculture and Rural Well-Being

5. The Political Economy of Industrial Growth

6. The Political Consequences, of Preferential Policies: India in Comparative Perspective

III. ELECTORAL POLITICS

7. Party Politics and Electoral Behavior: From Independence to the 1980s

8. The 1971 Elections; India's Changing Party System

9. The 1980 Elections; Continuities and Discontinuities in Indian Politics

IV STALEMATES. CRISES AND ATTEMPTED REFORMS

10. India in the Mid-Seventies: A Political System in Transition

11. Rajiv Gandhi: A Mid-Term Assessment

12. Maintaining India's Democratic Institutions

Citations

Index
This stimulating volume explores a major paradox in Indian politics — the apparent contradiction between the high level of political violence and the country's success in sustaining a democratic political system.

Written over the past sixteen years or so and up-dated for the present volume, the essays in this volume provide a veritable four de horizon of the turbulent post-Nehru period in India's political history. Myron Weiner discusses some of the central issues of Indian politics and chronicles important changes and continuities in the relationship between ideas and interests as well as in institutional structures and political practice. In doing so, he provides not only a sense of the overall state of India's democratic polity but also some idea of its various strengths and weaknesses as it continues to cope with the classical problem of post-colonial regimes; namely, how to carry through the task of socio-economic transformation and nation and state building while sustaining an open and competitive framework. This is, in fact, the larger question the present volume seeks to address through an exploration of the problems of ethnicity, economic growth and equity, supplemented by a critical assessment of India's democracy and some of its central institutions.
<b>
A major theme is the interplay between the violent struggles among India's linguistic groups, religious, caste and tribal communities and the country's political institutions.</b> The politics of group identity are and will remain as central an element in Indian political life as the debates over economic policy. Paradoxically, many government policies intended to ameliorate conflicts among groups and to improve their status or standard of living, have actually served to intensify group identities and conflicts.

In analysing the constraints on change in India, the author considers how the centralization of the Congress party has both eroded the federal system and weakened the Congress party itself, and how policies adopted by Indira Gandhi shaped institutions and interests that now limit Rajiv Gandhfs capacity to pursue political reform and economic liberalization. Myron Weiner also documents how the decline of the Congress organization and the weakening of the federal structure has made the'task of managing group conflicts more difficult.

Myron Weiner's contribution to the study of Indian politics has been considerable. His earlier writings on different aspects of the Indian polity are highly valued as 'benchmark' works. The present collection is, therefore, likely to elicit great interest not only among academics in the field but also among journalists and policy-makers.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->


<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 39, No. 8, 996-1018 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0010414005282392
© 2006 SAGE Publications 


Comparing Nations and States
Human Rights and Democracy in India
Caroline Beer

University of Vermont, Burlington

Neil J. Mitchell

University of Aberdeen, Scotland
<b>
Democracy and the protection of human rights generally go together, but not in India. </b>India is an outlier in the cross-national research that aims to explain human rights performance. Using state-level subnational data and drawing on the approaches pioneered at the cross-national level, the authors examine the reasons for the outlier status. Their findings suggest that the aggregate whole-nation human rights and democracy scores misrepresent the political experience of much of India. The authors find that participation, political parties, and the level and nature of opposition threat help us understand the incidence of human rights violations within India.
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->





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