Quote:rajeev srinivasan @RajeevSrinivasa



"@drupadk: Easter named after indo-european goddess of the dawn - Eostre/Onastre/Ishtar/Usha... are these people retarded?" more digestion

Quote:Ishtar



Ishtar (English pronunciation <...>; Transliteration: DIÅ TAR; Akkadian: <...> DINGIR INANNA; Sumerian <...>) is the East Semitic Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of fertility, love, war, and sex.[1] She is the counterpart to the Sumerian Inanna, and is the cognate for the Northwest Semitic Aramean goddess Astarte.

Quote:[Professor Dr. Axel Michaels, head of classical Indology at Heidelberg university:]

[size="6"]there is so much yet to discover through Sanskrit...details of Indus Valley civilisation, for example."[/size]

Quote:I believe their elite classes now know that OIT is true. It was possible that this was known among their most elite classes at century's turn but now it is well known even among their hoi polloi elite:



The following monograph by Robin Bradley Kar (non-indic as far as I could determine) argues for the origin of Roman Law in the Indus valley. It is a very high level policy type monograph. This is the course of their future appropriating discourse (monotheism originated with them in the Indus Valley...



[size="5"]On the Origins of Western Law and Western Civilization (in the Indus Valley)[/size]

(For which Dhu links to: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1702492)



Social Science Research Network http:// www.ssrn.com/

University of Illinois College of Law

February 18, 2011

Illinois Public Law Research Paper No. 10-16

Quote:On the Origins of Western Law and Western Civilization (in the Indus Valley)



Robin Bradley Kar

University of Illinois College of Law



February 18, 2011



Illinois Public Law Research Paper No. 10-16



Abstract:

Western Law and Western Civilization are often said to be parts of a distinctive tradition, which differentiates them from their counterparts in the “East,” and explains many of their special capacities and characteristics. On one common version of this story, as propounded by legal scholars such as Harold Berman, Western Civilization begins with a return to the texts of three more primordial traditions: those of ancient Greece, Rome, and Israel. The basic story that Western Civilization finds its origins in ancient Greek, Roman and Hebrew culture is, however, so familiar and so pervasive that it has rarely - until recently - been questioned in the West.



There is nevertheless a deep sense in which this story is incomplete, and even potentially misleading. This article - along with its sequels - argues that if we are genuinely interested in understanding our origins, in a way that will shed light on why the West has exhibited such distinctive capacities for large-scale human civilization and the rule of law, then the story we commonly tell ourselves starts abruptly in the middle, and leaves out some of the most formative (and potentially transformative) dimensions of the truth. Western Law and Western Civilization are not just the outgrowths of three particularly creative cultures, which straddled the transition from human prehistory into human history, and developed in either Southeastern Europe or the Near East. Rather, the West is descended from a much deeper cultural tradition, which extends all the way back to some of our first human forays out of hunter-gatherer modes of subsistence and into settled agricultural living. The tradition in question began not in Greece, Rome, or Israel, however, but rather in the Indus Valley - which is a region that spans the Northwestern portions of the Indian subcontinent. Our failure to know this about ourselves has limited our self-understanding in critical respects, and has prevented us from realizing useful aspects of our traditions - including, in some cases, aspects that make them work so well for large-scale human civilization.



We live in an era in which it is, moreover, especially important to decipher the deepest origins of Western Law and Civilization. Scholars within the emerging “legal origins” tradition have now produced an impressive body of empirical work, which suggests that we can explain a broad range of features of modern societies in terms of the origins of their laws. This literature suggests that legal origin variables can have strong effects on issues as diverse as corporate governance structure, labor regulations, the robustness of capital markets, and even literacy and infant mortality rates.



The present article argues that this literature has nevertheless been working with legal origin variables that fail to track genuine lines of genetic descent. It then develops a distinctive, and more complete, picture of the phylogenetic structure of the Indo-European legal family, which traces many of its most important developments in human prehistory. A proper understanding of this family tree should have important empirical implications: this work can, for example, be used to help explain why certain exportations of Western-style legal institutions have worked so well while others have not. Inquiries of this kind should, moreover, have special urgency today, given the massive exportations of Western law and Western legal institutions to so many other parts of the world, and given the increased pressures toward westernization that are being felt around the globe.



Number of Pages in PDF File: 105



Keywords: legal origin, western law, western civilization, east, west, orientalism, indus, harappan, rule of law, development, comparative, legal history, indo-european, evolution of law, christianity, druid, brahman, celt, prehistory, berman, edward said, roman law, india, iran, linguistics, social structure



JEL Classification: N00, N13, N15, N10, N20, N30, N40, N43, N45, O10, O57, P50, F01, F00

Quote:I believe their elite classes now know that OIT is true. It was possible that this was known among their most elite classes at century's turn but now it is well known even among their hoi polloi elite:



The following monograph by Robin Bradley Kar (non-indic as far as I could determine) argues for the origin of Roman Law in the Indus valley. It is a very high level policy type monograph. This is the course of their future appropriating discourse (monotheism originated with them in the Indus Valley...



[size="5"]On the Origins of Western Law and Western Civilization (in the Indus Valley)[/size]

(For which Dhu links to: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1702492)



Social Science Research Network http:// www.ssrn.com/

University of Illinois College of Law

February 18, 2011

Illinois Public Law Research Paper No. 10-16

Quote:Updated: November 21, 2014 23:03 IST

'Horses and rhinos originated in India'



PTI





Horses and rhinos likely originated in the Indian subcontinent, over 54 million years ago, according to a new study.



Working at the edge of a coal mine in India, researchers at the Johns Hopkins University and colleagues have filled in a major gap in science's understanding of the evolution of a group of animals that includes horses and rhinos.



The group likely originated on the subcontinent when it was still an island headed swiftly for collision with Asia, the researchers said.



Modern horses, rhinos and tapirs belong to a biological group, or order, called Perissodactyla. Also known as "odd-toed ungulates", animals in the order have, as their name implies, an uneven number of toes on their hind feet.



Though paleontologists had found remains of Perissodactyla from as far back as the beginnings of the Eocene epoch, about 56 million years ago, their earlier evolution remained a mystery, said Ken Rose, a professor of functional anatomy and evolution at Johns Hopkins.



In 2001, Prof. Rose and Indian colleagues began exploring Eocene sediments in western India. In an open-pit coal mine northeast of Mumbai, they uncovered a rich vein of ancient bones. The mine yielded what Prof. Rose said was a treasure trove of teeth and bones.



More than 200 fossils turned out to belong to an animal dubbed Cambaytherium thewissi, about which little was known.



In 1990, researchers at the Stony Brook University suggested that several groups of mammals that appear at the beginning of the Eocene, including primates and odd and even-toed ungulates, might have evolved in India while it was isolated. Cambaytherium is the first concrete evidence to support that idea, Prof. Rose said.



