European History

[acharya]

Discussion on European languages
and ancient European History

[acharya]

<b>
Pagans, partygoers greet solstice at Stonehenge</b>
AP


UK: Summer solstice at Stonehenge Play Video Reuters – UK: Summer solstice at Stonehenge


By NARDINE SAAD, Associated Press Writer Nardine Saad, Associated Press Writer – Sun Jun 21, 7:18 am ET

STONEHENGE, England – Pagans and partygoers drummed, danced or gyrated in hula hoops to stay awake through the night, as more than 35,000 people greeted the summer solstice Sunday at the ancient stone circle of Stonehenge.

Despite fears of trouble because of the record-sized crowd, police said the annual party at the mysterious monument was mostly peaceful.

"It's the most magical place on the planet," said antique salesman Frank Somers, 43, dressed in the robes of his Druid faith.

"Inside when you touch the stones you feel a warmth like you're touching a tree, not a stone. There's a genuine love, you feel called to it," he said.

The prehistoric monument in southern England is the site of an annual night-long party — or religious ceremony, depending on perspective — marking the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere.

Warm weather and the fact that this year's solstice fell on a weekend helped draw a record crowd.

"There has been a great atmosphere and where else would you want to be on midsummer's day?" said Peter Carson of English Heritage, the body in charge of Stonehenge.

Camera flashes bounced off the stones through the night until patchy rays of sunlight peeked through the clouds at 4:58 a.m. BST (0358GMT). A weak cheer went up as dawn broke over the Heel Stone, a pockmarked pillar at the edge of the stone circle that is aligned with the rising sun.

"You can feel the energy from your feet climb up your body," said Diane Manuel, 50, a supply company director from Middlesbrough in northern England. "It's like having heart palpitations."

Stonehenge, which sits on Salisbury Plain about 80 miles (130 kilometers) southwest of London, is one of Britain's most popular tourist attractions, visited by more than 750,000 people a year. It was built in three phases between 3,000 B.C. and 1,600 B.C.

Mystery surrounds the monument's original purpose. Some theories hold that the stone circle was a grave site because 350 burial mounds surround the structure.

In May, archaeologists found evidence indicating that pilgrims perceived the stones to have healing powers. Some other experts assert that the structure was part of an ancient astronomical calendar.

But because it was built so long ago, there is no record of why the monument was erected, said archaeologist Dave Batchelor of English Heritage.

"All of that sort of stuff we don't have, so when it comes to ascribing a modern-day reason depends on the viewpoint ... that's the fascination," Batchelor said.

Solstice celebrations were a highlight of the pre-Christian calendar, and in many countries bonfires, maypole dances and courtship rituals linger on as holdovers from Europe's pagan past.

Libby Davy, 40, an Australian living in Brighton, southern England, was attending the solstice for the first time with friends and her 8-year-old daughter. She wore sparkling dust on her face and wrapped a monkey doll around her neck as she embraced the festive mood.

"It's kind of a pilgrimage," she said. "As a sculptor, I can't help being interested in the stones — they're historic, spiritual — people went to a huge effort to put them here not anywhere else. Why here? And why this configuration? It's fascinating."

The solstice is one of the few times during the year that visitors can get close enough to touch the rocks.
<b>
English Heritage closed the site at the solstice after clashes between police and revelers in 1985. It began allowing full access again in 2000 and the celebrations have been largely peaceful.

Police said Sunday they had made about 30 arrests for drug and public-order offenses.</b>

With problems at a minimum, the crowd reverted to a carnival atmosphere. Some revelers used hula hoops to stay awake until the sunrise; other simply clapped and danced among the stones.
<b>
Gaisva Milinkeviciute, 30, a yoga instructor originally from Lithuania, came with two friends, who like many in the crowd, wore wreaths in their hair.

"This place actually gives people so much energy and thoughts, things that we kind of neglect in the daily lives and wish for," Milinkeviciute said. "We can come here and make them come true."</b>

[acharya]

http://news.yahoo.com/nphotos/Summer-Solst...b9e55d7ef64a912

A Russian neo-pagan supreme priest, right, beats a tambourine while his followers dance around a bonfire to celebrate the summer solstice in Maloyaroslavets, some 200 kilometers (124 miles) south-west from Moscow, Russia, early Saturday, June 20, 2009. The festivities of Ivan Kupala, or John the Baptist, are similar to Mardi Gras and reflect pre-Christian Slavic traditions and practices. After the 1991 Soviet collapse, Russia has seen a revival of the Russian Orthodox church along with a surge of peripheral movements and creeds.
(AP Photo/Sergey Ponomarev)

[acharya]

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument
Monument
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Stonehenge

A monument is a type of structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past events....
located in the English
England

native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
county of Wiltshire
Wiltshire

Wiltshire is a Ceremonial counties of England in the South West England of England. It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire....
, about west of Amesbury
Amesbury

Amesbury is a town and civil parish in the England county of Wiltshire, eight miles north of Salisbury, Wiltshire. It is most famous for the prehistoric monument of Stonehenge which is in its parish, and for the discovery of the Amesbury Archer ? dubbed the King of Stonehenge in the press ? in 2002....
and north of Salisbury
Salisbury

Salisbury is a city status in the United Kingdom in Wiltshire, England. The city forms the largest part of the Salisbury . It has also been called New Sarum to distinguish it from the original site of settlement at Salisbury, Old Sarum, but this alternative name is not in common use....
. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks
Earthworks (archaeology)

In archaeology, earthworks are artificial changes in land level often known as 'lumps and bumps'. They can themselves be Feature s or they can show features beneath the surface....
surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones and sits at the centre of the densest complex of Neolithic
Neolithic

The Neolithic period was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 Before the Christian Era in the Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age....
and Bronze Age
Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is, with respect to a given prehistory, the period in that society when the most advanced metalworking included smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper and tin ores, creating a bronze alloy by melting those metals together, and casting them into bronze artifact s....
monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds
Tumulus

A tumulus is a mound of Soil and Rock s raised over a Grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds, H?gelgrab or kurgans, and can be found throughout much of the world....
. Archaeologists
Archaeology

Archaeology, archeology, or arch?ology is the science that studies Homo cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, Artifact , features, Biofact s, and cultural landscape....
had believed that the iconic stone monument was erected around 2500 BC, as described in the chronology below. However one recent theory has suggested that the first stones were not erected until 2400-2200 BC, whilst another suggests that bluestones may have been erected at the site as early as 3000 BC (see phase 1 below). The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. The site and its surroundings
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Wiltshire, England. The WHS covers two large areas of land separated by nearly 30 miles, rather than a specific monument or building....
were added to the UNESCO
UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945....
's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 in a co-listing with Avebury
Avebury

Avebury is the site of a large henge and several stone circles in the England county of Wiltshire surrounding the village of Avebury . It is one of the finest and largest Neolithic monuments in Europe dating to around 5,000 years ago....
henge monument
Henge monument

Archaeologists use the term henge monument to describe a site where a henge is combined with other features such as stone circles, standing stones, tumuluss, cairns or timber circles....
, and it is also a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument
Scheduled Ancient Monument

In the United Kingdom, a scheduled monument is a 'nationally important' archaeological site or historic building, given protection against unauthorised change....
. Stonehenge itself is owned by the Crown
The Crown

Throughout the Commonwealth realms, the Crown is an abstract metonymy concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government....
and managed by English Heritage
English Heritage

English Heritage is a non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government with a broad remit of managing the historic built environment of England....
while the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty

The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as the National Trust, is a conservation organization in England, Wales and Northern Ireland....
.

New archaeological evidence found by the Stonehenge Riverside Project
Stonehenge Riverside Project

The Stonehenge Riverside Project is a major AHRC-funded archaeological research study interested in the development of the Stonehenge landscape in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain....
indicates that Stonehenge served as a burial ground from its earliest beginnings. The dating of cremated remains found that burials took place as early as 3000 B.C, when the first ditches were being built around the monument. Burials continued at Stonehenge for at least another 500 years when the giant stones which mark the landmark were put up. According to Professor Mike Parker Pearson
Mike Parker Pearson

Mike Parker Pearson is a professor in the Department of Archaeology at the University of Sheffield in England. His books include The Archaeology of Death and Burial, Bronze Age Britain, Architecture and Order and "In Search of the Red Slave" ....
, head of Stonehenge Riverside Project:
Etymology
Christopher Chippindale
Christopher Chippindale

Christopher Chippindale is a United Kingdom archaeologist, best-known for his work on Stonehenge. He was educated at Sedbergh School, St. John's College, Cambridge, and Girton College, Cambridge, where he studied for his PhD....
's Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the Old English
Old English language

Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century....
words "stan" meaning "stone", and either "hencg" meaning "hinge
Hinge

A hinge is a type of Bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them. Two objects connected by an ideal hinge rotate relative to each other about a fixed axis of rotation ....
" (because the stone lintels hinge on the upright stones) or "hen©en" meaning "hang" or "gallows
Gallows

A gallows is a frame, typically wooden, used for execution by hanging.A gallows can take several forms.*the simplest form resembles an inverted "L", with a single upright and a horizontal beam to which the rope noose would be attached....
" or "instrument of torture". Medieval gallows consisted of two uprights with a lintel joining them, resembling Stonehenge's trilithon
Trilithon

A trilithon is a structure consisting of two large vertical stones supporting a third stone set horizontally across the top . Commonly used in the context of megalithic monuments....
s, rather than looking like the inverted L-shape more familiar today.

The "henge" portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as henge
Henge

A henge is a Prehistory architectural structure. In form, it is a nearly circular or oval-shaped flat area over 20 metres in diameter that is enclosed and delimited by a boundary Earthworks that usually comprises a ditch with an external bank....
s. Archaeologists define henges as earthworks consisting of a circular banked enclosure with an internal ditch. As often happens in archaeological terminology, this is a holdover from antiquarian
Antiquarian

An antiquarian or antiquary is an aficionado of antiquities or things of the past. Also, and most often in modern usage, an antiquarian is a person who deals with or collects rare and ancient "Antiquarian book trade in the United States"....
usage, and Stonehenge is not truly a henge site as its bank is inside its ditch. Despite being contemporary with true Neolithic
Neolithic

The Neolithic period was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 Before the Christian Era in the Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age....
henges and stone circle
Stone circle

A stone circle is an ancient monument. Such a monument is not always precisely circular and often forms an ellipse, or a setting of four stones laid on an arc of a circle....
s, Stonehenge is in many ways atypical. For example, its extant trilithons make it unique. Stonehenge is only distantly related to the other stone circles in the British Isles
British Isles

The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include Great Britain and Ireland, and numerous smaller islands....
, such as the Ring of Brodgar
Ring of Brodgar

The Ring of Brodgar is a Neolithic henge and stone circle in Mainland, Orkney, Scotland. The ring of stones stands on a small isthmus between the Loch of Stenness and Harray....
.

[acharya]

<img src='http://www.crystalinks.com/stonehengeabove.jpg' border='0' alt='user posted image' />

http://www.crystalinks.com/stonehenge.html

[acharya]

http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/13shnir.html

<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->According to some experts, the Pamiat movement in its early period in the 1980s was based on Neo-pagan ideology.60 Its leaders were proud of their association with the Communist Party and were sincere advocates of the stable and highly integrated Soviet empire. There were neither Christian believers nor monarchists among them. At the same time, Neo-paganism included a mixture of Slavic paganism and popularized Hinduism. By the 1990s, however, Neo-pagans had access to the mass media and were able to establish political movements.

