08-29-2010, 03:43 PM
Muslim rule from Delhi from 1206-1707 (= 501 years)
The Muslim rulers of Delhi influenced more or less the politics from the fortified residences within their annexed areas the life in and outside those areas. While they could dominate (read terrorize) the cities, towns and countryside outside their strongholds but within their kingdom respectively empire, they tried to conquer the inimical strongholds outside their kingdom with planned raids of the cities, towns and countryside and sieges of their strongholds. These were either annexed or remained independent.
The Turki and Mughal invasions were attempted to conquer and rule over India. The Islamiced Turks from the Ghazni belt, pressing the local Bauddha Turks and Hindu/Bauddha Pathans and other locals, managed to rule over Delhi and other fortified areas in the northern plains. The Mughals started from 1221 on with their attempts from the Ghazni-Gandhara belt. They only managed to conquer India in 1526, to lose it again in 1540, and regain it in 1555 , with the help of Iran.
Four groups of Mughals, Turks, Pathans and other Indians interacted, with the Hindu-remaining Indians within specific geographical zones, which I call Mandalas, from Central-Asia to the Indian seas.
Mandalas (belt): Political wave effects on India from geo-zones
I. OXUS-JAXARTES VALLEYS
1. Khurasan Mandala (Khurasani areas)
This area was important for the developments into the subcontinent from the Hindukush deep into the Indo-Gangetic plains. The Islamiced Turks and Tajiks and other E-Iranic (E-Iranian and descendants of Sakas and Tukharas) were dominant in these areas with a hybrid but predominantly Persian culture.
Mughal invasion, enslaving Turks from the north, and then also Turks and Tajiks from Khurasan caused a deep antagonism between Turks-Tajiks and Mughals.
II. OUTER INDIA (Pash/khtuni areas)
2. Ghazni-Gandhara Mandala
Migrated Turks and Tajiks already settled or freshly arrived from Khurasan dominated the local newly Islamiced Pathans-Hindkos-other Hindus and non-Islamiced populations. This caused a deep antagonism of the Turk-Tajik with the local freshly Islamized Pathans-others and non-Islamized Hindu groups.
With the Mughal invasion within the Ghazni-Gandhara Mandala, we get three antagonistic groups: Mughals-Turks and Tajiks-Pathans and Hindus.
III. INNER INDIA (Pakistani areas)
3A. Indus Valley Mandala: (WPanjab-Multan-Sindh)
After the Ghazni Mandala the next thread came from the Islamized Indus Valley centers in Lahore and Multan. The last was an Ismaili Shiite mini-belt.
B. North India Mandala
In this Mandala the power triangle Delhi-Bangal-Gujarat influenced other centers like Rajputana, Malwa-Mathura and the Mid-Gangetic. Political fortified centers and other citadels were interlinked, Hindu religious centers were converted into Muslim ones, changing also their place names.
The four Sunnite tribes formed these groupings: Khurasano-Afghani Mughals, Turk and Tajiks versus Afghano-Hindustani converted Pathans and converted Hindus. Both groupings were antagonistic towards each other, but both were religiously hostile towards Hindus. Pathans were spread in the Purab and other countrysides.
C. South India Mandala
In this Mandala the Iranian Shiites started a belt in the Deccan, wagings political wars against the Sunnites from the North, with help of the Hindus, but religious wars with help of Sunnites against the same Hindus from the South.
The Muslims, starting from Muhammad bin Sam established bases for Muslim overlords over Hindu rulers who paid tribute. At local levels within direct Muslim rule, a host of lesser chieftains (muqqaddams) and headmen (khots) were employed during Alauddin Khilji, as per Barni.
During Muhammad Tughluq, Hindus who lived in villages under a Muslim officer or Hakim were distinguished from Hindus of the Mawasat (jungles, bare or barren lands).
Dar-ul-Islami heartland
A. The fortified areas (forts, towns, cities) were under direct Sultanate rule.
B. The open countryside was land of the infidels: The landholders (zamindar) and peasants (dahiqin) are only ostensily subjects (ra'aya-yi suri), paying taxes out of fear of the sword.