Keywords: Johns Hopkins University, origin of horses, origin of rhinos, Indian subcontinent

Quote:Vedam Vedaprakash Research at Independent Research from CHETPUT



Wadia pointed out some 40 years back about the finding of fossils of horses around the Madhyapradesh region. Now historians have to answer after 54 million years, whether they were domesticated or not. Particularly, the Harvard experts and Indian pundits should explain their hypotheses and theories. Whether Indian history would be updated with the scientific data or downgraded with the petty hypotheses and theories. Indian Historiography should come out of ideological bias, prejudice and preconceived notions and present history in right perspective. Of course, they might argue that they need not require any "objectivity" in their writing of history, but the common people have been reading and watching their stands and therefore, they have to reassess and write properly. Otherwise, people may have to change them soon. History is not what was / has been written, but it is actually what happened in the past and therefore, presenting past historians should have honesty, integrity and unbia

Points

300

6 months ago



(The oryanist west initially demanded Hindus produce evidence for horse in India before the date set for the AIT.

When the Hindus produced the requested evidence, the west changed the demands: declared that the evidence presented wasn't the 'true horse' - of oryan invasionism - and demanded Hindus produce evidence of the specific species the west had in mind. Not even arguing that the Vedas doesn't actually speak of the specific 'true horse' - but only of a kind known regionally (mention of 17x2 ribs) - was sufficient to dismiss oryanist assumptions.)



Jay from BEAVERTON



This is an interesting find as it shatters the theory of some American Indologist that ancient Indians never had HORSES and so the civilization could never use chariots.....! These foreign Indologist have polluted the minds of many to the extent that they would like to believe that Indian Civilization is a MYTH.

6 months ago



("*Some* AmriKKKan indologists"? And also, what is the difference between "foreign" indologists and native parrots? Nothing. Indology is all about outsiders looking in, trying to read/write themselves into Hindoos' religio-civilisation, and it is predicated on IE. There is no other indology and no point re-defining it to mean something suddenly acceptable to natives either.

Also, again: IIRC the Oryan argument eventually became/conveniently evolved into that Indians never had *true* horses, upon discovering that India had had horses after all. Though the irony is that the alleged oryan-invasive horse is not the one described in the Vedam.)



Rakesh from SANTA CLARA



Like so much other evidence against Aryan invasion theory propounded by Max Muller, now even the horses did not come from Central Asia.

[...]



(But Hindoos, you'd still have to prove that the "true" horses evolved within India and did not come from Central Asia/Eurozone/irgendwo. Nah? The oryanist side makes increasingly more unreasonable demands for proof from Hindus. And so the *modified* alien argument from at least about a decade back goes that the Vedas is supposed to speak only about 'true horses'. Though in actual fact, the Vedic horse was IIRC caught exhibiting a different numbers of ribs (17x2) than the New Only True Horse that oryanists favour (18x2 ribs), and hence if you can prove that the distinct Vedic horsey at least evolved within India, then you may win the point. Though by that time, the christo/dabbling west will merely move the goalpost further again.

So it's not quite enough any more to point out that the horse overall evolved within the Indian landmass. Except, of course, that people like Manansala and Danino already argued the point - back in 2006 itself - that the type of Vedic horsey has been around in SE Asia, [1]

and since a longer time than the alleged AIT.)





Arpan from NEW HAVEN



This should be another nail in the coffin for the Aryan invasion theories. Their long standing argument have been that aryan's brought horses to the subcontinent and post indus valley civilizations. This evidence along with the Bhimbetka rock paintings showing riders [1] will argue that Indians were using horses long before the so called aryan invasion happened. This should bring an end to the British propaganda of the aryan race that they introduced to divide and rule the subcontinent.

Points

180

6 months ago

Quote:Experts say the rock paintings at both Mavadaippu and Karikkiyur could be dated to 2000 B.C. to 1500 B.C. [...] The paintings in white ochre include a procession of bisons, monkeys clambering up a tree branch, a herd of deer grazing, human beings welcoming one another with outstretched arms, a battle scene with men aiming at each other with bows and arrows, men on horseback engaged in battle, a shoulder-clasping dance after a successful boar-hunt, a man with a mask, the depiction of sun and its rays, a spiral, a tiger fighting another animal, and a man and his dog ** sleeping.



[img caption:] A battle scene at Karikkiyur, depicting men with bows and arrows and on horse back.

Quote:5. Is the Vedic horse the true horse?



Invasionists are usually unaware that they begin by making an important assumption: they take it for granted that the Vedic horse is the true horse, Equus caballus L. Although this might appear self-evident, it is not. In fact, as some scholars have pointed out, the Rig-Veda47 describes the horse as having 34 ribs; so does a passage in the Shatapatha Brahmana.48 However, the true horse generally has two pairs of 18 ribs, i.e. 36 and not 34.



This suggests that the horse referred to in the Rig-Veda may have been a different species, such as the smaller and stockier Siwalik [the extinct Equus Shivalensis, remains found in both TN and AP and Shivalik hills, Himalayan part of India/Nepal, assumed extinct during the last ice age which ended 10,000 BP] or Przewalski horses [a cuddly-looking endangered Mongolian horse], which often (not always) had 34 ribs. The scholar Paul Manansala, who stressed this point, concluded: "So the horse of India, including that of the asvamedha sacrifice in what is regarded as the oldest part of the Rgveda, is a distinct variety native to southeastern Asia."49



The question is far from solved, as experts in the field do not always see eye to eye, but it also cannot be wished away.

Quote:In the late Cretaceous, approximately 100 million years ago and subsequent to the splitting off from Gondwana of conjoined Madagascar and India, the Indian Plate split from Madagascar. It began moving north, at about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) per year,[10] and is believed to have begun colliding with Asia as early as 55 million years ago,[12] in the Eocene epoch of the Cenozoic. However, some authors suggest that the collision between India and Eurasia occurred much later, around 35 million years ago.[13] If the collision occurred between 55 and 50 Mya, the Indian Plate would have covered a distance of 3,000 to 2,000 kilometres (1,900 to 1,200 mi), moving faster than any other known plate. In 2012, paleomagnetic data from the Greater Himalaya was used to propose two collisions to reconcile the discrepancy between the amount of crustal shortening in the Himalaya (~1300 km) and the amount of convergence between India and Asia (~3600 km).[14] These authors propose a continental fragment of northern Gondwana rifted from India, traveled northward, and initiated the "soft collision" between the Greater Himalaya and Asia at ~50 Ma. This was followed by the "hard collision" between India and Asia occurred at ~25 Ma. Subduction of the resulting ocean basin that formed between the Greater Himalayan fragment and India explains the apparent discrepancy between the crustal shortening estimates in the Himalaya and paleomagnetic data from India and Asia.

Quote:Linguistic, archaeological and DNA Evidence favouring origin of some breeds of the Domestic Horse "Equus caballus" from India



"Equus sivalensis is the oldest true horse known, it has more highly specialised teeth than the Oreston and Newstead ponies. After Lydekker. Palaeontologia Indica, Ser. x. vol. ii." (Ewart 1911: 366)



Abstract:

Cognate words of the Sanskrit asva (PIE *akwa) are found in nine out of the ten branches the Indo-European family of languages, indicating that the original Indo-European homeland had horse. Although horse bones have been found from the archaeological remains of the Indus Valley Civilization, the oldest domesticated "true horse" bones too have been recovered from India from 8000 BP layer, and wild from 20,000 years back.