At the same time, an extreme branch of Neo-paganism is represented by Yemelyanov, who was fascinated with the rich literary and cultural traditions of pre-Christian civilization in Russia.33 He wrote about the ancient<b> Aryans of India as “Aryan-Veneds” who brought “our ideology, which survived at the core of Hinduism and Yoga” to India. The Veneds (“Aryans”), he claims, once dominated the Eastern Mediterranean region, and provided Palestine with its name—“Opalennyi Stan,” i.e., the burnt country. The Neo-pagans forge many of their arguments from such spurious folk etymology.</b>

Yemelyanov identified the Phoenicians with the Veneds as the inventors of the alphabet, and claimed that “the Veneds and the Baltic Aryans were the only indigenous peoples of Europe, whereas the Celts and the Germans came later from the Asian interior.34 Their pure Aryan language and ideology survived only “at the territory between Novgorod and the Black Sea” where the notion of “the triplication of three triple Trinities” (triedinstvo trekh triedinykh troits) was maintained for so long: “Prav-Yav-Nav, Svarog-Perun-Svetovid, or Soul-Flesh-Power.”35 The true Golden Age occurred there: “there was no notion of evil.” Yemelyanov glorifies the pre-Christian past in which the Russians (“rusichi”) lived in harmony with nature, had no sanctuaries or priests, and a religion that did not call for blind obedience to the Lord. The yoginis (women who practiced yoga) had occult powers. All these fantasies, of course, bear no resemblance to what is known from contemporary archaeology about the life of Eastern Slavs in the pre-Christian period. The Vles Book was extensively cited by Yemelyanov as representative of the true Russian worldview which made the “people’s soul.”36

<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->

<img src='http://cache.daylife.com/imageserve/0gQs19YbGxexO/610x.jpg' border='0' alt='user posted image' />


http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->What is Bad about Christianity?
Medieval history can therefore not feed the pride of the Russian Neo-Pagan
204 V. A. Shnirelman
nationalists with regard to their ancestors’ deeds. Besides, the Christian Church
always tried to play down ethnic differences and to indoctrinate its followers
with a cosmopolitan attitude. That is why the contemporary ethnic nationalist
idea cannot live in peace with a Christianity which is aimed at de-ethnicization
(albeit, in the Russian environment, it means RussiŽcation of the non-Russians).
Finally, while calling for humility Christianity disarms ethnic nationalists who
need quite different qualities in order to struggle for power, such as
aggressiveness, brevity, sacriŽcial behaviour, Žghting skill, intolerance towards
‘enemies of the nation’, etc. (see, for example, Barkashov, 1994). Thus, some
ethnic nationalist ideologists admire Neo-Paganism for its bellicose spirit;
indeed, they need a struggling God rather than a suffering one (Eliseev, 1995).
It is worth mentioning that the Ukrainian radical nationalists connect a
successful national development with an aggressive, militant attitude
(Yavors’kyi, 1992: 26–29).
The latter reason manifested itself clearly in the Abkhazian and Armenian
Neo-Pagan rhetoric: an emergence of Neo-Paganism among the Armenians was
accompanied by a growth of tensions with the Azeris (Abrahamian, 1999: 68)
and an interest of the Abkhazians in Neo-Paganism expressed itself at the dawn
of the Georgian–Abkhazian conict in 1989. The Ukrainian Neo-Paganism is
strongly aimed at ethnic Russians; even anti-Semitism seems to be of a
subsidiary importance in this respect. Lev Sylenko emphasized strongly that it
was the ethnic Russians who used Christian Orthodoxy in order to enslave the
Ukraine (Sylenko, 1979).
Thus, Neo-Pagans are deeply and insatiably in love with the pre-Christian
past, as if at that time, peoples lived in virgin purity, were not corrupted by
external inuences, could therefore enjoy the best ideology in the world, wage
successful wars, and accomplish great heroic deeds.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->

[acharya]

<b>History 2D: Science, Magic, and Religion, Lecture 1, UCLA

SINCE IN HISTORY
Lecture Title: "Course Introduction"</b>

March 31st, 2009

Professor Courtenay Raia lectures on science and religion as historical phenomena that have evolved over time. Examines the earlier mind-set before 1700 when into science fitted elements that came eventually to be seen as magical. THe course also question how Western cosmologies became "disenchanted." Magical tradition transformed into modern mysticisms is also examined as well as the political implications of these movements. Includes discussion concerning science in totalitarian settings as well as "big science" during the Cold War.

Spring 2009

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3Zx-qcNZf4

[acharya]

How Europeans looked at each other during theearly 20th century

http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ww2era.htm

Nazi Propaganda: 1933-1945

Propaganda was central to Nazi Germany. This page is a collection of English translations of National Socialist propaganda for the period 1933-1945, part of a larger site on German propaganda. The goal is to help people understand the great totalitarian systems of the twentieth century by giving them access to primary material. The archive is substantial. If you are looking for something specific, try the search function. For further information on the German Propaganda Archive, see the FAQ.

Book Cover
Book Cover

My book Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic (Michigan State University Press, 2004) provides an analysis of much of the material on the German Propaganda Archive. It can be ordered in the United States through amazon.com in either the hardcover or paperback edition. My newest book is Landmark Speeches of National Socialism (Texas A&M University Press). It is available in hardcover and paperback editions.


Organization of the Page:

Speeches and Writings by Nazi Leaders
Anti-Semitic Material
Visual Material
War Propaganda: 1939-1945
Miscellaneous Propaganda
Material for Propagandists
Links
Search

I. Speeches and Writings by Nazi Leaders

* Joseph Goebbels: A collection of 80 speeches and essays.
* Hermann Göring : A speech on 9 April 1933.
* Adolf Hitler
o A 30 January 1937 speech on foreign policy.
o Proclamation of 22 June 1941: Hitler justifies invading Russia.
o "To the Old Guard in Munich" (1941): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
o Hitler's last speech (1945): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
* Rudolf Hess
o The Oath to Hitler: A million Nazis take an oath to Hitler.
o To the Front Fighters of the World: Germany wants peace (1934).
o The Referendum on Hitler: Hitler takes total power.
o Launching the Training Ship Horst Wessel: The myth of a Nazi "martyr".
* Robert Ley
o "Fate — I believe": A 1937 speech preaching a pseudo-religious faith.
o "The Jews or Us...": A bad 1937 speech on aspects of Nazism.
* Gertrud Scholtz-Klink:
o "To Be German is to Be Strong": A January 1936 speech.
o The Woman in National Socialism (1936): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
o Speech at the 1936 Nuremberg Rally.
o Speech at the 1938 Nuremberg Rally.
* Julius Streicher
o Two Streicher speeches from March and April 1933.
o Speech on Kristallnacht (1938): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
o Just before World War II begins: 4 July 1939.

II. Anti-Semitic Material

* Solving the "Jewish Question": Two April 1933 articles by Nazi leaders.
* Neues Volk: Material from the party's racial policy office (1934-1941).
* "National Socialist Racial Policy": A 1934 speech on racial doctrine.
* A German Catechism: 1934 anti-Semitic material for the schools.
* "Why the Aryan Law": A 1934 Nazi pamphlet on racial laws.
* Advice for Nazi speakers on anti-Semitic propaganda: What to say in Fall 1935.
* Ten Anti-Semitic Arguments: Advice to propagandists in 1936.
* Zionism: Zionism as part of the Jewish conspiracy (1936).
* "The Eternal Jew": Photographs from a 1937 Nazi anti-Semitic book.
* Hitler Youth Material: What HJ leaders said about race in 1937.
* Genetics and Racial Science for teachers (1937).
* "The 'Decent' Jew": A 1939 essay denouncing the Jews.
* "The Panic Party": A 1939 satirical article on Jewish emigration.
* The Jewish World Plague: A chapter from Hermann Esser's 1939 book.
* Ahasver: A section from a book on the fall of France.
* The Jewish Problem: From a citizen's handbook to the Third Reich.
* Jud Süß: An ad for the 1940 anti-Semitic film.
* Jud Süß: The program for an anti-Semitic film (1940).
* A review of the film The Eternal Jew (1940).
* People and Race: Material from a Nazi racial monthly.
* "When you see this symbol...": A 1941 anti-Semitic flyer.
* "The Jews in World Politics": Part of a 1942 pamphlet on the Jews.
* Racial Policy: Parts of a 1943 SS booklet on racial theory.
* The Jewish World Parasite: A pamphlet from 1943.
* Pestilential Miasma of the World: A 1944 book by Robert Ley.
* 1944 discussion material: A call to annihilate the Jews.
* Material from Julius Streicher's Der Stürmer
o Cartoons from Der Stürmer, 1933-1944
o "The Guilty": A March 1933 article on the Reichstag fire.
o "Secret Plans Against Germany": A 1933 call to exterminate Jews.
o "The End": A 1935 story alleging Jewish seduction.
o "Mailbox": Stürmer readers denounce fellow citizens in 1935.
o The Stürmer's Readers: A 1935 article on those who read it.
o "Madagascar": A 1938 article on sending Jews to Madagascar.
o "The Way to Slavery": An August 1939 editorial by Julius Streicher.
o "Bolshevism and Synagogue": A call for annihilating the Jews in 1941.
o "The Battle with the Devil": Jews want to destroy Germany (1941).
o "When Will the Jewish Danger be Over": A 1942 call for annihilation.
o "The Way to Action": A 1943 editorial by Julius Streicher.
o "The Death Blow": A 1943 editorial by Julus Streicher.
o "The Holy Hate": A 1943 article by Ernst Hiemer.
o "What is Americanism?": A 1944 editorial by Julius Streicher.
o "The Horror in the East": Streicher's last article in February 1945.
* Other Material from Streicher's Stürmer Verlag
o "The Jew and Healing": From Streicher's "medical journal" (1934).
o The Stürmer's Battle: A 1937 promotional pamphlet.
o Trust No Fox...: The first of Streicher's anti-Semitic children's books.
o The Toadstool: One of the nastier anti-Semitic productions.
o Der Pudelmopsdackelpinscher: Chapters from a 1940 children's book.
o The Jewish Question in Education: A guidebook for Nazi teachers.
o Photographs of Julius Streicher: The Gauleiter from various angles.

III. Visual Material

* Nazi-era posters: A large collection.
* Color illustrations from 1933: From a bestselling "coffee table" book.
* The National Revolution: Pictures from 1933 on Hitler's takeover.
* Nazi postcards: A small collection of propaganda postcards.
* Cartoons from Kladderadatsch: Germany wants peace in 1934.
* Cartoons from Brennessel, the Nazi humor magazine.
* Nazi uniforms: Clothing as propaganda.
* Nazi regalia: Flags, banners, badges.
* Nazi decorative items: Pages from a 1939 catalog.
* Gallery of Gauleiter: Propaganda photos of Nazi leaders.
* Propaganda in postage stamps: A small collection of Nazi-era stamps.
* Photographs of the 1937 Nuremberg Rally
* Color photos of the 1938 Nuremberg Rally
* Racial wall charts: For use in schools.
* Hitler's Reich Chancellery in Berlin
* Nazi architecture: Photographs of Nazi buildings in Munich.
* Nazi cartoons on Winston Churchill: 1933-1944.
* Nazi cartoons on the outbreak of war: Taken from a 1939 book.
* Miscellaneous Images: Vivid images that did not fit elsewhere.
* German city scenes: Photographs from 1940.
* Tran und Helle: A comedy skit on POWs and the black market (1940?).
* Weekly quotation posters: Nazi posters with inspiring quotations.
* The texts of many weekly quotation posters: Often with an image (1938-1944).
* Eight small propaganda flyers from the war years.
* Ich kämpfe: Parts of a book given to new party members in 1943.
* A Nazi Advent: From a 1943 Advent calendar.
* A Nazi Christmas: From a book of material for Christmas 1944.
* Winterhilfswerk booklets: For those who donated to the Nazi charity.
o Der Führer 1933: Hitler's accomplishments of that year.
o The Führer Makes History 1938
o The Führer in the Mountains
o The Führer's Battle in the East: The first two weeks in Poland.
o Gerhard Koeppen: One of a series on Knight's Cross recipients.
* Nazi Art
o Nazi art on 9 November: The "holiest" day on the Nazi calendar.
o Nazi political art: A variety of art with clear political purpose
o Hitler portraits: Nazi art portraying Hitler.
o Nazi war art: Examples from 1940-1944.