Dar-ul- Harbi periphery
A. Zaminbus areas; loosely tolerated Hindu kingdom areas were existent due to paying tributes (pAibUs, zamInbUs).
B. Mawas areas: these were beyond control. Even Muslim rebels and dissidents took refuge there, forming a cluster sometimes of Hindu and Muslim partizans.
Two means of attacking these Harbi areas were through actions of Sultani Swords and Sufi Saints.
Within every stronghold area of the Delhi Sultanate, there were pacified Zaminbus royals and troublemaking Mawas rebels. The Delhi and other Sultans never controlled their subjects outside the fortified dots within their kingdoms. Therefore, any map depicting the geographical limits of their power with one colour, is giving a highly flattered picture!
In the Sultanate Period, the largest kingdoms were under:
a. Turki Balban Mamluk
b. Turkoid Alauddin Khalaji
c. Turki Muhammad Tughluq
d. Turkoid Sikandar Lodi (Khalaji)
The Padishah Period has three subperiods:
A. Babur and Humayun
B. Interregnum Suri Pathans
C1. Akbar: most influential Padishah
2. Jahangir
3. Shah Jahan
4. Aurangzeb: largest kingdom
I. 1st Delhi Kingdom (1206-1398 = 192 years)
1. Turki Mamluks (1206-1290 = 84 years)
Shamanist Mughal threats, at least 15 major invasions.
A. Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210)
B. Aram Shah (1210-1211)
C. Iyaltimish (1211-1236)
1223/4 Dorbey and Bala Mughals invade Multan and Lahore for Chengiz Khan (1206-1227)
1235 Kashmir area invaded for Ogodei (1227-1241)
Pakchak Mughal invades Peshawar for Ogodei (1227-1241)
D. Rukuddin Firuz (1236), Razia Sultana (1236-1240), Muizzuddin Bahram (1240-1242), Alauddin Masud (1242-1246) , Nasiruddin Masud (1246-1266)
1239 Mughal held the tract beyond the Chenab.
1241 Dayir and Mengutei Mughal invasion of Lahore for Ogodei (1227-1241)
Sali Mughal invades Kashmir area for Mongke (1251-1257)
1245/6 Mengutai Mughal invasion of Uch and Multan
1248-1252 Sali Mughal invades Multan and Lahore for Hulagu (1257-): bought of.. Lahore and Sindh became Mughal
1257 Kushlu Khan invades Delhi
1257/8 Sali Mughal occupies Ucch and Multan for Hulagu
NOTE: Ulugh Khan Balban was active as general against the Mughal invasions. Not always successful.
E. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1286)
Annual Mughal attacks, as far as Rupar on the Satlaj, as per Barni.
1266 Mughals crossed the Beas river and attacked Uch.
1268 Balban takes Lahore from Mughal subordinate Kushlu Khan.
1284/5 Temur Mughal defeats Balban's general at Ravi junction with Dhandh.
F. Muizzuddin Kaikubad (1286-1290)
Kayumars (1290) only three years old was dethroned by his guardian Alauddin Khalaji.
1287 Temur Mughal invades territory between Lahore and Samana.
2. Turkoid Khalajis (1290-1320 = 30 years)
Shamanist some Muslim Mughal invasions, 10 counted.
1303 Siri and Jahanpanah fortifications repaired.
A. Jalaluddin Firuz
1291 Mughal invasion at frontier.
1292 Abdallah Mughal invasion: Alughu into Panjab, Alughu and his 4000 advance guard became the New Muslims and settled in Delhi's Mughalpur quarter, main thread of Mughals was bought off.
B. Ali Gurshasp Alauddin (1296-1316): usurped the throne
1st Mughal invasions 1296-7 Duva Khan: in 1297 Jalandhar
2nd Mughal invasion 1297/8 Saldi
3rd Mughal invasion 1399 Qutluq Khvaja into Delhi
4th Mughal invasion 1303 Targhay into Delhi
5th Mughal invasion 1303 Ali Beg and Tartaq into Panjab
6th Mughal invasion 1306 Kebek into Multan and Panjab
7th Mughal invasion 1307/8 Iqbalmand and Taibu at Indus river. Duva Khan died, succession war.