The DNA studies of horse shows that the Aryan-horse association is a myth, and that the horse was domesticated at many places. Archaeology shows that the Central Asians were late to use horse, say about 50 AD, and the Central Asian Bactria-Margiana-Archaeological Complex had no horse at all. Thus there was an archaeological disconnect between the Ukrainian and the South Asian horse domestications, meaning that horse was domesticated independently at the two places. This is consistent with the DNA findings.



The Indian sivalensis horse has survived as many modern breeds of horse, and the Arabic, the Thoroughbred of Europe and the Blood races have evolved from the sivalensis. There is a geographical population structuring of Indian horses, indicating that the Indian horses are indigenous and have not been imported.



[...]



The Light Race Horse of Indian Origin



Azzaroli (1985:94) noted that the Indian domestic caballus horse recovered from 1200 BCE horse burials at Katelai (Swat, India) belonged to the "eastern" breed which was different "from the Bronze and Iron Age horses of Eastern and Central Europe and recalls some horses from Etruscan tombs: presumably it belongs to some oriental strain."



The "eastern breed" certainly refers to the sivalensis horse (discussed elsewhere in this article). The Etruscan horses from Populonia and Castro from the first millennium BCE resemble the Swat horse and do not resemble the Bronze or Iron Age horse from north Italy and the rest of Europe as well as the Pleistocene horse of the same area (Azzaroli 1985:146).



Etruscan Horse teracotta Fig. 1 Etruscan teraco

[...]

Quote:"So the horse of India, including that of the asvamedha sacrifice in what is regarded as the oldest part of the Rgveda, is a distinct variety native to southeastern Asia."

Quote:There is evidence that the sivalensis horses were taken along with the Neolithic migrations from India to the Southeast Asia and the Philippines. Paterno (1981:396) noted, "This contention is based on some isolated preservation of E. sivalensis traits. However, rather fully-sivalensis types have been described from Neolithic strata (8000-4000 BCE) at Lemery, Batangas in the Philippines together with dog remains." Alba (1994) too notes that the E. sivalensis features are still found in the horses of the so-called "Sulu Horse" and its relatives in Borneo, Sumatra and Malacca. This description implies domestication of sivalensis horse in India before 8000 BCE (10,000 BP).



Ewart (1911) presented a good discussion on the Indian Equus sivalensis and found that this particular wild horse has made a large contribution to modern "true horse" or caballus population of the world. The Thoroughbred breed which is used worldwide today for racing, hunting, polo etc is descended from Equus sivalensis (Ewart:369).



Certain breeds of modern British racehorses have descended from Newstead horse which was a connecting link between the modern British horse breeds and the Indian sivalensis (ibid:370). The Barb breed of North African coast and also the so called Arab breed of horse in fact are descendants of the Equus sivalensis (ibid:369). Lydekker, another specialist of equine breeds too opined that the horses of Arabia, North African coast and the Thoroughbred breed have descended from the Indian Equus sivalensis. (quoted in ibid:369; also Lydekker:19-21). Lydekker, and also Ray Lankester, found that the "blood-horse" too was of Indian origin. (quoted in The Origin and Influence of Thoroughbred Horse, CUP Archives.). This is logical. The term blood-horse is a short form for "warm-blooded horse".



Manansala (p. 396) notes, "In other words, Lydekker now realizes that all the modern breeds are not characterized by long-pillared molars, and says that there is a probability that Barbs, Arabs and Thoroughbreds are descended from Equus sivalensis". He further adds, "However, rather fully sivalensis types have been described from Neolithic strata (8000-4000 BCE) at Lemery, Batangas in the Philippines together with dog remains." (ibid).



In spite of the widely held belief that Equus sivalensis went extinct about 10,000 years back, we have evidence of their existence in the true horse population of India. US Bureau on Animal Industry Fifth Report noted that [...]





[...]

In all event, there is no archaeological evidence of movement of humans or horse from the Central Asia to Iran or India. The BMAC (Bactria-Margiana-Archaeological Complex, 4300-3700 BP) is the southern Central Asian cultural complex. It has been found that there was no horse in the BMAC (Witzel 2003:7 of 12, pdf). No horse related furniture has been found. This clearly rules out any migration of horse or horse riding Aryans from this route to Iran or India. Clearly Indian antiquity of horse is older than that of the Central Asia. That means horse was domesticated in India and Ukrainian steppe independently of each other.



Moreover, Hiebert (1998:153) noted, "no steppe nomadic complex has been found on the Iranian plateau, not even evidence of indirect contact or interaction… The only evidence for interaction … comes from the Central Asia desert oasis cultures." Thus any migration of man or horse from steppe to Indo-Iran is ruled out by archaeology.



The Linguistics of Horse

[...]

Quote:Bouckaert's study is bad in design because the meanings (words) which were listed for the various languages for the comparative study did not include any farming related "meaning" like horse, cow, bull, goat, lamb, sheep, pig, chariot, wheel, mouse, cook, grind, mill and similar Neolithic associated meanings, which are most relevant to the study of the farming related Indo-European migrations (which the article claims to have achieved). The study was biased too, because it considered only two options or possibilities for the homeland—Anatolia and the steppe (p.959). The result is marred by the use of the wrong data for the Indian languages.



The Vedic word (paśu, from PIE pek, cattle; Pokorny:797) for the meaning "animal" has been given a low rating (single star), while more obscure words from the many European languages have been given high ratings (up to three stars). Often, words have been chosen from the Vedic in such a way that these would be scored "not cognate" in the computerized analysis. One simple example of such manipulation is the meaning "warm": for Vedic Sanskrit they have listed uṣṇa, instead of the Vedic word gharma- (cognate to PIE *ghwer-) reducing one mark to the Vedic. Such manipulation of data completely erodes the credibility of this study. Even after doing them, the Vedic stands older (2,900 BCE) than the European languages in the study.

Quote:Sir William Ridgeway was wise enough to assert in the year 1905 that the Przewalski was not the ancestor of the caballus horses (Ridgeway:425). However, as the Aryan theory gained influence, more and more authors started saying that the steppe horse Przewalski was the ancestor of the caballus horses. To their frustration, the DNA studies have concluded that not a single horse lineage has descended from the Przewalski (Achilli; Weinstock). The Przewalski and the caballus have different chromosome numbers, and actually they belong to different species. On this basis we can say that the domestic horse found in the steppe and Central Asia was surely imported from outside.



The much widely publicized story of the horse domestication at Dereivka (horse-and-dog burial, Ukraine) at 4200-3700 BCE, which is generally believed even today, proved wrong in 2000. The dates claimed were of the soil layer, not of the skull. The Dereivka horse was never accepted as domestic horse by a large number of scholars (like Levine, Hausler etc). To silence the opposition, the skull bone was directly radiocarbon dated and found to be from 3000 BCE (Anthony 1997). However it became soon obvious that this report was wrong as a bone not actually belonging to the horse had been tested by mistake. Still later, by actual radiocarbon dating of the horse skull, it came out that the horse-burial had been made by a much later settlement, settled over the same place (Scythian era 800-200 BCE), digging deep into the lower layers. David Anthony, author of the Dereivka story was left with no choice. He quickly retracted his earlier claim (Anthony:2000, 2009:215).