IV. War Propaganda: 1939-1945

* Stukas Attack: Details on a 1940 Nazi children's game.
* Signal: A propaganda magazine circulated in 25 languages.
* Europe at Work in Germany: A 1943 book on foreign workers.
* Leaflets from D-Day: Nazi leaflets aimed at American soldiers.
* German wartime advertising: Examples from 1944.
* Nazi war humor: Cartoons from the Lustige Blätter (1941-1944).
* More war humor: Cartoons from the Fliegende Blätter (1942).
* A Nazi Mother's Day card: 1944.
* Victory or death: The text of a propaganda leaflet (1945).
* Mass Pamphlets of the War Years
o "War Library of the German Youth": Pamphlets issued 1940-1942.
o Altmark — Baralong: A 1940 anti-British pamphlet.
o A German Primer: A popular 1940 booklet on Nazi military virtues.
o How They Lie: A 1940 pamphlet accuses the Allies of inventing German atrocities.
o "Warning! Enemy Propaganda!": 1940 advice on enemy propaganda.
o Kleine Kriegshefte: Nazi pamphlets on the war from 1940-1941
o The War Goal of World Plutocracy: A remarkable pamphlet (1941).
o Nazi soldiers' letters from Russia: Excerpts from letters.
o Not Empty Phrases, but Rather Clarity:A 1942 pamphlet on Nazi ideology.
o The Attack on Cologne: A 1942 pamphlet on British bombing.
o What Does Bolshevization Mean in Reality?: A spring 1943 pamphlet.
o Facts Speak for Victory: June 1943 speeches by Speer and Goebbels.
o The Secret of Japan's Strength: A1943 Nazi booklet on Japan.
o Never!: A late -1944 pamphlet urging Gemans to fight or die.
* War Correspondent Reports
o The outbreak of WWII: From the Wehrmacht's biweekly.
o "German Torpedoes in Scapa Flow": Talks by Hans Fritzsche (1939).
o Three war articles from summer 1940: Confident and boastful.
o The fall of France: Material distributed in the United States in 1940.
o "Churchill Orders Destruction": A 1940 article on British bombing.
o "That is Heroism!": A soldier destroys Soviet tanks (1943).
o Pictures from January 1943: A satirical commentary on the war.
o The Battle of Monte Cassino: Explaining a lost battle in May 1944.
o Rome: Putting the best face on the loss of Rome in June 1944.
o The news in Berlin: A daily newspaper dated 5 October 1944
* Material from Das Schwarze Korps, the SS weekly
o Nazis vs. Superman: A 1940 article attacking Superman.
o "False Consideration": A 1943 article urging harsh treatment of complainers.
o "The Danger of Americanism": A 1944 discussion of "The American Century."
o "He is Victory!": A 1944 article on Hitler's birthday.
o Editorial cartoons, dated 1943-1944.
o Satirical cartoon strips, dated 1944-1945.
* Material from Das Reich: A widely circulated weekly
o "The Uncertain Casualty List": On the missing at Stalingrad (February 1943).
o "The Invasion": On the prospects of an Allied landing (January 1944).
o "Unexpected Consequences": On the impact of Allied bombing.
o "First Results of the V-1": The first V-1s were launched just after D-Day.
o "The Kitschified Mass Soul": A 1944 discussion of American advertising.
o "Reality is Different": On the morale of American soldiers (December 1944).
o "Berlin, a Giant Hedgehog": Preparations for the final battle (March 1945).
o Editorial cartoons, 1940-1941
o Editorial cartoons, 1944-1945.
o See also Goebbels's editorials from Das Reich.

V. Miscellaneous Propaganda

* "Concentration Camp": German kids at play (April 1933).
* On Nazi radio: A 1934 chapter by Eugen Hadamovsky
* Rearmament propaganda from 1935.
* The 1936 Nuremberg Rally: Translations from the official proceedings
* The 1936 Gau Südhannover-Braunschweig rally: Nuremberg in miniature.
* The 1936 Nazi farmers rally: Agriculture for the Nazi cause.
* "Last Words": A collection of dying words of Nazis from a 1936 article.
* Nazi Economic Achievements: A brochure from 1936.
* The Great Anti-Bolshevist Exhibition: The program from the 1937 event.
* "With German Soldiers in Liberated Austria": The takeover of Austria in 1938.
* The Volkswagen: A model car to be built in a model city (1938).
* "Memel is Free": From a 1939 book on Hitler's territorial gains.
* "The Victory of Faith": A 1939 article on worldviews.
* Berlin Television Schedule: What to watch in March 1939.
* Nazi interior decoration: How should a Nazi home look (1939)?
* Diary of an S. A. Leader: A 1939 propaganda book on the Storm Troopers.
* "The Soviet Paradise": A 1942 exhibition on the Soviet Union.
* Faith and Action: A popular 1938 Nazi "Book of Virtues."
* The Kampfzeit: Building Nazi myths
o Recollections of an early Nazi speaker: Taken from a book by Hans Hinkel.
o The Battle of the Pharus Hall: Goebbels describes a 1927 battle in Berlin.
o A meeting hall battle in Hamburg in 1930: Violence glorified.
o Comrade! Keep Moving: Nazi history in Starnberg, 1925-1930.
o How We Fought!: Nazi history in Frankfurt (M).
o The January 1933 election in Lippe: Two weeks before Hitler's takeover.
o "Humorous" Nazi stories of the Kampfzeit: An effort at Nazi humor.
o Early Nazi speaking experiences: Stories by Walter Tießler
* Material on Hitler
o The Hitler No One Knows: First published in 1932, often reprinted.
o Caricatures of Hitler: Taken from an unusual 1933 German book.
o Adolf Hitler: Pictures from the Life of the Führer: Translations and pictures from 1936.
o Hitler's Paintings: Five examples from 1914-1917.
o "The Life of the Führer": A chapter from the Nazi handbook for boys.
o "We Owe It to the Führer": A 1938 pamphlet on Hitler's deeds.
o The Song of the Faithful: Poems in praise of Adolf Hitler from 1938.
o Hitler on magazine covers: Illustrierter Beobachter 1938-1939.
o Hitler's 50th birthday: Photographs from 1939.
o Everybody's Hitler: A 1940 booklet for conquered Alsace.
o That is Victory!: Letters in praise of Hitler from 1940.
o Hitler portraits: Nazi art portraying Hitler from the war years.
o See also Goebbels' speeches on Hitler's birthday in the Goebbels section.
* Material from Popular Nazi Magazines
o The Illustrierter Beobachter 1934-1943: The Nazi illustrated weekly.
o The Frauen Warte: Issues of the Nazi women's magazine (1934-1945).
o Der Pimpf: Material from the Nazi magazine for boys, 1935-1944.
o Das deutsche Mädel: The Nazi magazine for girls (1936-1943).
o Der Schulungsbrief: 1942-44 material on political education.
o See also material from Das Schwarze Korps and Das Reich above.
* Educational Propaganda
o "Education in National Socialist Germany": On Nazi education.
o The Battle for Germany: A 1938 schoolbook on the Nazi Party.
o You and Your People: Nazi ideology for 14-year-olds (1940).
o Parts of a pre-war reading text: Propaganda for the very young.
o Parts of a 1941 reading text. More for the very young.
o A chapter from a 1942 biology text: Biology serves propaganda.
o A chapter from a 1943 geography text: Germany needed more land.
* Material about the United States
o A 1933 letter from a German propagandist to an American friend.
o Excerpts from The Land without a Heart, a 1942 book on the U.S.
o "America as a Perversion of European Culture": A 1942 pamphlet.
o "Europe and America": A 1942 analysis of America's racial makeup.
o Roosevelt Betrays America: A 1942 pamphlet by Robert Ley.
* Material about England
o Inside England: Parts of a book about England.
o Robber England: Material from a 1941 illustrated book on England.
o Guernsey Evening Press: A 1942 issue from Nazi-occupied Guernsey.

VI. Material from Nazi Literature for Propagandists.

* Propaganda and National Power: Eugen Hadamovsky's 1933 book on propaganda.
* Hitler Youth training material: What leaders were to teach kids (1935-1944).
* "The Tasks of Propaganda in the National Socialist State": A 1934 Goebbels speech.
* "10 Commandments for Propagandists": A 1934 satirical article.
* "Political Propaganda": A lengthy 1934 essay on the nature of propaganda.
* "The Nature of Contemporary Propaganda": A 1934 essay on propaganda.
* "Political Propaganda as a Moral Duty": A 1936 article on propaganda.
* "Film as a Weapon": By Fritz Hipper, who made The Eternal Jew (1937).
* "The Political Work of the Radio Announcer": A 1939 essay on radio.
* Banned music: A list of what to avoid from 1939.
* Hitler speeches and foreign radio stations: Advice to party members (1939).
* Anti-Bolshevist propaganda: Guidelines after Stalingrad (February 1943).
* On relations with foreigners: Interesting 1943 advice to party leaders.
* "The Officer and Enemy Propaganda": For officers training recruits.
* Material on the Party Propaganda Apparatus
o An article on reorganzing the party propaganda system in 1933.
o "14 Days in a Gau Propaganda Office": A Nazi propaganda office in 1934.
o "The Propaganda Warden": On lower-level propagandists.
o "The Reichspropagandaleitung": The party's Central Propaganda Office.
o "Tasks of Cell and Block Leaders": A 1936 article on low level propagandists.
o The propaganda campaign for winter 1937/38.
o Worldview training for girls: Hitler Youth material (1938).
o A 1939 conference for propagandists: Nazi thinking in 1939.
o "The Work of Party Propaganda in War": A 1941 review.
o A Propaganda Primer: A 1942 handbook on propaganda.
o The propaganda system: What propagandists needed to know (1942).
o Propaganda plan for winter 1941/42: The problem of Russia.
o Propaganda plan for spring 1942: Marching orders for propagandists.
o Advice for county (Kreis) propaganda leaders (March 1943).
o A propaganda business meeting: Motivating propagandists in 1943.
o A propaganda campaign against spies: Be quiet! (1944).
o Advice on discussion meetings: Training party members in 1944.
* Material on the Nazi Speaker System
o "The Reich Speaker School": On training speakers.
o "Heart or Reason? What We Don't Want from our Speakers": A 1937 essay.
o "The Power of Speech": On the centrality of oral rhetoric.
o "Hitler Youth Speakers": The Hitler Youth speaker system in 1937
o Nazi Meetings from the speaker's viewpoint: All was not well in 1937.
o "The Meeting Campaign": A saturation campaign of mass meetings.
o "Public Meetings During Wartime?": A 1940 essay on public meetings.
o Leave the church: A 1941 memo ordering speakers to quit the church.
o "Mistakes in Meeting Propaganda": A 1941 article on the meeting system.
o Guidance for party speakers.
+ The battle against the Jews: A summary of anti-Semitic arguments (Fall 1935).
+ Information on the U.S. (April 1939).
+ Information on England's war guilt: (November 1939).
+ Rudolf Hess and the war situation: Advice from May 1941.
+ What to say about the USA: (February 1942).
+ Frostbite, typhoid fever, and Soviet POWs: Speaker advice (February 1942).
+ On cuts in food rations: Speaker advice (March 1942).
+ No Armistice with the USSR: (23 October 1942).
+ Enemy plans to annihilate Germany: (6 November 1942).
+ Submarine warfare: A bright spot after Stalingrad (Feb.-March 1943).
+ On the Jews: Spreading anti-Semitic hatred (5 May 1943).
+ "Twilight of the Jews": Even more vehement rhetoric (18 May 1943).
+ The End of the African Campaign: Another lost battle (18 May 1943).
+ On Allied bombing: Win first, then rebuild (September 1943).
+ The Eastern Front: Germany, supposedly, is winning (September 1943).
+ Re-activating the Nazi Party: Increasing the war effort (October 1943).
+ Advice on Bolshevism: Speaker material from June 1944.
+ Model speeches on motherhood, Allied bombing, and the duties of youth (1944-1945): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
* Directives for Magazine Editors (Zeitschriften-Dienst)
o A 1939 bibliography for Nazi propagandists.
o September 1941: Preparing for a hard winter.
o October 1941: Placing German victory in historical context.
o September 1942: Victory at Stalingrad expected.
o February 1943: Just after the defeat at Stalingrad.
o June 1944: Just after D-Day.
o August 1944: On anti-Semitic strategies.
o Miscellaneous items: Dated 1941-1944.
* Material on Nazi Ceremonies
o Using Christian holidays: Absorbing old holidays into Nazi culture (1937).
o Celebrating Christmas Nazi style (1939).
o Ceremonies for the youth: Nazi rites of passage from 1939.
o On party rituals: The introduction to a 1941 book for party officials.
o Nazi gravestones: How to bury a Nazi.
o Hitler's Birthday 1942: A model speech and other material.
o 9 November 1942: The holiest day on the Nazi calendar.
o 30 January 1943: Plans for Nazism's 10th anniversary
o Easter 1944: A suggested speech for party observances.
o Nazi commemoration of the war dead: A sample speech from 1944.