Mughal commander tried to kill Malik Kafur in 1311 > all Mughals of Sultanate murdered.
C. Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah (1316- 1320)
1320 Mongol invasion of Zulju into Kashmir
- Interregnum
1320 Sultan Khushrau Khan Parvar: Hindus and their cults (ban on cow-slaughter) again revered.
3. Turki Tughluqs (1320-1413 = 93 years)
Three Mughal invasions
A. Giyathuddin (1320-1325)
B. Muhammad (1325-1351): 'usurped' the throne
1327 Mughal invasion Tarmashirin into Lamghan-Multan-siege Delhi. Thread was bought off. Bauddha Tarmashirin later became Muslim.
Mughal raids of Amir Qazaghan into Northern India
Mughal Amir Qazaghan helped Muhammad suppress rebellions in 1350.
C. Firuz Shah (1351-1388)
Note: Timur from 1363 ruler of Transoxiana-Khurasan: centralization (politics), Islamization (religion) and Islamo-Persianization (culture). A split between Islamiced and non-Islamized Chaghatai Mughals. He tried to found a new Mughal empire.
II. 2nd Delhi Kingdom (1398-1556 = 158 years)
1398 DESTRUCTIVE RAID TIMUR A CHAGATAYID MUGHAL
1398-1414 anarchy and regionalism
Many areas in Northern India were untouched by the weakened Delhi kingdom.
a. Saiyads (1414-1451 = 47 years)
A. Khizr Khan (1414-1421): vassal of the Timurid Chaghatays (Mughal)
B. Mubarak Khan (1421-1434)
C. Muhammad Shah (1434-1445)
D. Alauddin Alam Shah (1445-1451)
b. Turkoid Lodis (Khalajis) (1451-1526 = 75 years)
A. Bahlul (1451-1489)
B. Sikandar (1489-1517)
C. Ibrahim (1517-1526
Mughal invasion of Babar
c. Timurid Chaghatay Mughals (1526-1556 = 30 years)
A. Babar (1526-1530) ââ¬â hated his Mughal ancestry, considered himself a Turk, but Barlas are Mongols.
B1. Humayun 1st rule (1530-1545)
C. - Interregnum Pathan Suris (1540-1555)
B2. Humayun 2nd rule (1555-1556)
- Interregnum Hemu (1556)
III. Delhi Empire (1556-1707 = 151 years)
A. Akbar (1556-1605)
B. Jahangir (1605-1627)
- Interregnum (1527-1528)
C. Shah Jahan (1528-1558)
D. Aurangzeb (1558-1707)
The above described scheme includes many blank incidents, not mentioned in standard works, such as the prolonged Mughal attempts to conquer India from 1221 on. Omitting the weight of these invasions, and even all the occurring ones in contemporary works indicates the submissive nature of court writers to their Turki patrons. Many facts, like defeats were not given proper attention. Exageration of their own exploits were not uncommon. (This is equally true of their defeats at Hindu hands.)
The scheme has the benefit to get a better grasp of the political picture, related to the regnal periods and extent of their dominion. Keeping in mind that the Muslims only controlled fortified dots within their kingdom, we get also a picture of the partly independent tributary Rajas and also the fully independent and uncontrollable rulers.
We get a better outlining of the heoric Hindu resistence.
The severe threats of the invasions of the Mughals were the real cause of the relocations of the capital seat in Delhi, and even once outside Delhi during the Tughluqs. There wasn't any time and money to build from scratch any major city, fort or building, thus the Sultans were content with usurping preexisting ones, making them fit or embellishing them to acquire Islamic standards, to pacify their Ulemas.
Another factor to reckon with is the political and religious interaction of 4 groups of Muslims (outer belt Mughals, outer belt Tajik-Turks, inner belt Pathans and other converted, inner belt converted Hindus; actually a fifth is when taking the Shiites apart from the Sunnites) with each other and against the non-Muslim Hindus.
This scheme provides a handy tool to outline the atrocities commited by the Muslims rulers, originating from which belts and by which of their 5 groups, and thus getting a twofold better picture of the Hinducides and total Hinducaust and the developments of architecture.