(Awww, another crash-and-burn.)



Thus the 4200 BCE domestic horse no more exists, although many authors still beat its drum. The DNA studies have proved that the horse had been domesticated at more than seventy places throughout Eurasia (Vila; Tatjan; Kavar). However, horse was possibly not domesticated in the Central Asia and the steppe, while it was domesticated in India and Spain. The progenitor of the Indian domestic horse was the wild sivalensis horse, and that of the Spanish was the Tarpan horse. This is the only parsimonious solution. Many horse breeds of the Iberian Peninsula (like the Pottoka) were locally evolved much before the Aryans arrived into the penninsula (Solis 2005:677; Achilli 2011:4 pdf).

Quote:Conclusion: The domestic animals pig, goat, sheep, cow and horse were late to arrive in the steppe. This we can say on the basis of the archaeology, DNA studies and the linguistics. The Indo-European languages had spread widely before these animals arrived in the steppe. We find that the Slavic languages, the language of the steppe region is poor in vocabulary for the domestic animals. On the other hand, India shows a long history of domestication of these animals on the basis of archaeology, DNA studies and linguistics.



We find in our study that the steppe region fails to meet the requirements for being the homeland when the archaeological, genetic and philological facts are examined. On the other hand the South Asia, particularly India, passes all of the genetic, the archaeological and the philological tests. The evidence suggests at least two large migrations out of India having impact on other cultures. One at the dawn of the Neolithic marked by the R1a1a and the J2b migrations, and the other at the Chalcolithic period about 3,000-2,500 BCE.

Quote:[...]

Fig. The beech line passing through Poland and Romania, East of which beech tree is not found



Witzel claimed that the beech was found in the steppe, much to the east of the modern beech-line, at the Atlantic period about 5,500 to 3,000 BC (Witzel 2001:51 n120; 61 n146). This is a clear case of concoction. The archaeological evidence from palynology has proved that the beech was found only in South France, South Italy and the south Balkans (Greece, Macedonia etc) before 3000 BC (Tonkov; Feurdean). The much later expansion of the beech tree was from south (Balkan Peninsula) to north and from west (France) to east, not from east to west. It has also been proved archaeologically that the steppe never had beech over the last 12,000 years and the nearest beech forests in the mountains of Ukraine and Romania had beech only over the last 4000 years (since about 2000 BC). Thus the claim can be proved bogus on the basis of sound material evidence.



It is an example how the Eurocentric authors have thus taken recourse to deception and concoction to write whatever they wanted to prove, and the thing was accepted as fact by others. The great difficulty for history was that the hard evidence was circumvented by lies.



Witzel tells another untruth in the same article that the beech tree is not found in Greece, and adds that the word for beech tree fagus (Latin) was adopted in the Greek language to mean 'oak' because Greece is a beech-less country (2001:51, 61; 2005:394). This is again a huge concoction and deception. Forest survey reports from Greece mention that beech is found there in plenty (Bergmeier 2001). Archaeology too proves that the Balkan Peninsula, in which Greece is located, is the oldest home of beech in Europe (vide supra).



Thus the beech tree has been found in Greece since at least 12,000 years back, and has expanded only recently to other places. Unfortunately, Elst contradicted Witzel's logic well, yet did not notice the concoction in his story.[6] Clearly the Greeks never had the identification problem for 'beech' because had been there always. We can say that the Greek word phagos (oak) has not changed its meaning on arrival of IE in Greek, rather the Latin fagus is a borrowing into Latin (Gk phagos, oak > L. fagus) with associated change of meaning, and it was applied to name a different tree 'beech' in the Latin language, because of disappearance of the oak from the Latin speaking regions about 5,000 BC. Hence we can date the arrival of Indo-European into the South-West Europe to a date between 5000 and 2,500 BC.



[...]

Quote:Citation:



Priyadarshi, P., 2013, Evidence of Indo-European origins from the Early Holocene pollen studies, linguistics and climatology, Dialogue, July-Sept 2013, Vol 15, No. 1.





Evidence of Indo-European origins from the Early Holocene pollen studies, linguistics and climatology



by P. Priyadarshi

Quote:In Quest of the Dates of the Vedas: Comprehensive Study of the Vedic and the Indo-European Flora, Fauna and Climate in Light of the Information Emerging from the Disciplines of Archaeology, Archaeo-<botany?>, Geology, Genetics and Linguistics for the Last 10,000 Years

Paperback September 2, 2014

by Premendra Priyadarshi (Author)



About the Author

Dr. Premendra Priyadarshi, MBBS, MD, MRCP (UK), is Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. He views science as a source for writing history. In the past, he wrote about the origins of human civilization basing on the published articles about human as well as the domestic plant and animal lineages.

Quote:Rather, the West is descended from a much deeper cultural tradition, which extends all the way back to some of our first human forays out of hunter-gatherer modes of subsistence and into settled agricultural living. The tradition in question began not in Greece, Rome, or Israel, however, but rather in the Indus Valley - which is a region that spans the Northwestern portions of the Indian subcontinent.

• aryaninvasionmyth.wordpress.com/2014/01/14/the-vedic-history-revealed-from-the-fossil-pollens/
  
  
• aryaninvasionmyth.wordpress.com/2012/10/18/origin-of-the-light-sivalensis-type-horse-from-india/
  
  
• aryaninvasionmyth.wordpress.com/2012/10/01/3/
  
  
  
  

Quote:no DNA comparison of the Indian and European horses has ever been made

Quote:Family trio: Majority of European men descended from just 3 ancestors, study finds

Published time: May 20, 2015 17:26



Reuters / Paul Hackett

1.3K973



Tags

Europe, History, Science



Two-thirds of modern-day European males trace their genetic roots to just three Bronze Age forbears, who almost literally launched the "population explosion" many centuries ago, a new DNA study suggests.



Before coming to this conclusion, a research team from the University of Leicester analyzed the DNA sequences of 334 modern European men from 17 different European and Middle Eastern populations, focusing on the large portions of the Y-chromosome passed exclusively from fathers to sons.

(No comment about sample size. But when they say "European and ME populations", surely that should include the Steppes/Ukraine and Caucasia and Anatolia and Russia too, right?)



Their findings were published in the Nature Communications.



After that they compared the DNA from each population in order to trace the key mutations in the genomes and find out when they might have occurred. Such an approach allowed the scientists to trace paternal lines down through a long period of history.



One mutation they found originated around 4,750 to 7,340 years ago and is prevalent in Norwegian and Orcadian populations. The second occurred between 3,700 and 6,500 years ago and has spread throughout Spain, Italy, France, England and Ireland. The third dated from about 3,470 to 5,070 years ago is prominent in the Sami in Lapland, Norwegians, Danes and Friesian populations in the Netherlands, as well as being found in France, Hungary, Serbia and Bavaria, the study reports.

(Date ranges are very interesting.

Sami may have got it from Norwegians, since there has been known Norwegian-Sami etc mixing. Even the best-looking Norwegian - looks as close as a human can to Thor, IMO :Thor: - was "accused" of having "indigenous", i.e. Saami, ancestry.)