VII. Links

* A bibliography of books in English on Nazi propaganda. I also keep a list of general books on Nazism.
* The GPA Blog: Brief notes on additions to the site (begun March 2008).
* False Nazi Quotations: Things never said, but widely quoted.
* Good Internet sites on the Third Reich: Sites by scholars. Just getting started.
* Visitor's Guide to German Archives and Libraries: Just getting started.
* Publications by Randall Bytwerk (Mostly related to German propaganda).
* The History of Der Stürmer, A chapter from my book on Streicher's rhetoric.
* Papers on The Eternal Jew: By historian Stig Hornshøj-Møller.
* A developing page on Signal, a Nazi propaganda magazine for foreigners.
* German Newsreel Archive: In German, but a great source of newsreels.
* Simplicissimus on-line: The full text of the satirical magazine, 1896-1944.
* Third Reich in Ruins: A site for architecture fans.
* Leni Riefenstahl: Good links on the maker of Triumph of the Will.
* The International Military Tribunal: The records of the Nuremberg trials.
* John Conway's newsletter: Mostly on German church history.
* German Propaganda Book Shop: Original books from the Nazi era for sale.

[acharya]

How Europeans looked at each other during theearly 20th century

http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ww2era.htm

Nazi Propaganda: 1933-1945

Propaganda was central to Nazi Germany. This page is a collection of English translations of National Socialist propaganda for the period 1933-1945, part of a larger site on German propaganda. The goal is to help people understand the great totalitarian systems of the twentieth century by giving them access to primary material. The archive is substantial. If you are looking for something specific, try the search function. For further information on the German Propaganda Archive, see the FAQ.

Book Cover
Book Cover

My book Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic (Michigan State University Press, 2004) provides an analysis of much of the material on the German Propaganda Archive. It can be ordered in the United States through amazon.com in either the hardcover or paperback edition. My newest book is Landmark Speeches of National Socialism (Texas A&M University Press). It is available in hardcover and paperback editions.


Organization of the Page:

Speeches and Writings by Nazi Leaders
Anti-Semitic Material
Visual Material
War Propaganda: 1939-1945
Miscellaneous Propaganda
Material for Propagandists
Links
Search

I. Speeches and Writings by Nazi Leaders

* Joseph Goebbels: A collection of 80 speeches and essays.
* Hermann Göring : A speech on 9 April 1933.
* Adolf Hitler
o A 30 January 1937 speech on foreign policy.
o Proclamation of 22 June 1941: Hitler justifies invading Russia.
o "To the Old Guard in Munich" (1941): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
o Hitler's last speech (1945): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
* Rudolf Hess
o The Oath to Hitler: A million Nazis take an oath to Hitler.
o To the Front Fighters of the World: Germany wants peace (1934).
o The Referendum on Hitler: Hitler takes total power.
o Launching the Training Ship Horst Wessel: The myth of a Nazi "martyr".
* Robert Ley
o "Fate — I believe": A 1937 speech preaching a pseudo-religious faith.
o "The Jews or Us...": A bad 1937 speech on aspects of Nazism.
* Gertrud Scholtz-Klink:
o "To Be German is to Be Strong": A January 1936 speech.
o The Woman in National Socialism (1936): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
o Speech at the 1936 Nuremberg Rally.
o Speech at the 1938 Nuremberg Rally.
* Julius Streicher
o Two Streicher speeches from March and April 1933.
o Speech on Kristallnacht (1938): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
o Just before World War II begins: 4 July 1939.

II. Anti-Semitic Material

* Solving the "Jewish Question": Two April 1933 articles by Nazi leaders.
* Neues Volk: Material from the party's racial policy office (1934-1941).
* "National Socialist Racial Policy": A 1934 speech on racial doctrine.
* A German Catechism: 1934 anti-Semitic material for the schools.
* "Why the Aryan Law": A 1934 Nazi pamphlet on racial laws.
* Advice for Nazi speakers on anti-Semitic propaganda: What to say in Fall 1935.
* Ten Anti-Semitic Arguments: Advice to propagandists in 1936.
* Zionism: Zionism as part of the Jewish conspiracy (1936).
* "The Eternal Jew": Photographs from a 1937 Nazi anti-Semitic book.
* Hitler Youth Material: What HJ leaders said about race in 1937.
* Genetics and Racial Science for teachers (1937).
* "The 'Decent' Jew": A 1939 essay denouncing the Jews.
* "The Panic Party": A 1939 satirical article on Jewish emigration.
* The Jewish World Plague: A chapter from Hermann Esser's 1939 book.
* Ahasver: A section from a book on the fall of France.
* The Jewish Problem: From a citizen's handbook to the Third Reich.
* Jud Süß: An ad for the 1940 anti-Semitic film.
* Jud Süß: The program for an anti-Semitic film (1940).
* A review of the film The Eternal Jew (1940).
* People and Race: Material from a Nazi racial monthly.
* "When you see this symbol...": A 1941 anti-Semitic flyer.
* "The Jews in World Politics": Part of a 1942 pamphlet on the Jews.
* Racial Policy: Parts of a 1943 SS booklet on racial theory.
* The Jewish World Parasite: A pamphlet from 1943.
* Pestilential Miasma of the World: A 1944 book by Robert Ley.
* 1944 discussion material: A call to annihilate the Jews.
* Material from Julius Streicher's Der Stürmer
o Cartoons from Der Stürmer, 1933-1944
o "The Guilty": A March 1933 article on the Reichstag fire.
o "Secret Plans Against Germany": A 1933 call to exterminate Jews.
o "The End": A 1935 story alleging Jewish seduction.
o "Mailbox": Stürmer readers denounce fellow citizens in 1935.
o The Stürmer's Readers: A 1935 article on those who read it.
o "Madagascar": A 1938 article on sending Jews to Madagascar.
o "The Way to Slavery": An August 1939 editorial by Julius Streicher.
o "Bolshevism and Synagogue": A call for annihilating the Jews in 1941.
o "The Battle with the Devil": Jews want to destroy Germany (1941).
o "When Will the Jewish Danger be Over": A 1942 call for annihilation.
o "The Way to Action": A 1943 editorial by Julius Streicher.
o "The Death Blow": A 1943 editorial by Julus Streicher.
o "The Holy Hate": A 1943 article by Ernst Hiemer.
o "What is Americanism?": A 1944 editorial by Julius Streicher.
o "The Horror in the East": Streicher's last article in February 1945.
* Other Material from Streicher's Stürmer Verlag
o "The Jew and Healing": From Streicher's "medical journal" (1934).
o The Stürmer's Battle: A 1937 promotional pamphlet.
o Trust No Fox...: The first of Streicher's anti-Semitic children's books.
o The Toadstool: One of the nastier anti-Semitic productions.
o Der Pudelmopsdackelpinscher: Chapters from a 1940 children's book.
o The Jewish Question in Education: A guidebook for Nazi teachers.
o Photographs of Julius Streicher: The Gauleiter from various angles.

III. Visual Material

* Nazi-era posters: A large collection.
* Color illustrations from 1933: From a bestselling "coffee table" book.
* The National Revolution: Pictures from 1933 on Hitler's takeover.
* Nazi postcards: A small collection of propaganda postcards.
* Cartoons from Kladderadatsch: Germany wants peace in 1934.
* Cartoons from Brennessel, the Nazi humor magazine.
* Nazi uniforms: Clothing as propaganda.
* Nazi regalia: Flags, banners, badges.
* Nazi decorative items: Pages from a 1939 catalog.
* Gallery of Gauleiter: Propaganda photos of Nazi leaders.
* Propaganda in postage stamps: A small collection of Nazi-era stamps.
* Photographs of the 1937 Nuremberg Rally
* Color photos of the 1938 Nuremberg Rally
* Racial wall charts: For use in schools.
* Hitler's Reich Chancellery in Berlin
* Nazi architecture: Photographs of Nazi buildings in Munich.
* Nazi cartoons on Winston Churchill: 1933-1944.
* Nazi cartoons on the outbreak of war: Taken from a 1939 book.
* Miscellaneous Images: Vivid images that did not fit elsewhere.
* German city scenes: Photographs from 1940.
* Tran und Helle: A comedy skit on POWs and the black market (1940?).
* Weekly quotation posters: Nazi posters with inspiring quotations.
* The texts of many weekly quotation posters: Often with an image (1938-1944).
* Eight small propaganda flyers from the war years.
* Ich kämpfe: Parts of a book given to new party members in 1943.
* A Nazi Advent: From a 1943 Advent calendar.
* A Nazi Christmas: From a book of material for Christmas 1944.
* Winterhilfswerk booklets: For those who donated to the Nazi charity.
o Der Führer 1933: Hitler's accomplishments of that year.
o The Führer Makes History 1938
o The Führer in the Mountains
o The Führer's Battle in the East: The first two weeks in Poland.
o Gerhard Koeppen: One of a series on Knight's Cross recipients.
* Nazi Art
o Nazi art on 9 November: The "holiest" day on the Nazi calendar.
o Nazi political art: A variety of art with clear political purpose
o Hitler portraits: Nazi art portraying Hitler.
o Nazi war art: Examples from 1940-1944.