The Muslim rulers of Delhi influenced more or less the politics from the fortified residences within their annexed areas the life in and outside those areas. While they could dominate (read terrorize) the cities, towns and countryside outside their strongholds but within their kingdom respectively empire, they tried to conquer the inimical strongholds outside their kingdom with planned raids of the cities, towns and countryside and sieges of their strongholds. These were either annexed or remained independent.
The Turki and Mughal invasions were attempted to conquer and rule over India. The Islamiced Turks from the Ghazni belt, pressing the local Bauddha Turks and Hindu/Bauddha Pathans and other locals, managed to rule over Delhi and other fortified areas in the northern plains. The Mughals started from 1221 on with their attempts from the Ghazni-Gandhara belt. They only managed to conquer India in 1526, to lose it again in 1540, and regain it in 1555 , with the help of Iran.
Four groups of Mughals, Turks, Pathans and other Indians interacted, with the Hindu-remaining Indians within specific geographical zones, which I call Mandalas, from Central-Asia to the Indian seas.
Mandalas (belt): Political wave effects on India from geo-zones
I. OXUS-JAXARTES VALLEYS
1. Khurasan Mandala (Khurasani areas)
This area was important for the developments into the subcontinent from the Hindukush deep into the Indo-Gangetic plains. The Islamiced Turks and Tajiks and other E-Iranic (E-Iranian and descendants of Sakas and Tukharas) were dominant in these areas with a hybrid but predominantly Persian culture.
Mughal invasion, enslaving Turks from the north, and then also Turks and Tajiks from Khurasan caused a deep antagonism between Turks-Tajiks and Mughals.
II. OUTER INDIA (Pash/khtuni areas)
2. Ghazni-Gandhara Mandala
Migrated Turks and Tajiks already settled or freshly arrived from Khurasan dominated the local newly Islamiced Pathans-Hindkos-other Hindus and non-Islamiced populations. This caused a deep antagonism of the Turk-Tajik with the local freshly Islamized Pathans-others and non-Islamized Hindu groups.
With the Mughal invasion within the Ghazni-Gandhara Mandala, we get three antagonistic groups: Mughals-Turks and Tajiks-Pathans and Hindus.
III. INNER INDIA (Pakistani areas)
3A. Indus Valley Mandala: (WPanjab-Multan-Sindh)
After the Ghazni Mandala the next thread came from the Islamized Indus Valley centers in Lahore and Multan. The last was an Ismaili Shiite mini-belt.
B. North India Mandala
In this Mandala the power triangle Delhi-Bangal-Gujarat influenced other centers like Rajputana, Malwa-Mathura and the Mid-Gangetic. Political fortified centers and other citadels were interlinked, Hindu religious centers were converted into Muslim ones, changing also their place names.
The four Sunnite tribes formed these groupings: Khurasano-Afghani Mughals, Turk and Tajiks versus Afghano-Hindustani converted Pathans and converted Hindus. Both groupings were antagonistic towards each other, but both were religiously hostile towards Hindus. Pathans were spread in the Purab and other countrysides.
C. South India Mandala
In this Mandala the Iranian Shiites started a belt in the Deccan, wagings political wars against the Sunnites from the North, with help of the Hindus, but religious wars with help of Sunnites against the same Hindus from the South.
The Muslims, starting from Muhammad bin Sam established bases for Muslim overlords over Hindu rulers who paid tribute. At local levels within direct Muslim rule, a host of lesser chieftains (muqqaddams) and headmen (khots) were employed during Alauddin Khilji, as per Barni.
During Muhammad Tughluq, Hindus who lived in villages under a Muslim officer or Hakim were distinguished from Hindus of the Mawasat (jungles, bare or barren lands).
Dar-ul-Islami heartland
A. The fortified areas (forts, towns, cities) were under direct Sultanate rule.
B. The open countryside was land of the infidels: The landholders (zamindar) and peasants (dahiqin) are only ostensily subjects (ra'aya-yi suri), paying taxes out of fear of the sword.