Read more

Missing link? African bones predate earliest-known humans by 400,000yrs



According to the researchers, these three paternal lines account for about 63 percent of modern European men. That means that from 371.25 million males currently living in Europe around 233 million are descendants of just three men, as reported by the Daily Mail.



Those branches of the European genetic tree are fairly young, which suggests most modern populations settled in Europe only after the spread of farming during the Neolithic era, rather than during the period of hunter-gatherers moving across the continent in the Paleolithic era, as previously thought.



(Oooh, did they just shoot down the European Paleolithic Continuity Theory (PCT) for 2/3rds of Europe, which IIRC insisted on modern population/genetic and language configurations in Europe having persisted since the Paleaolithic. 'Coincidentally' sounds a bit like the 2/3rds of Europe that falls under the oryanism infamy



According to the scientists, the time of "population explosion" was also a period of social, economic and technological advances.



"The population expansion falls within the Bronze Age, which involved changes in burial practices, the spread of horse-riding and developments in weaponry," Professor Mark Jobling, a lead researcher and geneticist at the University of Leicester, said.



"Dominant males linked with these cultures could be responsible for the Y chromosome patterns we see today," he added.



Although it is still unclear who exactly the 'fathers' in these paternal lineages were, or even if they were born in Europe, the scientists believe they were influential and powerful individuals, likely tribal chieftains.

(Wait wait. All of a measly 3 individual male oryans seeded 2/3 of European gene pool - and it reached there only since the bronze age? Classic.

So much for Oryan males thundering over Europe in their horse-drawn chariots. More likely 3 gotras kicked out of some Iranian or Indian land. Oh, did I faux-pas?)



Read more

Mankind's missing microbe-link found in deep sea � study



According to the researchers, people in positions of power would tend to travel more widely and father far more children than their subjects, so their lineages became dominant.



"We think that a social structure in which resources and power are more easily accessible to only some men may allow for a few paternal lineages to become very frequent in a short amount of time," Dr. Chiara Batini, a co-author of the research and a geneticist at the University of Leicester, said.



The scientists are now planning to continue their study, as it can help them to gain deeper understanding of how the three identified paternal lineages spread across Europe.



"Given the cultural complexity of the Bronze Age, it's difficult to link a particular event to the population growth that we infer," Batini said.



"But Y-chromosome DNA sequences from skeletal remains are becoming available, and this will help us to understand what happened, and when," she added.

Quote:Nova Shpakova

C9V706

Quote:Those 3 men where Abraham, Issac, and Jacob. The j's are from Esau mixed with a strand of every othermore...

No way whatsoever! Besides, since all 3 of those you mentioned HAVE the same male ancestor, there wouldn't be any differences shown as are seen, in their Y-chromo sequences. They were all from toatlly distinct patronages... that was the point of this study. Further, the test doesn't show any from semitic or middle-eastern origins.

Quote:The European Bronze Age is characterized by bronze artifacts and the use of bronze implements. The regional Bronze Age succeeds the Neolithic. It starts with the Aegean Bronze Age in 3200 BCE[1] (succeeded by the Beaker culture), and spans the entire 2nd millennium BCE (Unetice culture, Tumulus culture, Terramare culture, Urnfield culture and Lusatian culture) in Northern Europe, lasting until c. 600 BCE.

Quote:Conclusion: The domestic animals pig, goat, sheep, cow and horse were late to arrive in the steppe. This we can say on the basis of the archaeology, DNA studies and the linguistics. The Indo-European languages had spread widely before these animals arrived in the steppe. We find that the Slavic languages, the language of the steppe region is poor in vocabulary for the domestic animals. On the other hand, India shows a long history of domestication of these animals on the basis of archaeology, DNA studies and linguistics.



We find in our study that the steppe region fails to meet the requirements for being the homeland when the archaeological, genetic and philological facts are examined. On the other hand the South Asia, particularly India, passes all of the genetic, the archaeological and the philological tests. The evidence suggests at least two large migrations out of India having impact on other cultures. One at the dawn of the Neolithic marked by the R1a1a and the J2b migrations, and the other at the Chalcolithic period about 3,000-2,500 BCE.

Quote:"The population expansion falls within the Bronze Age, which involved changes in burial practices, the spread of horse-riding and developments in weaponry," Professor Mark Jobling, a lead researcher and geneticist at the University of Leicester, said.



"Dominant males linked with these cultures could be responsible for the Y chromosome patterns we see today," he added.

Quote:But don't get why Indians like Priyadarshi still continue to call them *Indo-European* (IE) languages, though. As such an equally-weighted name still gives undeserved importance to the aliens (the 'European' part of the term), by pretending they have anything to do with all this, other than that the so-called "IE-ness" they exhibit - language and religio-culture - is no more than an accidental by-product of a few outward trajectories and their being a receptacle for knowledge.



* They've not proven anything of IE other than that the west is an unwanted spin-off, probably of Iranians - let's blame them, since they're dead - and not at all of Indians.

Quote:Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, Don Ringe and Tandy Warnow propose the following evolutionary tree of Indo-European branches:[48]



Pre-Anatolian (before 3500 BC)

Pre-Tocharian

Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (before 2500 BC)

Pre-Armenian and Pre-Greek (after 2500 BC)

Pre-Germanic and Pre-Balto-Slavic;[48] proto-Germanic ca. 500 BC[49]

Proto-Indo-Iranian (2000 BC)



David Anthony proposes the following sequence:[12]



Pre-Anatolian (4200 BC)

Pre-Tocharian (3700 BC)

Pre-Germanic (3300 BC)

Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (3000 BC)

Pre-Armenian (2800 BC)

Pre-Balto-Slavic (2800 BC)

Pre-Greek (2500 BC)

Proto-Indo-Iranian (2200 BC); split between Iranian and Old Indic 1800 BC

Quote:PCT appears, after all, to be the European answer to "Paleolithic Aryan" nonsense in India.

Quote:Family trio: Majority of European men descended from just 3 ancestors, study finds



Published time: May 20, 2015 17:26



Reuters / Paul Hackett



Two-thirds of modern-day European males trace their genetic roots to just three Bronze Age forbears, who almost literally launched the "population explosion" many centuries ago, a new DNA study suggests.



Before coming to this conclusion, a research team from the University of Leicester analyzed the DNA sequences of 334 modern European men from 17 different European and Middle Eastern populations, focusing on the large portions of the Y-chromosome passed exclusively from fathers to sons.





One mutation they found originated around 4,750 to 7,340 years ago and is prevalent in Norwegian and Orcadian populations. The second occurred between 3,700 and 6,500 years ago and has spread throughout Spain, Italy, France, England and Ireland. The third dated from about 3,470 to 5,070 years ago is prominent in the Sami in Lapland, Norwegians, Danes and Friesian populations in the Netherlands, as well as being found in France, Hungary, Serbia and Bavaria, the study reports.



According to the researchers, these three paternal lines account for about 63 percent of modern European men. That means that from 371.25 million males currently living in Europe around 233 million are descendants of just three men, as reported by the Daily Mail.



Those branches of the European genetic tree are fairly young, which suggests most modern populations settled in Europe only after the spread of farming during the Neolithic era, rather than during the period of hunter-gatherers moving across the continent in the Paleolithic era, as previously thought.