IV. War Propaganda: 1939-1945

* Stukas Attack: Details on a 1940 Nazi children's game.
* Signal: A propaganda magazine circulated in 25 languages.
* Europe at Work in Germany: A 1943 book on foreign workers.
* Leaflets from D-Day: Nazi leaflets aimed at American soldiers.
* German wartime advertising: Examples from 1944.
* Nazi war humor: Cartoons from the Lustige Blätter (1941-1944).
* More war humor: Cartoons from the Fliegende Blätter (1942).
* A Nazi Mother's Day card: 1944.
* Victory or death: The text of a propaganda leaflet (1945).
* Mass Pamphlets of the War Years
o "War Library of the German Youth": Pamphlets issued 1940-1942.
o Altmark — Baralong: A 1940 anti-British pamphlet.
o A German Primer: A popular 1940 booklet on Nazi military virtues.
o How They Lie: A 1940 pamphlet accuses the Allies of inventing German atrocities.
o "Warning! Enemy Propaganda!": 1940 advice on enemy propaganda.
o Kleine Kriegshefte: Nazi pamphlets on the war from 1940-1941
o The War Goal of World Plutocracy: A remarkable pamphlet (1941).
o Nazi soldiers' letters from Russia: Excerpts from letters.
o Not Empty Phrases, but Rather Clarity:A 1942 pamphlet on Nazi ideology.
o The Attack on Cologne: A 1942 pamphlet on British bombing.
o What Does Bolshevization Mean in Reality?: A spring 1943 pamphlet.
o Facts Speak for Victory: June 1943 speeches by Speer and Goebbels.
o The Secret of Japan's Strength: A1943 Nazi booklet on Japan.
o Never!: A late -1944 pamphlet urging Gemans to fight or die.
* War Correspondent Reports
o The outbreak of WWII: From the Wehrmacht's biweekly.
o "German Torpedoes in Scapa Flow": Talks by Hans Fritzsche (1939).
o Three war articles from summer 1940: Confident and boastful.
o The fall of France: Material distributed in the United States in 1940.
o "Churchill Orders Destruction": A 1940 article on British bombing.
o "That is Heroism!": A soldier destroys Soviet tanks (1943).
o Pictures from January 1943: A satirical commentary on the war.
o The Battle of Monte Cassino: Explaining a lost battle in May 1944.
o Rome: Putting the best face on the loss of Rome in June 1944.
o The news in Berlin: A daily newspaper dated 5 October 1944
* Material from Das Schwarze Korps, the SS weekly
o Nazis vs. Superman: A 1940 article attacking Superman.
o "False Consideration": A 1943 article urging harsh treatment of complainers.
o "The Danger of Americanism": A 1944 discussion of "The American Century."
o "He is Victory!": A 1944 article on Hitler's birthday.
o Editorial cartoons, dated 1943-1944.
o Satirical cartoon strips, dated 1944-1945.
* Material from Das Reich: A widely circulated weekly
o "The Uncertain Casualty List": On the missing at Stalingrad (February 1943).
o "The Invasion": On the prospects of an Allied landing (January 1944).
o "Unexpected Consequences": On the impact of Allied bombing.
o "First Results of the V-1": The first V-1s were launched just after D-Day.
o "The Kitschified Mass Soul": A 1944 discussion of American advertising.
o "Reality is Different": On the morale of American soldiers (December 1944).
o "Berlin, a Giant Hedgehog": Preparations for the final battle (March 1945).
o Editorial cartoons, 1940-1941
o Editorial cartoons, 1944-1945.
o See also Goebbels's editorials from Das Reich.

V. Miscellaneous Propaganda

* "Concentration Camp": German kids at play (April 1933).
* On Nazi radio: A 1934 chapter by Eugen Hadamovsky
* Rearmament propaganda from 1935.
* The 1936 Nuremberg Rally: Translations from the official proceedings
* The 1936 Gau Südhannover-Braunschweig rally: Nuremberg in miniature.
* The 1936 Nazi farmers rally: Agriculture for the Nazi cause.
* "Last Words": A collection of dying words of Nazis from a 1936 article.
* Nazi Economic Achievements: A brochure from 1936.
* The Great Anti-Bolshevist Exhibition: The program from the 1937 event.
* "With German Soldiers in Liberated Austria": The takeover of Austria in 1938.
* The Volkswagen: A model car to be built in a model city (1938).
* "Memel is Free": From a 1939 book on Hitler's territorial gains.
* "The Victory of Faith": A 1939 article on worldviews.
* Berlin Television Schedule: What to watch in March 1939.
* Nazi interior decoration: How should a Nazi home look (1939)?
* Diary of an S. A. Leader: A 1939 propaganda book on the Storm Troopers.
* "The Soviet Paradise": A 1942 exhibition on the Soviet Union.
* Faith and Action: A popular 1938 Nazi "Book of Virtues."
* The Kampfzeit: Building Nazi myths
o Recollections of an early Nazi speaker: Taken from a book by Hans Hinkel.
o The Battle of the Pharus Hall: Goebbels describes a 1927 battle in Berlin.
o A meeting hall battle in Hamburg in 1930: Violence glorified.
o Comrade! Keep Moving: Nazi history in Starnberg, 1925-1930.
o How We Fought!: Nazi history in Frankfurt (M).
o The January 1933 election in Lippe: Two weeks before Hitler's takeover.
o "Humorous" Nazi stories of the Kampfzeit: An effort at Nazi humor.
o Early Nazi speaking experiences: Stories by Walter Tießler
* Material on Hitler
o The Hitler No One Knows: First published in 1932, often reprinted.
o Caricatures of Hitler: Taken from an unusual 1933 German book.
o Adolf Hitler: Pictures from the Life of the Führer: Translations and pictures from 1936.
o Hitler's Paintings: Five examples from 1914-1917.
o "The Life of the Führer": A chapter from the Nazi handbook for boys.
o "We Owe It to the Führer": A 1938 pamphlet on Hitler's deeds.
o The Song of the Faithful: Poems in praise of Adolf Hitler from 1938.
o Hitler on magazine covers: Illustrierter Beobachter 1938-1939.
o Hitler's 50th birthday: Photographs from 1939.
o Everybody's Hitler: A 1940 booklet for conquered Alsace.
o That is Victory!: Letters in praise of Hitler from 1940.
o Hitler portraits: Nazi art portraying Hitler from the war years.
o See also Goebbels' speeches on Hitler's birthday in the Goebbels section.
* Material from Popular Nazi Magazines
o The Illustrierter Beobachter 1934-1943: The Nazi illustrated weekly.
o The Frauen Warte: Issues of the Nazi women's magazine (1934-1945).
o Der Pimpf: Material from the Nazi magazine for boys, 1935-1944.
o Das deutsche Mädel: The Nazi magazine for girls (1936-1943).
o Der Schulungsbrief: 1942-44 material on political education.
o See also material from Das Schwarze Korps and Das Reich above.
* Educational Propaganda
o "Education in National Socialist Germany": On Nazi education.
o The Battle for Germany: A 1938 schoolbook on the Nazi Party.
o You and Your People: Nazi ideology for 14-year-olds (1940).
o Parts of a pre-war reading text: Propaganda for the very young.
o Parts of a 1941 reading text. More for the very young.
o A chapter from a 1942 biology text: Biology serves propaganda.
o A chapter from a 1943 geography text: Germany needed more land.
* Material about the United States
o A 1933 letter from a German propagandist to an American friend.
o Excerpts from The Land without a Heart, a 1942 book on the U.S.
o "America as a Perversion of European Culture": A 1942 pamphlet.
o "Europe and America": A 1942 analysis of America's racial makeup.
o Roosevelt Betrays America: A 1942 pamphlet by Robert Ley.
* Material about England
o Inside England: Parts of a book about England.
o Robber England: Material from a 1941 illustrated book on England.
o Guernsey Evening Press: A 1942 issue from Nazi-occupied Guernsey.

VI. Material from Nazi Literature for Propagandists.

* Propaganda and National Power: Eugen Hadamovsky's 1933 book on propaganda.
* Hitler Youth training material: What leaders were to teach kids (1935-1944).
* "The Tasks of Propaganda in the National Socialist State": A 1934 Goebbels speech.
* "10 Commandments for Propagandists": A 1934 satirical article.
* "Political Propaganda": A lengthy 1934 essay on the nature of propaganda.
* "The Nature of Contemporary Propaganda": A 1934 essay on propaganda.
* "Political Propaganda as a Moral Duty": A 1936 article on propaganda.
* "Film as a Weapon": By Fritz Hipper, who made The Eternal Jew (1937).
* "The Political Work of the Radio Announcer": A 1939 essay on radio.
* Banned music: A list of what to avoid from 1939.
* Hitler speeches and foreign radio stations: Advice to party members (1939).
* Anti-Bolshevist propaganda: Guidelines after Stalingrad (February 1943).
* On relations with foreigners: Interesting 1943 advice to party leaders.
* "The Officer and Enemy Propaganda": For officers training recruits.
* Material on the Party Propaganda Apparatus
o An article on reorganzing the party propaganda system in 1933.
o "14 Days in a Gau Propaganda Office": A Nazi propaganda office in 1934.
o "The Propaganda Warden": On lower-level propagandists.
o "The Reichspropagandaleitung": The party's Central Propaganda Office.
o "Tasks of Cell and Block Leaders": A 1936 article on low level propagandists.
o The propaganda campaign for winter 1937/38.
o Worldview training for girls: Hitler Youth material (1938).
o A 1939 conference for propagandists: Nazi thinking in 1939.
o "The Work of Party Propaganda in War": A 1941 review.
o A Propaganda Primer: A 1942 handbook on propaganda.
o The propaganda system: What propagandists needed to know (1942).
o Propaganda plan for winter 1941/42: The problem of Russia.
o Propaganda plan for spring 1942: Marching orders for propagandists.
o Advice for county (Kreis) propaganda leaders (March 1943).
o A propaganda business meeting: Motivating propagandists in 1943.
o A propaganda campaign against spies: Be quiet! (1944).
o Advice on discussion meetings: Training party members in 1944.
* Material on the Nazi Speaker System
o "The Reich Speaker School": On training speakers.
o "Heart or Reason? What We Don't Want from our Speakers": A 1937 essay.
o "The Power of Speech": On the centrality of oral rhetoric.
o "Hitler Youth Speakers": The Hitler Youth speaker system in 1937
o Nazi Meetings from the speaker's viewpoint: All was not well in 1937.
o "The Meeting Campaign": A saturation campaign of mass meetings.
o "Public Meetings During Wartime?": A 1940 essay on public meetings.
o Leave the church: A 1941 memo ordering speakers to quit the church.
o "Mistakes in Meeting Propaganda": A 1941 article on the meeting system.
o Guidance for party speakers.
+ The battle against the Jews: A summary of anti-Semitic arguments (Fall 1935).
+ Information on the U.S. (April 1939).
+ Information on England's war guilt: (November 1939).
+ Rudolf Hess and the war situation: Advice from May 1941.
+ What to say about the USA: (February 1942).
+ Frostbite, typhoid fever, and Soviet POWs: Speaker advice (February 1942).
+ On cuts in food rations: Speaker advice (March 1942).
+ No Armistice with the USSR: (23 October 1942).
+ Enemy plans to annihilate Germany: (6 November 1942).
+ Submarine warfare: A bright spot after Stalingrad (Feb.-March 1943).
+ On the Jews: Spreading anti-Semitic hatred (5 May 1943).
+ "Twilight of the Jews": Even more vehement rhetoric (18 May 1943).
+ The End of the African Campaign: Another lost battle (18 May 1943).
+ On Allied bombing: Win first, then rebuild (September 1943).
+ The Eastern Front: Germany, supposedly, is winning (September 1943).
+ Re-activating the Nazi Party: Increasing the war effort (October 1943).
+ Advice on Bolshevism: Speaker material from June 1944.
+ Model speeches on motherhood, Allied bombing, and the duties of youth (1944-1945): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
* Directives for Magazine Editors (Zeitschriften-Dienst)
o A 1939 bibliography for Nazi propagandists.
o September 1941: Preparing for a hard winter.
o October 1941: Placing German victory in historical context.
o September 1942: Victory at Stalingrad expected.
o February 1943: Just after the defeat at Stalingrad.
o June 1944: Just after D-Day.
o August 1944: On anti-Semitic strategies.
o Miscellaneous items: Dated 1941-1944.
* Material on Nazi Ceremonies
o Using Christian holidays: Absorbing old holidays into Nazi culture (1937).
o Celebrating Christmas Nazi style (1939).
o Ceremonies for the youth: Nazi rites of passage from 1939.
o On party rituals: The introduction to a 1941 book for party officials.
o Nazi gravestones: How to bury a Nazi.
o Hitler's Birthday 1942: A model speech and other material.
o 9 November 1942: The holiest day on the Nazi calendar.
o 30 January 1943: Plans for Nazism's 10th anniversary
o Easter 1944: A suggested speech for party observances.
o Nazi commemoration of the war dead: A sample speech from 1944.