Dar-ul- Harbi periphery
A. Zaminbus areas; loosely tolerated Hindu kingdom areas were existent due to paying tributes (pAibUs, zamInbUs).
B. Mawas areas: these were beyond control. Even Muslim rebels and dissidents took refuge there, forming a cluster sometimes of Hindu and Muslim partizans.
Two means of attacking these Harbi areas were through actions of Sultani Swords and Sufi Saints.
Within every stronghold area of the Delhi Sultanate, there were pacified Zaminbus royals and troublemaking Mawas rebels. The Delhi and other Sultans never controlled their subjects outside the fortified dots within their kingdoms. Therefore, any map depicting the geographical limits of their power with one colour, is giving a highly flattered picture!
In the Sultanate Period, the largest kingdoms were under:
a. Turki Balban Mamluk
b. Turkoid Alauddin Khalaji
c. Turki Muhammad Tughluq
d. Turkoid Sikandar Lodi (Khalaji)
The Padishah Period has three subperiods:
A. Babur and Humayun
B. Interregnum Suri Pathans
C1. Akbar: most influential Padishah
2. Jahangir
3. Shah Jahan
4. Aurangzeb: largest kingdom
I. 1st Delhi Kingdom (1206-1398 = 192 years)
1. Turki Mamluks (1206-1290 = 84 years)
Shamanist Mughal threats, at least 15 major invasions.
A. Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210)
B. Aram Shah (1210-1211)
C. Iyaltimish (1211-1236)
1223/4 Dorbey and Bala Mughals invade Multan and Lahore for Chengiz Khan (1206-1227)
1235 Kashmir area invaded for Ogodei (1227-1241)
Pakchak Mughal invades Peshawar for Ogodei (1227-1241)
D. Rukuddin Firuz (1236), Razia Sultana (1236-1240), Muizzuddin Bahram (1240-1242), Alauddin Masud (1242-1246) , Nasiruddin Masud (1246-1266)
1239 Mughal held the tract beyond the Chenab.
1241 Dayir and Mengutei Mughal invasion of Lahore for Ogodei (1227-1241)
Sali Mughal invades Kashmir area for Mongke (1251-1257)
1245/6 Mengutai Mughal invasion of Uch and Multan
1248-1252 Sali Mughal invades Multan and Lahore for Hulagu (1257-): bought of.. Lahore and Sindh became Mughal
1257 Kushlu Khan invades Delhi
1257/8 Sali Mughal occupies Ucch and Multan for Hulagu
NOTE: Ulugh Khan Balban was active as general against the Mughal invasions. Not always successful.
E. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1286)
Annual Mughal attacks, as far as Rupar on the Satlaj, as per Barni.
1266 Mughals crossed the Beas river and attacked Uch.
1268 Balban takes Lahore from Mughal subordinate Kushlu Khan.
1284/5 Temur Mughal defeats Balban's general at Ravi junction with Dhandh.
F. Muizzuddin Kaikubad (1286-1290)
Kayumars (1290) only three years old was dethroned by his guardian Alauddin Khalaji.
1287 Temur Mughal invades territory between Lahore and Samana.
2. Turkoid Khalajis (1290-1320 = 30 years)
Shamanist some Muslim Mughal invasions, 10 counted.
1303 Siri and Jahanpanah fortifications repaired.
A. Jalaluddin Firuz
1291 Mughal invasion at frontier.
1292 Abdallah Mughal invasion: Alughu into Panjab, Alughu and his 4000 advance guard became the New Muslims and settled in Delhi's Mughalpur quarter, main thread of Mughals was bought off.
B. Ali Gurshasp Alauddin (1296-1316): usurped the throne
1st Mughal invasions 1296-7 Duva Khan: in 1297 Jalandhar
2nd Mughal invasion 1297/8 Saldi
3rd Mughal invasion 1399 Qutluq Khvaja into Delhi
4th Mughal invasion 1303 Targhay into Delhi
5th Mughal invasion 1303 Ali Beg and Tartaq into Panjab
6th Mughal invasion 1306 Kebek into Multan and Panjab
7th Mughal invasion 1307/8 Iqbalmand and Taibu at Indus river. Duva Khan died, succession war.