According to the scientists, the time of "population explosion" was also a period of social, economic and technological advances.



"The population expansion falls within the Bronze Age, which involved changes in burial practices, the spread of horse-riding and developments in weaponry," Professor Mark Jobling, a lead researcher and geneticist at the University of Leicester, said.



"Dominant males linked with these cultures could be responsible for the Y chromosome patterns we see today," he added.



Although it is still unclear who exactly the 'fathers' in these paternal lineages were, or even if they were born in Europe, the scientists believe they were influential and powerful individuals, likely tribal chieftains.

Quote:The forefathers of Europe: Two thirds of modern European men descend from just THREE Bronze Age leaders



Scientists analysed the DNA of 334 modern European men

They found distinct paternal families originating 3,500 to 7,300 years ago

Mutations in the DNA suggest these families sprung from just three men

Their descendants spread across Europe around 2,000 to 4,000 years ago (i.e. spread at 2000 BCE max)



By Richard Gray for MailOnline



Published: 15:45 GMT, 19 May 2015 | Updated: 17:32 GMT, 19 May 2015





More than 60 per cent of males in modern-day Europe descend from Bronze Age leaders.



Genetic researchers estimate that three families in particular, which originated around 5,000 years ago, rapidly expanded across the continent.



And the study suggests that the spread of modern populations across Europe occurred much later than had originally been thought.



[img caption] The researchers found three distinct recent mutations that occurred in 63% of the men tested - I1, R1a and R1b - as shown in the diagram (a) above. The map marked (b ) shows the populations the scientists tested and the proportion of their DNA that is made up from each of the mutations shown in the diagram marked a



Rather than occurring during the Palaeolithic period as hunter-gatherers moved across the continent, it appears that most modern populations appear to have settled in Europe after the spread of farming during the Neolithic.



Professor Mark Jobling, a geneticist at the University of Leicester who led the research, said it was likely the forefathers of the three main paternal lineages detected were powerful Early Bronze Age tribe leaders.



He said: 'The population expansion falls within the Bronze Age, which involved changes in burial practices, the spread of horse-riding and developments in weaponry.



'Dominant males linked with these cultures could be responsible for the Y chromosome patterns we see today.'



The researchers, whose work is published in the journal Nature Communications, analysed the DNA sequences from the Y chromosomes of 334 men from 17 populations across Europe and the Middle East.



These included men from England, Bavaria, Orkney, Turkey, Greece, Norway, and Hungary.



They searched for mutations on the Y chromosome that are only carried by men, and so can be used to trace paternal lines through families.



By comparing the DNA from each of the populations they were able to trace key mutations in the genomes and work out when they may have occurred.



They found one mutation appears to have originated around 4,750 to 7,340 years ago and is prevalent in Norwegian and Orkadian populations.



Another mutation seems to have occurred between 3,700 and 6,500 years ago and has spread throughout Spain, Italy, France, England and Ireland.



A third mutation seems to have occurred in a man who lived between 3,470 and 5,070 years ago and is prominent in the Sami in Lapland, Norwegian, Danish, Frisia populations in the Netherlands, but can also be found in France, Hungary, Serbia and Bavaria.

(Oooh missed this last time: no Greece. Well these news reports mean noting if they can say nothing about Greece.)



Together, the scientists estimate from their findings, that these three paternal lines account for 63 per cent of the European men currently living.



In 2013 there were approximately 742.5 million people living in Europe, and if this had an equal gender split, would leave 371.25 million males.



Two thirds of this works out at around 233 million people being descendants of this trio - however, this is an estimate due to the fact it is not known how many of these people originated in Europe.



While it is unclear exactly who the men were that first fathered these paternal lines, it is likely that they were influential or powerful individuals.



[img caption] The pie-charts show the frequencies of Y-chromosome groups across regions. One mutation was found to be prevalent in Norwegian and Orkadian populations. Another mutation spread throughSpain, Italy, France, England and Ireland, and a third is prominent in the Netherlands, France, Hungary, Serbia and Bavaria



[img caption] Stonehenge (above) is thought to have been built by Neolithic inhabitants of Britain but the new research suggests they were largely replaced by the descendants of Bronze Age leaders who spread through Europe

(Red bit relevant for later.)



This is because people in positions of power tend to travel more widely and father far more children than their inferiors.



Recent research suggested that 16 million men across the world could be related to Genghis Khan, the Mongol leader who died in 1227.



The study traced a cluster of extremely similar Y chromosome DNA back to a single ancestor who lived in Mongolia around 800 years ago.



The Mongolian warlord is thought to have been the only man with the opportunity to father enough children for the genes to have spread.



[img caption] Genghis Khan is thought to have fathered hundreds of children as his armies conquered much of Asia while his sons also continued to spread his Y-chromosome around the world as they expanded the Mongol empire



Dr Chiara Batini a geneticist at the University of Leicester who was co-authored the Bronze Age study, said further research could help scientists and historians understand what led to the spread of the three Bronze Age families across Europe.



She said: 'Given the cultural complexity of the Bronze Age, it's difficult to link a particular event to the population growth that we infer.



'But Y-chromosome DNA sequences from skeletal remains are becoming available, and this will help us to understand what happened, and when.'



She added that other research has suggested some of the lineages appear to have originally migrated from the steppe near to the Black Sea.

(But the steppe region and Baltics too have been left out in this study: the maps in the images at the dailymail article show that Ukraine/Russia/steppes/north of Black Sea were totally not taken into account. Wouldn't it be meaningful to know how exactly the 3 Bronze Age individuals that are ancestor to almost 2/3rd of European maledom are connected to the people of the steppes at that time period and before? It's like a crucial part of the picture. Why leave it out, especially as uncertainty has been indicated:

- "While it is unclear exactly who the men were that first fathered these paternal lines, it is likely that they were influential or powerful individuals."

- And previous post's article: "Although it is still unclear who exactly the 'fathers' in these paternal lineages were, or even if they were born in Europe, the scientists believe they were influential and powerful individuals, likely tribal chieftains.")



She added that the social structure in the early Bronze Age would have allowed the lineages of powerful individuals to become dominant.



'We think that a social structure in which resources and power are more easily accessible to only some men may allow for a few paternal lineages to become very frequent in a short amount of time.'



[img caption] Researchers analysed Y chromosome DNA from 17 different populations around Europe and the Middle East





Read more:

nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms8152

Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing : Nature Communications : Nature Publishing Group

Quote:THE 11 FATHERS OF ASIA



More than 800 million men living today are descended from just eleven men, including the ruthless Mongolian leader Genghis Khan, according to new research.



Geneticists have been able to find eleven distinctive sequences in Y-chromosomes - the chunk of DNA that is only carried by men - that are persistent in modern populations in Asia.



These are thought to originate from the Middle East to Southeast Asia between 2100BC and 1100AD.

(I'd like specific data on Indian subcontinent. Pre-islam and Changeez Khan et al.)



They found that 37.8 per cent of the 5,000 men they tested belonged to one of these eleven lineages.



If this is reflected in the entire Asian population, then it could mean around 830 million men living in Asia currently owe their Y-chromosomes to one of these eleven men.

(That's a big if. I doubt there's much Changeez in non-Mongolian and non-islamic Indians and Sri Lankans for example.)