VII. Links

* A bibliography of books in English on Nazi propaganda. I also keep a list of general books on Nazism.
* The GPA Blog: Brief notes on additions to the site (begun March 2008).
* False Nazi Quotations: Things never said, but widely quoted.
* Good Internet sites on the Third Reich: Sites by scholars. Just getting started.
* Visitor's Guide to German Archives and Libraries: Just getting started.
* Publications by Randall Bytwerk (Mostly related to German propaganda).
* The History of Der Stürmer, A chapter from my book on Streicher's rhetoric.
* Papers on The Eternal Jew: By historian Stig Hornshøj-Møller.
* A developing page on Signal, a Nazi propaganda magazine for foreigners.
* German Newsreel Archive: In German, but a great source of newsreels.
* Simplicissimus on-line: The full text of the satirical magazine, 1896-1944.
* Third Reich in Ruins: A site for architecture fans.
* Leni Riefenstahl: Good links on the maker of Triumph of the Will.
* The International Military Tribunal: The records of the Nuremberg trials.
* John Conway's newsletter: Mostly on German church history.
* German Propaganda Book Shop: Original books from the Nazi era for sale.

[acharya]

How Europeans looked at each other during theearly 20th century

http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ww2era.htm

Nazi Propaganda: 1933-1945

Propaganda was central to Nazi Germany. This page is a collection of English translations of National Socialist propaganda for the period 1933-1945, part of a larger site on German propaganda. The goal is to help people understand the great totalitarian systems of the twentieth century by giving them access to primary material. The archive is substantial. If you are looking for something specific, try the search function. For further information on the German Propaganda Archive, see the FAQ.

Book Cover
Book Cover

My book Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic (Michigan State University Press, 2004) provides an analysis of much of the material on the German Propaganda Archive. It can be ordered in the United States through amazon.com in either the hardcover or paperback edition. My newest book is Landmark Speeches of National Socialism (Texas A&M University Press). It is available in hardcover and paperback editions.


Organization of the Page:

Speeches and Writings by Nazi Leaders
Anti-Semitic Material
Visual Material
War Propaganda: 1939-1945
Miscellaneous Propaganda
Material for Propagandists
Links
Search

I. Speeches and Writings by Nazi Leaders

* Joseph Goebbels: A collection of 80 speeches and essays.
* Hermann Göring : A speech on 9 April 1933.
* Adolf Hitler
o A 30 January 1937 speech on foreign policy.
o Proclamation of 22 June 1941: Hitler justifies invading Russia.
o "To the Old Guard in Munich" (1941): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
o Hitler's last speech (1945): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
* Rudolf Hess
o The Oath to Hitler: A million Nazis take an oath to Hitler.
o To the Front Fighters of the World: Germany wants peace (1934).
o The Referendum on Hitler: Hitler takes total power.
o Launching the Training Ship Horst Wessel: The myth of a Nazi "martyr".
* Robert Ley
o "Fate — I believe": A 1937 speech preaching a pseudo-religious faith.
o "The Jews or Us...": A bad 1937 speech on aspects of Nazism.
* Gertrud Scholtz-Klink:
o "To Be German is to Be Strong": A January 1936 speech.
o The Woman in National Socialism (1936): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
o Speech at the 1936 Nuremberg Rally.
o Speech at the 1938 Nuremberg Rally.
* Julius Streicher
o Two Streicher speeches from March and April 1933.
o Speech on Kristallnacht (1938): Available in Landmark Speeches of National Socialism.
o Just before World War II begins: 4 July 1939.

II. Anti-Semitic Material

* Solving the "Jewish Question": Two April 1933 articles by Nazi leaders.
* Neues Volk: Material from the party's racial policy office (1934-1941).
* "National Socialist Racial Policy": A 1934 speech on racial doctrine.
* A German Catechism: 1934 anti-Semitic material for the schools.
* "Why the Aryan Law": A 1934 Nazi pamphlet on racial laws.
* Advice for Nazi speakers on anti-Semitic propaganda: What to say in Fall 1935.
* Ten Anti-Semitic Arguments: Advice to propagandists in 1936.
* Zionism: Zionism as part of the Jewish conspiracy (1936).
* "The Eternal Jew": Photographs from a 1937 Nazi anti-Semitic book.
* Hitler Youth Material: What HJ leaders said about race in 1937.
* Genetics and Racial Science for teachers (1937).
* "The 'Decent' Jew": A 1939 essay denouncing the Jews.
* "The Panic Party": A 1939 satirical article on Jewish emigration.
* The Jewish World Plague: A chapter from Hermann Esser's 1939 book.
* Ahasver: A section from a book on the fall of France.
* The Jewish Problem: From a citizen's handbook to the Third Reich.
* Jud Süß: An ad for the 1940 anti-Semitic film.
* Jud Süß: The program for an anti-Semitic film (1940).
* A review of the film The Eternal Jew (1940).
* People and Race: Material from a Nazi racial monthly.
* "When you see this symbol...": A 1941 anti-Semitic flyer.
* "The Jews in World Politics": Part of a 1942 pamphlet on the Jews.
* Racial Policy: Parts of a 1943 SS booklet on racial theory.
* The Jewish World Parasite: A pamphlet from 1943.
* Pestilential Miasma of the World: A 1944 book by Robert Ley.
* 1944 discussion material: A call to annihilate the Jews.
* Material from Julius Streicher's Der Stürmer
o Cartoons from Der Stürmer, 1933-1944
o "The Guilty": A March 1933 article on the Reichstag fire.
o "Secret Plans Against Germany": A 1933 call to exterminate Jews.
o "The End": A 1935 story alleging Jewish seduction.
o "Mailbox": Stürmer readers denounce fellow citizens in 1935.
o The Stürmer's Readers: A 1935 article on those who read it.
o "Madagascar": A 1938 article on sending Jews to Madagascar.
o "The Way to Slavery": An August 1939 editorial by Julius Streicher.
o "Bolshevism and Synagogue": A call for annihilating the Jews in 1941.
o "The Battle with the Devil": Jews want to destroy Germany (1941).
o "When Will the Jewish Danger be Over": A 1942 call for annihilation.
o "The Way to Action": A 1943 editorial by Julius Streicher.
o "The Death Blow": A 1943 editorial by Julus Streicher.
o "The Holy Hate": A 1943 article by Ernst Hiemer.
o "What is Americanism?": A 1944 editorial by Julius Streicher.
o "The Horror in the East": Streicher's last article in February 1945.
* Other Material from Streicher's Stürmer Verlag
o "The Jew and Healing": From Streicher's "medical journal" (1934).
o The Stürmer's Battle: A 1937 promotional pamphlet.
o Trust No Fox...: The first of Streicher's anti-Semitic children's books.
o The Toadstool: One of the nastier anti-Semitic productions.
o Der Pudelmopsdackelpinscher: Chapters from a 1940 children's book.
o The Jewish Question in Education: A guidebook for Nazi teachers.
o Photographs of Julius Streicher: The Gauleiter from various angles.

[acharya]

<b>Quest for Roman empire still lives on
Brad MacdonaldColumnist
Is the German Media Promoting Nazi Propaganda?
July 23, 2009 | From theTrumpet.com
Some German media outlets are talking about the Treaty of Versailles in the same way a certain Austrian-born rising political star did in the 1930s.</b>

http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?q=6352.4810.0.0
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin--> The Holy Roman Empire is a political, religious and military conglomerate that has risen and fallen from power in Europe over the past 1,500 years. As is explained in our free booklet Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, this deadly empire began in a.d. 554, when the Roman Emperor Justinian recognized the supremacy of the pope and forged an alliance between Rome and the Vatican.

There have been five resurrections of the Holy Roman Empire in Europe since Justinian’s Imperial Restoration. In each case—be it Charlemagne’s vicious empire in the 8th century, Otto the Great’s German empire of the 10th century, Napoleon’s in the early 19th, or Hitler’s in the mid-20th—the Vatican was the primary influence over the empire. That’s why it’s called the “Holy” Roman Empire, though the use of the term “holy” is one of history’s cruelest misnomers.

This modern tendency, both inside Germany and out, to blame World War ii on the Treaty of Versailles and the Allied powers is diabolical. It is cut from the same cloth as the lies about the Treaty of Versailles promulgated by the Nazis during the 1920s and ’30s to help convince the German people of the need for World War ii. It also blinds people to the historical and biblical reality that the Holy Roman Empire was the ultimate cause of both World Wars i and ii.

Most importantly, however, it is a lie that numbs people to the reality that this same Holy Roman Empire is about to start World War iii! •

<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->

[acharya]

Eugenics and the Nazis -- the California connection
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?...ING9C2QSKB1.DTL
Edwin Black

Sunday, November 9, 2003
Print E-mail

But the concept of a white, blond-haired, blue-eyed master Nordic race didn't originate with Hitler. The idea was created in the United States, and cultivated in California, decades before Hitler came to power. California eugenicists played an important, although little-known, role in the American eugenics movement's campaign for ethnic cleansing.

Eugenics was the pseudoscience aimed at "improving" the human race. In its extreme, racist form, this meant wiping away all human beings deemed "unfit," preserving only those who conformed to a Nordic stereotype. Elements of the philosophy were enshrined as national policy by forced sterilization and segregation laws, as well as marriage restrictions, enacted in 27 states. In 1909, California became the third state to adopt such laws. Ultimately, eugenics practitioners coercively sterilized some 60,000 Americans, barred the marriage of thousands, forcibly segregated thousands in "colonies," and persecuted untold numbers in ways we are just learning. Before World War II, nearly half of coercive sterilizations were done in California, and even after the war, the state accounted for a third of all such surgeries.

California was considered an epicenter of the American eugenics movement. During the 20th century's first decades, California's eugenicists included potent but little-known race scientists, such as Army venereal disease specialist Dr. Paul Popenoe, citrus magnate Paul Gosney, Sacramento banker Charles Goethe, as well as members of the California state Board of Charities and Corrections and the University of California Board of Regents.

Eugenics would have been so much bizarre parlor talk had it not been for extensive financing by corporate philanthropies, specifically the Carnegie Institution, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Harriman railroad fortune. They were all in league with some of America's most respected scientists from such prestigious universities as Stanford, Yale, Harvard and Princeton. These academicians espoused race theory and race science, and then faked and twisted data to serve eugenics' racist aims.

Stanford President David Starr Jordan originated the notion of "race and blood" in his 1902 racial epistle "Blood of a Nation," in which the university scholar declared that human qualities and conditions such as talent and poverty were passed through the blood.

In 1904, the Carnegie Institution established a laboratory complex at Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island that stockpiled millions of index cards on ordinary Americans, as researchers carefully plotted the removal of families, bloodlines and whole peoples. From Cold Spring Harbor, eugenics advocates agitated in the legislatures of America, as well as the nation's social service agencies and associations.

The Harriman railroad fortune paid local charities, such as the New York Bureau of Industries and Immigration, to seek out Jewish, Italian and other immigrants in New York and other crowded cities and subject them to deportation, confinement or forced sterilization.

The Rockefeller Foundation helped found the German eugenics program and even funded the program that Josef Mengele worked in before he went to Auschwitz.

Much of the spiritual guidance and political agitation for the American eugenics movement came from California's quasi-autonomous eugenic societies, such as Pasadena's Human Betterment Foundation and the California branch of the American Eugenics Society, which coordinated much of their activity with the Eugenics Research Society in Long Island. These organizations -- which functioned as part of a closely-knit network -- published racist eugenic newsletters and pseudoscientific journals, such as Eugenical News and Eugenics,

and propagandized for the Nazis.

Eugenics was born as a scientific curiosity in the Victorian age. In 1863,

Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, theorized that if talented people married only other talented people, the result would be measurably better offspring. At the turn of the last century, Galton's ideas were imported to the United States just as Gregor Mendel's principles of heredity were rediscovered. American eugenics advocates believed with religious fervor that the same Mendelian concepts determining the color and size of peas, corn and cattle also governed the social and intellectual character of man.