Mughal commander tried to kill Malik Kafur in 1311 > all Mughals of Sultanate murdered.
C. Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah (1316- 1320)
1320 Mongol invasion of Zulju into Kashmir
- Interregnum
1320 Sultan Khushrau Khan Parvar: Hindus and their cults (ban on cow-slaughter) again revered.
3. Turki Tughluqs (1320-1413 = 93 years)
Three Mughal invasions
A. Giyathuddin (1320-1325)
B. Muhammad (1325-1351): 'usurped' the throne
1327 Mughal invasion Tarmashirin into Lamghan-Multan-siege Delhi. Thread was bought off. Bauddha Tarmashirin later became Muslim.
Mughal raids of Amir Qazaghan into Northern India
Mughal Amir Qazaghan helped Muhammad suppress rebellions in 1350.
C. Firuz Shah (1351-1388)
Note: Timur from 1363 ruler of Transoxiana-Khurasan: centralization (politics), Islamization (religion) and Islamo-Persianization (culture). A split between Islamiced and non-Islamized Chaghatai Mughals. He tried to found a new Mughal empire.
II. 2nd Delhi Kingdom (1398-1556 = 158 years)
1398 DESTRUCTIVE RAID TIMUR A CHAGATAYID MUGHAL
1398-1414 anarchy and regionalism
Many areas in Northern India were untouched by the weakened Delhi kingdom.
a. Saiyads (1414-1451 = 47 years)
A. Khizr Khan (1414-1421): vassal of the Timurid Chaghatays (Mughal)
B. Mubarak Khan (1421-1434)
C. Muhammad Shah (1434-1445)
D. Alauddin Alam Shah (1445-1451)
b. Turkoid Lodis (Khalajis) (1451-1526 = 75 years)
A. Bahlul (1451-1489)
B. Sikandar (1489-1517)
C. Ibrahim (1517-1526
Mughal invasion of Babar
c. Timurid Chaghatay Mughals (1526-1556 = 30 years)
A. Babar (1526-1530) ââ¬â hated his Mughal ancestry, considered himself a Turk, but Barlas are Mongols.
B1. Humayun 1st rule (1530-1545)
C. - Interregnum Pathan Suris (1540-1555)
B2. Humayun 2nd rule (1555-1556)
- Interregnum Hemu (1556)
III. Delhi Empire (1556-1707 = 151 years)
A. Akbar (1556-1605)
B. Jahangir (1605-1627)
- Interregnum (1527-1528)
C. Shah Jahan (1528-1558)
D. Aurangzeb (1558-1707)
The above described scheme includes many blank incidents, not mentioned in standard works, such as the prolonged Mughal attempts to conquer India from 1221 on. Omitting the weight of these invasions, and even all the occurring ones in contemporary works indicates the submissive nature of court writers to their Turki patrons. Many facts, like defeats were not given proper attention. Exageration of their own exploits were not uncommon. (This is equally true of their defeats at Hindu hands.)
The scheme has the benefit to get a better grasp of the political picture, related to the regnal periods and extent of their dominion. Keeping in mind that the Muslims only controlled fortified dots within their kingdom, we get also a picture of the partly independent tributary Rajas and also the fully independent and uncontrollable rulers.
We get a better outlining of the heoric Hindu resistence.
The severe threats of the invasions of the Mughals were the real cause of the relocations of the capital seat in Delhi, and even once outside Delhi during the Tughluqs. There wasn't any time and money to build from scratch any major city, fort or building, thus the Sultans were content with usurping preexisting ones, making them fit or embellishing them to acquire Islamic standards, to pacify their Ulemas.
Another factor to reckon with is the political and religious interaction of 4 groups of Muslims (outer belt Mughals, outer belt Tajik-Turks, inner belt Pathans and other converted, inner belt converted Hindus; actually a fifth is when taking the Shiites apart from the Sunnites) with each other and against the non-Muslim Hindus.
This scheme provides a handy tool to outline the atrocities commited by the Muslims rulers, originating from which belts and by which of their 5 groups, and thus getting a twofold better picture of the Hinducides and total Hinducaust and the developments of architecture.