Among them is a lineage that has previously been attributed to a Chinese ruler called Giocangga, who died in 1583 and whose grandson founded the Qing Dynasty that ruled China between 1644 and 1912.



Giocangga is thought to have had many children with his wives and concubines and is the direct male ancestor of more than 1.5 million men.



The researchers also found that another of the lineages appears to have population clusters that are concentrated along the Silk Road trading route and date back to around 850AD.



This suggests they may have their origins among the powerful rulers who dominated the steppes where the route passed - the Khitan, Tangut Xia, Juchin, Kara-Khitan and Mongol empires.

Quote:Most Britons descended from male farmers who left Iraq and Syria 10,000 years ago (and were seduced by the local hunter-gatherer women)



By David Derbyshire for MailOnline

Updated: 13:37 GMT, 20 January 2010





Most Britons are direct descendants of farmers who left modern day Iraq and Syria 10,000 years ago, a new study has shown.



After studying the DNA of more than 2,000 men, researchers say they have compelling evidence that four out of five white Europeans can trace their roots to the Near East.



The discovery is shedding light on one of the most important periods of human history - the time when our ancient ancestors abandoned hunting and began to domesticate animals.



Hunters: Chewing harder food meant hunter-gatherers has longer and narrow mandibles



The invention of farming led to the first towns and paved the way for the dawn of civilisation.

(BTW, 10,000 years ago still < age of Gobekli Tepe in what's now Turkey.)



The Leicester University study looked at a common genetic mutation on the Y chromosome, the DNA that is passed down from fathers to sons.



They found that 80 per cent of European men shared the same Y chromosone mutation and after analysing how the mutation was distributed across Europe, were able to retrace how Europe was colonised around 8,000BC.

Middle East farmers



Roots: Britons are descended from farmers who migrated from the Persian Gulf 10,000 years ago according to a new study (file picture)



Prof Mark Jobling, who led the study: 'This was at the time of the Neolithic revolution when they developed a new style of tools, symmetrical, beautiful tools.



'At this stage about 10,000 years ago there was evidence of the first settlements, people stopped being nomadic hunter-gatherers and started building communities.



'This also allowed people to specialise in certain areas of trade and make better tools because there was a surplus of food.'



European farming began around 9,000 BC in the Fertile Crescent - a region extending from the eastern Mediterranean coast to the Persian Gulf and which includes modern day Iraq, Syria, Israel and southeast Turkey.



The region was the cradle of civilisation and home to the Babylonia, Sumer and Assyrian empires.



Professor Mark Jobling

Skills: Professor Mark Jobling says the settlers were more attractive to women because they could grow more food

(Who's betting that there'll be another lecture on how this is but further proof of females' hypergamy?)



The development of farming allowed people to settle down for the first time - and to produce more food than they needed, leading to trade and the freedom to develop new skills such as metal working, building and writing.



Some archaeologists have argued that some of these early farmers travelled around the world - settling new lands and bringing farming skills with them.



But others have insisted that the skills were passed on by word of mouth, and not by mass migration.



The new study suggests the farmers routinely upped sticks and moved west when their villages became too crowded, eventually reaching Britain and Ireland.



The waves of migrants brought their new skills with them. Some settled down with local tribes and taught them how to farm, the researchers believe.



'When the expansion happened these men had a reproductive advantage because they were able to grow more food so they were more attractive to women and had more offspring,' said Prof Jobling.



'In total more than 80 per cent of European men have Y chromosomes which descend from incoming farmers.



'It seems odd to think that the majority of men in Ireland have fore fathers from the near East and that British people have forefathers from the near East.'

(10,000 years ago. Depending on whether that feels long enough or not for those in the British Isles.)



The findings are published in the science journal PLoS Biology.



Dr Patricia Balaresque, a co-author of the study, said: 'This means that more than 80 per cent of European Y chromosomes descend from incoming farmers.'



In contrast, other studies have shown that DNA passed down from mothers to daughters can be traced by to hunter-gatherers in Europe, she said.



'To us, this suggests a reproductive advantage for farming males over indigenous hunter-gatherer males during the switch from hunting and gathering, to farming - maybe, back then, it was just sexier to be a farmer,' she said.

(Maybe they had more food to share. No food certainty vs more food certainty. More certain access to primary resources. Hence attracts women.)



Europe was first settled by modern humans around 40,000 years ago. But other types of humans - including Neanderthals - were living in Europe hundreds of thousands of years earlier.

Quote:Stonehenge (above) is thought to have been built by Neolithic inhabitants of Britain but the new research suggests they were largely replaced by the descendants of Bronze Age leaders who spread through Europe

Quote:Most debate on European prehistory has been stimulated by analyses of uniparentally-inherited markers. Spatial patterns in maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are non-clinal, with age estimates of haplogroups (hg) taken to suggest a major Palaeolithic contribution6. Analyses of diversity in the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) show significant frequency clines in major lineages7, and geographical distributions and dates based on short-tandem repeats (STRs) have led to interpretations of both Palaeolithic8 and Neolithic9 major components. The most frequent western European lineage, hg R1b-M269, was originally believed to have originated in the Palaeolithic10, but in more recent analysis was assigned a Neolithic origin11, a claim challenged in turn12 on the basis of STR choice and sample ascertainment. In general, dates based on STRs are problematic because of uncertainty about appropriate mutation rates, and possible long-term mutation saturation due to their stepwise mutation processes13. Palaeolithic dates for the major lineages are challenged by scanty ancient MSY DNA data, which suggest a marked discontinuity between 5–7 KYA and the present14.



A major cause of the controversy about MSY evidence is that unbiased estimates of diversity and time depth have until recently been impossible to obtain in large samples. [...]



(Relevant footnotes

11. Balaresque, P. et al. A predominantly Neolithic origin for European paternal lineages. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000285 (2010).



Which refers to this paper (it's what the 2010 dailymail article referred to by the way):



journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285

Quote:A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for European Paternal Lineages



Patricia Balaresque,

Georgina R. Bowden,

Susan M. Adams,

Ho-Yee Leung,

Turi E. King,

Zoë H. Rosser,

Jane Goodwin,

Jean-Paul Moisan,

Christelle Richard,

Ann Millward,

Andrew G. Demaine,

Guido Barbujani,

Carlo Previderè,

[ ... ],

Mark A. Jobling





PLOS



Published: January 19, 2010

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285

12. Busby, G. B. et al. The peopling of Europe and the cautionary tale of Y chromosome lineage R-M269. Proc. Biol. Sci. 279, 884–892 (2012).

rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1730/884

Quote:The hallmark of the third and present era has been the application of recombinant DNA and genomic technologies to the Y chromosome, culminating in molecularly based conclusions about its genes. In recent decades, an understanding of the Y chromosome's biological functions has begun to emerge from DNA studies of individuals with partial Y chromosomes, coupled with molecular characterization of Y-linked genes implicated in gonadal sex reversal, Turner syndrome, graft rejection and spermatogenic failure6. Genomic studies revealed that the Y chromosome contains a region, comprising 95% of its length, where there is no X–Y crossing over. This region came to be known as the non-recombining region, or NRY, although our discovery of abundant recombination, as reported here and in the accompanying manuscript, compels us to rename it the male-specific region, or MSY7. The MSY is flanked on both sides by pseudoautosomal regions, where X–Y crossing over is a normal and frequent event in male meiosis (see Supplementary Note 1).