In a United States demographically reeling from immigration upheaval and torn by post-Reconstruction chaos, race conflict was everywhere in the early 20th century. Elitists, utopians and so-called progressives fused their smoldering race fears and class bias with their desire to make a better world. They reinvented Galton's eugenics into a repressive and racist ideology. The intent: Populate the Earth with vastly more of their own socioeconomic and biological kind -- and less or none of everyone else.

The superior species the eugenics movement sought was populated not merely by tall, strong, talented people. Eugenicists craved blond, blue-eyed Nordic types. This group alone, they believed, was fit to inherit the Earth. In the process, the movement intended to subtract emancipated Negroes, immigrant Asian laborers, Indians, Hispanics, East Europeans, Jews, dark- haired hill folk, poor people, the infirm and anyone classified outside the gentrified genetic lines drawn up by American raceologists.

How? By identifying so-called defective family trees and subjecting them to lifelong segregation and sterilization programs to kill their bloodlines. The grand plan was to literally wipe away the reproductive capability of those deemed weak and inferior -- the so-called unfit. The eugenicists hoped to neutralize the viability of 10 percent of the population at a sweep, until none were left except themselves.

Eighteen solutions were explored in a Carnegie-supported 1911 "Preliminary Report of the Committee of the Eugenic Section of the American Breeder's Association to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means for Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the Human Population." Point No. 8 was euthanasia.

The most commonly suggested method of eugenicide in the United States was a "lethal chamber" or public, locally operated gas chambers. In 1918, Popenoe, the Army venereal disease specialist during World War I, co-wrote the widely used textbook, "Applied Eugenics," which argued, "From an historical point of view, the first method which presents itself is execution . . . Its value in keeping up the standard of the race should not be underestimated." "Applied Eugenics" also devoted a chapter to "Lethal Selection," which operated "through the destruction of the individual by some adverse feature of the environment, such as excessive cold, or bacteria, or by bodily deficiency."

Eugenic breeders believed American society was not ready to implement an organized lethal solution. But many mental institutions and doctors practiced improvised medical lethality and passive euthanasia on their own. One institution in Lincoln, Ill., fed its incoming patients milk from tubercular cows believing a eugenically strong individual would be immune. Thirty to 40 percent annual death rates resulted at Lincoln. Some doctors practiced passive eugenicide one newborn infant at a time. Others doctors at mental institutions engaged in lethal neglect.

Nonetheless, with eugenicide marginalized, the main solution for eugenicists was the rapid expansion of forced segregation and sterilization, as well as more marriage restrictions. California led the nation, performing nearly all sterilization procedures with little or no due process. In its first 25 years of eugenics legislation, California sterilized 9,782 individuals, mostly women. Many were classified as "bad girls," diagnosed as "passionate," "oversexed" or "sexually wayward." At the Sonoma State Home, some women were sterilized because of what was deemed an abnormally large clitoris or labia.

In 1933 alone, at least 1,278 coercive sterilizations were performed, 700 on women. The state's two leading sterilization mills in 1933 were Sonoma State Home with 388 operations and Patton State Hospital with 363 operations. Other sterilization centers included Agnews, Mendocino, Napa, Norwalk, Stockton and Pacific Colony state hospitals.

Even the U.S. Supreme Court endorsed aspects of eugenics. In its infamous 1927 decision, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote, "It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind . . . Three generations of imbeciles are enough." This decision opened the floodgates for thousands to be coercively sterilized or otherwise persecuted as subhuman. Years later, the Nazis at the Nuremberg trials quoted Holmes' words in their own defense.

Only after eugenics became entrenched in the United States was the campaign transplanted into Germany, in no small measure through the efforts of California eugenicists, who published booklets idealizing sterilization and circulated them to German officials and scientists.

Hitler studied American eugenics laws. He tried to legitimize his anti- Semitism by medicalizing it, and wrapping it in the more palatable pseudoscientific facade of eugenics. Hitler was able to recruit more followers among reasonable Germans by claiming that science was on his side. Hitler's race hatred sprung from his own mind, but the intellectual outlines of the eugenics Hitler adopted in 1924 were made in America.

During the '20s, Carnegie Institution eugenic scientists cultivated deep personal and professional relationships with Germany's fascist eugenicists. In "Mein Kampf," published in 1924, Hitler quoted American eugenic ideology and openly displayed a thorough knowledge of American eugenics. "There is today one state," wrote Hitler, "in which at least weak beginnings toward a better conception (of immigration) are noticeable. Of course, it is not our model German Republic, but the United States."

Hitler proudly told his comrades just how closely he followed the progress of the American eugenics movement. "I have studied with great interest," he told a fellow Nazi, "the laws of several American states concerning prevention of reproduction by people whose progeny would, in all probability, be of no value or be injurious to the racial stock."

Hitler even wrote a fan letter to American eugenics leader Madison Grant, calling his race-based eugenics book, "The Passing of the Great Race," his "bible."

Now, the American term "Nordic" was freely exchanged with "Germanic" or "Aryan." Race science, racial purity and racial dominance became the driving force behind Hitler's Nazism. Nazi eugenics would ultimately dictate who would be persecuted in a Reich-dominated Europe, how people would live, and how they would die. Nazi doctors would become the unseen generals in Hitler's war against the Jews and other Europeans deemed inferior. Doctors would create the science, devise the eugenic formulas, and hand-select the victims for sterilization, euthanasia and mass extermination.

During the Reich's early years, eugenicists across America welcomed Hitler's plans as the logical fulfillment of their own decades of research and effort. California eugenicists republished Nazi propaganda for American consumption. They also arranged for Nazi scientific exhibits, such as an August 1934 display at the L.A. County Museum, for the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association.

In 1934, as Germany's sterilizations were accelerating beyond 5,000 per month, the California eugenics leader C. M. Goethe, upon returning from Germany, ebulliently bragged to a colleague, "You will be interested to know that your work has played a powerful part in shaping the opinions of the group of intellectuals who are behind Hitler in this epoch-making program. Everywhere I sensed that their opinions have been tremendously stimulated by American thought . . . I want you, my dear friend, to carry this thought with you for the rest of your life, that you have really jolted into action a great government of 60 million people."

That same year, 10 years after Virginia passed its sterilization act, Joseph DeJarnette, superintendent of Virginia's Western State Hospital, observed in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, "The Germans are beating us at our own game."

More than just providing the scientific roadmap, America funded Germany's eugenic institutions.

By 1926, Rockefeller had donated some $410,000 -- almost $4 million in today's money -- to hundreds of German researchers. In May 1926, Rockefeller awarded $250,000 toward creation of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry. Among the leading psychiatrists at the German Psychiatric Institute was Ernst Rüdin, who became director and eventually an architect of Hitler's systematic medical repression.

Another in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute's complex of eugenics institutions was the Institute for Brain Research. Since 1915, it had operated out of a single room. Everything changed when Rockefeller money arrived in 1929. A grant of $317,000 allowed the institute to construct a major building and take center stage in German race biology. The institute received additional grants from the Rockefeller Foundation during the next several years. Leading the institute, once again, was Hitler's medical henchman Ernst Rüdin. Rüdin's organization became a prime director and recipient of the murderous experimentation and research conducted on Jews, Gypsies and others.

Beginning in 1940, thousands of Germans taken from old age homes, mental institutions and other custodial facilities were systematically gassed. Between 50,000 and 100,000 were eventually killed.

Leon Whitney, executive secretary of the American Eugenics Society, declared of Nazism, "While we were pussy-footing around ... the Germans were calling a spade a spade."

A special recipient of Rockefeller funding was the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics in Berlin. For decades,

American eugenicists had craved twins to advance their research into heredity.

The Institute was now prepared to undertake such research on an unprecedented level. On May 13, 1932, the Rockefeller Foundation in New York dispatched a radiogram to its Paris office: JUNE MEETING EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE NINE THOUSAND
DOLLARS OVER THREE YEAR PERIOD TO KWG INSTITUTE ANTHROPOLOGY FOR RESEARCH ON
TWINS AND EFFECTS ON LATER GENERATIONS OF SUBSTANCES TOXIC FOR GERM PLASM.

At the time of Rockefeller's endowment, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, a hero in American eugenics circles, functioned as a head of the Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics. Rockefeller funding of that institute continued both directly and through other research conduits during Verschuer's early tenure. In 1935, Verschuer left the institute to form a rival eugenics facility in Frankfurt that was much heralded in the American eugenics press. Research on twins in the Third Reich exploded, backed by government decrees. Verschuer wrote in Der Erbarzt, a eugenics doctor's journal he edited, that Germany's war would yield a "total solution to the Jewish problem."

Verschuer had a longtime assistant. His name was Josef Mengele.

On May 30, 1943, Mengele arrived at Auschwitz. Verschuer notified the German Research Society, "My assistant, Dr. Josef Mengele (M.D., Ph.D.) joined me in this branch of research. He is presently employed as Hauptsturmführer (captain) and camp physician in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Anthropological testing of the most diverse racial groups in this concentration camp is being carried out with permission of the SS Reichsführer (Himmler)."

Mengele began searching the boxcar arrivals for twins. When he found them,

he performed beastly experiments, scrupulously wrote up the reports and sent the paperwork back to Verschuer's institute for evaluation. Often, cadavers, eyes and other body parts were also dispatched to Berlin's eugenic institutes.

Rockefeller executives never knew of Mengele. With few exceptions, the foundation had ceased all eugenics studies in Nazi-occupied Europe before the war erupted in 1939. But by that time the die had been cast. The talented men Rockefeller and Carnegie financed, the great institutions they helped found, and the science they helped create took on a scientific momentum of their own.

After the war, eugenics was declared a crime against humanity -- an act of genocide. Germans were tried and they cited the California statutes in their defense -- to no avail. They were found guilty.

However, Mengele's boss Verschuer escaped prosecution. Verschuer re- established his connections with California eugenicists who had gone underground and renamed their crusade "human genetics." Typical was an exchange July 25, 1946, when Popenoe wrote Verschuer, "It was indeed a pleasure to hear from you again. I have been very anxious about my colleagues in Germany . . . I suppose sterilization has been discontinued in Germany?" Popenoe offered tidbits about various American eugenics luminaries and then sent various eugenics publications. In a separate package, Popenoe sent some cocoa, coffee and other goodies.

Verschuer wrote back, "Your very friendly letter of 7/25 gave me a great deal of pleasure and you have my heartfelt thanks for it. The letter builds another bridge between your and my scientific work; I hope that this bridge will never again collapse but rather make possible valuable mutual enrichment and stimulation."

Soon, Verschuer again became a respected scientist in Germany and around the world. In 1949, he became a corresponding member of the newly formed American Society of Human Genetics, organized by American eugenicists and geneticists.

In the fall of 1950, the University of Münster offered Verschuer a position at its new Institute of Human Genetics, where he later became a dean. In the early and mid-1950s, Verschuer became an honorary member of numerous prestigious societies, including the Italian Society of Genetics, the Anthropological Society of Vienna, and the Japanese Society for Human Genetics.

Human genetics' genocidal roots in eugenics were ignored by a victorious generation that refused to link itself to the crimes of Nazism and by succeeding generations that never knew the truth of the years leading up to war. Now governors of five states, including California, have issued public apologies to their citizens, past and present, for sterilization and other abuses spawned by the eugenics movement.

Human genetics became an enlightened endeavor in the late 20th century. Hard-working, devoted scientists finally cracked the human code through the Human Genome Project. Now, every individual can be biologically identified and classified by trait and ancestry. Yet even now, some leading voices in the genetic world are calling for a cleansing of the unwanted among us, and even a master human species.

There is understandable wariness about more ordinary forms of abuse, for example, in denying insurance or employment based on genetic tests. On Oct. 14,

the United States' first genetic anti-discrimination legislation passed the Senate by unanimous vote. Yet because genetics research is global, no single nation's law can stop the threats.

Edwin Black is author of the award-winning "IBM and the Holocaust" and the recently released "War Against the Weak" (published by Four Walls Eight Windows), from which this article is adapted.

Read more: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?...L#ixzz0Npq1vS8x

[ramana]

A couple of posts from BRF and from Guardian paper on Churchill's quotes.



First:

If we can tell the truth about Islam and Christism and how they are used to promote seccessionism and how US and Pak and Barbaria are inspired by christism and Islam to malign,harm India,half our job will be done.



First of all the pseudo-elite will have to go first.

The main problem is not Jesus as such ... the fact is that the Catholic Church, the Anglican Church and many other Churches are political entities controlled by western elites.



For example, who appoints the head of the Anglican Church? The British Queen ... The British royalty is linked with the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha clan from Bavaria, which in turn was linked with the Bavarian "Illuminati". The so-called "Illuminati" includes prominent elite familes such as Rothschild, Warburg and Schiff. This is how Winston Churchill (who himself was part of this elite) described it:

This movement among the Jews is not new. From the days of Spartacus-Weishaupt to those of Karl Marx, and down to Trotsky (Russia), Bela Kun (Hungary), Rosa Luxembourg (Germany), and Emma Goldman (United States)... this worldwide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing. It has been the mainspring of every subversive movement during the 19th century; and now at last this band of extraordinary personalities from the underworld of the great cities of Europe and America have gripped the Russian people by the hair of their heads and have become practically the undisputed masters of that enormous empire.



Churchill writing on 'Zionism versus Bolshevism' in the Illustrated Sunday Herald, February 1920

http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/20...ures11.g21

The same networks are calling the shots even today. Obama's minder David Axelrod is a great-grandson of Trotsky, and British FM David Milliband's grandfather fought with Trotsky against the Russians in the 1917 Bolshevik revolution.



So, when we talk about the Church, all this background has to be communicated to the average Indian.



Other interesting material (about the Catholic Church): "The Broken Cross" http://www.catholicvoice.co.uk/brokencross/

Second:

Chiron,

While it would be admirable to count Yeshu as the 25th avatar of Vishnu,the christists distance themselves from Hindus as much as possible.Ditto with mohammedans.Our leftist-secular-congress cabal supports them.Their separate identity wins them preferential claims.They get monetary support from Saudi Barbaria and Amirkhan to remain separate.



You are underestimating the pressures on Hindu society during alien rule.The converts were those who were susceptible to allure and inducement.The Pakis and beedis are converts.What about those who under severest repression held fort?



It is not necessary to have 100% consensus always.Karl Popper,a student of modern society remarked an open society is not based on 100% consensus.



We Hindus are handicapped because of reservation politics and abuse of Hinduism.If we can tell the truth about Islam and Christism and how they are used to promote seccessionism and how US and Pak and Barbaria are inspired by christism and Islam to malign,harm India,half our job will be done.



First of all the pseudo-elite will have to go first.

Krishnapremi ji,



I guess Pranav ji has given a nice support towards understanding the global picture of the forces with whom Indic-ness is in association (either constructive OR destructive OR neutral). The external support in terms of money for abrahmic memes is very high. Furthermore, they are clear about their fundamentals and ideals. They have clearly defined simple goals backed up by lots of money to explain it to people in need. The Indic world-view is complex. There is no money in favour of Indic-memes for propagation. And most importantly, the society has forgotten the basics of Indic-ness.



Jesus, vishnu, avatar were just examples to make a point that in a civilization which says "everything in this universe which exists, is brahman" and "truth is one, different people call it by different names", there should not come such times as we are seeing today. The reason of our poverty (ideological) is that we have forgotten how to implement the most core ideals of our civilization, that is these two sentences. They remain theoretical, hence the present deplorable condition.



The understanding amongst Indics about their inherent unity has been on rise, since beginning of 20th century. However, IMO, Indics have forgotten the understanding of this concept of Dharma.



RayC ji,



Perhaps, this is what Indic-ness is about, understanding that Dharma is something way different from religion. Ever since the construct of Hinduism is propagated amongst Indics, there has been a degree of confusion while looking towards self and our history. The debates between Vedantis and Buddhists are considered as debates between two religions, wherein one religion vanquished another. This is not how they looked at things during times of Adi Shankara (for example).



It is not about Hinduism, it is about something more fundamental. Hinduism as we know today is not more than 150 years old. The british simply clubbed few of ideologies together and referred as hinduism. As you said, caste is an Indic phenomenon, just like Dharma and border-less rashtra. A nation-state with inviolable borders is a european construct. Allegiance towards such geographical entity was called Nationalism. Subsequently, Shivaji, Vivekananda, Savarkar, Bipinchandra Pal, Lokmanya Tilak et al were called as "Hindu-Nationalists".



Both the terms in this phrase "Hindu-Nationalism" are alien to pre-islamic world-view of Indians.



There are forces which wish to return to this pre-islamic world-view where

1. everybody in this region known as "Bhaarat" are referred to as Hindus by outsiders and Bhaaratiya by insiders.

2. everybody has a dharma to follow. This dharma is basis of individual-society-rashtra's decisions regarding Artha and Kaama (Pursuit of material wealth, fame, power and fulfilment of desires).

3. This dharma is given utmost importance by everybody irrespective of their personal pursuits of Moksha (spiritual paths of achieving salvation).



The segregation of spiritual pursuits from Duty and sense of Justice (dharma) is what is advocated by everyone who is tagged as "Hindu-Nationalist" from everybody in this nation.



To oppose this, there are alien ideologies, which believe in concepts like "religion", "Infidel" and in principle deny the segregation of polity and spirituality (Deen and Daulat).



What exacerbates the matter furthermore, is that the proponents of religion of one god in category two, are global players, where as proponents of category one are local players. By this I mean, just like communism, there are no borders in Islam. Whereas, the idea of "utopia" for a "hindu-nationalist" does not run beyond the realms of Indian subcontinent. A person tagged as "Hindu-Nationalist" asks for few basic things, which people from category two cannot give (theoretically).



The irony is that, most of the Indics or "Hindus", themselves have forgotten about the idea of Dharma. They too have started equating Dharma as synonym to religion and rashtra as synonym to nation-state. hence all the confusion.



Please look at it from this point of view. The problem is not Abrahmic spiritual pursuits. The problem is refusal of Abrahmics to give higher precedence to Dharma and keep spiritual pursuits purely personal and non-proselytizing.



The things like "Caste" is accumulated excreta, which was once a useful organ, now a decaying waste. And Indic component of subcontinental popualation is slowly getting rid of it. There are many such problems which form a part of this accumulated waste which is worth getting rid of. But an entity which is now a waste and once a useful, is a part of a picture, not whole picture in itself. Things which should go, should go. and they will. However there is a process of cleaning which ensures that only waste is gone, not the essentials. That essential here is "Dharma's understanding amongst mango-abduls of India". This is "Indic-ness". This is what a "Hindu-nationalist" wants from all mango-abduls of subcontinent.

Churchill's quotes in Guardian Paper:





LINK:

The Churchill you dont know

The Churchill you didn't know

Thousands voted him the greatest Briton - but did they know about his views on Gandhi, gassing and Jews...



The Guardian, Thursday 28 November 2002 Article history



I will not pretend that, if I had to choose between communism and nazism, I would choose communism.

Speaking in the House of Commons, autumn 1937



I do not understand the squeamishness about the use of gas. I am strongly in favour of using poisonous gas against uncivilised tribes.

Writing as president of the Air Council, 1919



It is alarming and nauseating to see Mr Gandhi, a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir of a type well known in the east, striding half naked up the steps of the viceregal palace, while he is still organising and conducting a campaign of civil disobedience, to parlay on equal terms with the representative of the Emperor-King.

Commenting on Gandhi's meeting with the Viceroy of India, 1931



(India is) a godless land of snobs and bores.

In a letter to his mother, 1896



I do not admit... that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America, or the black people of Australia... by the fact that a stronger race, a higher grade race... has come in and taken its place.

Churchill to Palestine Royal Commission, 1937



(We must rally against) a poisoned Russia, an infected Russia of armed hordes not only smiting with bayonet and cannon, but accompanied and preceded by swarms of typhus-bearing vermin.

Quoted in the Boston Review, April/May 2001



"The choice was clearly open: crush them with vain and unstinted force, or try to give them what they want. These were the only alternatives and most people were unprepared for either. Here indeed was the Irish spectre - horrid and inexorcisable.

Writing in The World Crisis and the Aftermath, 1923-31



The unnatural and increasingly rapid growth of the feeble-minded and insane classes, coupled as it is with a steady restriction among all the thrifty, energetic and superior stocks, constitutes a national and race danger which it is impossible to exaggerate... I feel that the source from which the stream of madness is fed should be cut off and sealed up before another year has passed.

Churchill to Asquith, 1910



One may dislike Hitler's system and yet admire his patriotic achievement. If our country were defeated, I hope we should find a champion as admirable to restore our courage and lead us back to our place among the nations."

From his Great Contemporaries, 1937



You are callous people who want to wreck Europe - you do not care about the future of Europe, you have only your own miserable interests in mind.

Addressing the London Polish government at a British Embassy meeting, October 1944



So far as Britain and Russia were concerned, how would it do for you to have 90% of Romania, for us to have 90% of the say in Greece, and go 50/50 about Yugoslavia?

Addressing Stalin in Moscow, October 1944



This movement among the Jews is not new. From the days of Spartacus-Weishaupt to those of Karl Marx, and down to Trotsky (Russia), Bela Kun (Hungary), Rosa Luxembourg (Germany), and Emma Goldman (United States)... this worldwide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing. It has been the mainspring of every subversive movement during the 19th century; and now at last this band of extraordinary personalities from the underworld of the great cities of Europe and America have gripped the Russian people by the hair of their heads and have become practically the undisputed masters of that enormous empire."



Writing on 'Zionism versus Bolshevism' in the Illustrated Sunday Herald, February 1920



Research by Amy Iggulden

See how he relates the Spartacus revolt of the slaves against the Romans to the world wide conspiracy across centuries. Weishaupt is the Illuminati founder. And above all he calls Gandhiji A Middle Temple lawyer aka Free mason and part of the conspiracy!

[HareKrishna]

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/ency...anism.html

The End of Paganism

[Guest]

[url="http://sify.com/news/unearthed-cities-in-southern-siberia-could-rewrite-aryan-history-news-international-kkeraddjccf.html"]Unearthed cities in Southern Siberia could rewrite Aryan history[/url]

A new study has suggested that recently unearthed cities in Southern Siberia could rewrite Aryan history-as they are believed to be the original home of the Aryans.



Twenty of the spiral-shaped settlements, believed to be the original home of the Aryan people, have been identified, and there are about 50 more suspected sites.



They all lie buried in a region more than 640km long near Russia's border with Kazakhstan.



The cities are apparently 3500-4000 years ago and are about the same size as several of the city-states of ancient Greece.



If archaeologists confirm the cities as Aryan, they could be the remnants of a civilisation that spread through Europe and much of Asia.



"Potentially, this could rival ancient Greece in the age of the heroes," the Australian quoted British historian Bettany Hughes as saying.



"We are all told that there is this kind of mother tongue, proto-Indo-European, from which all the languages we know emerge.



"I was very excited to hear on the archeological grapevine that in exactly the period I am an expert in, this whole new Bronze Age civilisation had been discovered on the steppe of southern Siberia," she said.



The first city, known as Arkaim, was discovered in 1989, soon after the soviet authorities allowed non-military aerial photography for the first time.



Hughes said that some of the strongest evidence that the cities could be the home of the Aryans comes from a series of horse burials.



Several ancient Indian texts written by Aryans recount similar rituals.



"These ancient Indian texts and hymns describe sacrifices of horses and burials and the way the meat is cut off and the way the horse is buried with its master.



"If you match this with the way the skeletons and the graves are being dug up in Russia, they are a millimetre-perfect match," she said. (ANI)