[...]

Genetic mapping studies have shown that, typically, one X–Y crossover occurs per generation in the pseudoautosomal regions (Supplementary Note 7). As described in the accompanying report7, steady-state calculations suggest that, on average, multiple Y–Y gene conversion events take place per generation in the MSY. Thus, most homologous recombination events in the Y chromosome probably occur in the MSY.



In recent years, we and other investigators have referred to the MSY as the NRY, or ‘non-recombining region of the Y chromosome’. This usage reflected both awareness that productive X–Y crossing over did not occur in the MSY, and ignorance of the Y–Y gene conversion that is apparently commonplace there. We now refer to the NRY as the MSY, or ‘male-specific region of the Y chromosome’, because it is recombinogenic and unique to males.

Quote:Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe



Wolfgang Haak, Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Bastien Llamas, Guido Brandt, Susanne Nordenfelt, Eadaoin Harney, Kristin Stewardson, Qiaomei Fu, Alissa Mittnik, Eszter Bánffy, Christos Economou, Michael Francken, Susanne Friederich, Rafael Garrido Pena, Fredrik Hallgren, Valery Khartanovich, Aleksandr Khokhlov, Michael Kunst, Pavel Kuznetsov, Harald Meller, Oleg Mochalov, Vayacheslav Moiseyev et al.



Nature

(2015)

doi:10.1038/nature14317



Received

29 December 2014

Accepted

12 February 2015

Published online

02 March 2015



We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000–3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of Western and Far Eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000–5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ~8,000–7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000-year-old Siberian6. By ~6,000–5,000 years ago, farmers throughout much of Europe had more hunter-gatherer ancestry than their predecessors, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but also from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. (Near East=ME. ANE=ME + SW Iran) Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ~4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ~75% of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ~3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for a steppe origin9 of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.

Quote:Anthony, D. W. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (Princeton Univ. Press, 2007)

Quote:Sir William Ridgeway was wise enough to assert in the year 1905 that the Przewalski was not the ancestor of the caballus horses (Ridgeway:425). However, as the Aryan theory gained influence, more and more authors started saying that the steppe horse Przewalski was the ancestor of the caballus horses. To their frustration, the DNA studies have concluded that not a single horse lineage has descended from the Przewalski (Achilli; Weinstock). The Przewalski and the caballus have different chromosome numbers, and actually they belong to different species. On this basis we can say that the domestic horse found in the steppe and Central Asia was surely imported from outside.



The much widely publicized story of the horse domestication at Dereivka (horse-and-dog burial, Ukraine) at 4200-3700 BCE, which is generally believed even today, proved wrong in 2000. The dates claimed were of the soil layer, not of the skull. The Dereivka horse was never accepted as domestic horse by a large number of scholars (like Levine, Hausler etc). To silence the opposition, the skull bone was directly radiocarbon dated and found to be from 3000 BCE (Anthony 1997). However it became soon obvious that this report was wrong as a bone not actually belonging to the horse had been tested by mistake. Still later, by actual radiocarbon dating of the horse skull, it came out that the horse-burial had been made by a much later settlement, settled over the same place (Scythian era 800-200 BCE), digging deep into the lower layers. David Anthony, author of the Dereivka story was left with no choice. He quickly retracted his earlier claim (Anthony:2000, 2009:215).

(Yet in 2007 he still wrote his story on the "horse, the wheel and the spiel" about the oryans now euphemised to "Bronze Age Riders" note. Oryanism - i.e. Bronze Age plus spread of horse-riding - is *exactly* what the recently published study about 3 Bronze Age ancestors of Europeans is about.)



Thus the 4200 BCE domestic horse no more exists, although many authors still beat its drum. The DNA studies have proved that the horse had been domesticated at more than seventy places throughout Eurasia (Vila; Tatjan; Kavar). However, horse was possibly not domesticated in the Central Asia and the steppe, while it was domesticated in India and Spain. The progenitor of the Indian domestic horse was the wild sivalensis horse, and that of the Spanish was the Tarpan horse. This is the only parsimonious solution. Many horse breeds of the Iberian Peninsula (like the Pottoka) were locally evolved much before the Aryans arrived into the penninsula (Solis 2005:677; Achilli 2011:4 pdf).

Quote:They found one mutation appears to have originated around 4,750 to 7,340 years ago and is prevalent in Norwegian and Orkadian populations.



Another mutation seems to have occurred between 3,700 and 6,500 years ago and has spread throughout Spain, Italy, France, England and Ireland.



A third mutation seems to have occurred in a man who lived between 3,470 and 5,070 years ago and is prominent in the Sami in Lapland, Norwegian, Danish, Frisia populations in the Netherlands, but can also be found in France, Hungary, Serbia and Bavaria.

Quote:if The 3 Founding Europeans are due to the 'massive migration' from the steppes bearing IE-languages to Europe in the Bronze Age, how come the other steppe males of this "massive migration" into Europe haven't left as much of a genetic footprint on modern Europeans' descent as Da Three?

Quote:Although it is still unclear who exactly the 'fathers' in these paternal lineages were, or even if they were born in Europe, the scientists believe they were influential and powerful individuals, likely tribal chieftains.

Quote:They found distinct paternal families originating 3,500 to 7,300 years ago

Mutations in the DNA suggest these families sprung from just three men

Quote:Abstract

The proportion of Europeans descending from Neolithic farmers ~10 thousand years ago (KYA) or Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers has been much debated. The male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) has been widely applied to this question, but unbiased estimates of diversity and time depth have been lacking. Here we show that European patrilineages underwent a recent continent-wide expansion. Resequencing of 3.7?Mb of MSY DNA in 334 males, comprising 17 European and Middle Eastern populations, defines a phylogeny containing 5,996 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Dating indicates that three major lineages (I1, R1a and R1b), accounting for 64% of our sample, have very recent coalescent times, ranging between 3.5 and 7.3 KYA. A continuous swathe of 13/17 populations share similar histories featuring a demographic expansion starting ~2.1–4.2 KYA. Our results are compatible with ancient MSY DNA data, and contrast with data on mitochondrial DNA, indicating a widespread male-specific phenomenon that focuses interest on the social structure of Bronze Age Europe.

Quote:Controversy has surrounded the origins and antiquity of the people of Europe, focused on the proportions descending from Neolithic farmers originating ~10 thousand years ago (KYA), or from earlier Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers. Early studies observed a European SE–NW cline in classical gene frequency data which was ascribed to demic diffusion of farmers1, or, in an alternative view, to the first Palaeolithic colonization2. More recent autosomal genome-wide SNP data sets reflect current population structure3, 4 and admixture during the last 3,000 years5, but have provided little insight into older population processes.

(So they now looked into the in between time period. What happened in Europe in the Bronze Age.)



Most debate on European prehistory has been stimulated by analyses of uniparentally-inherited markers. Spatial patterns in maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are non-clinal, with age estimates of haplogroups (hg) taken to suggest a major Palaeolithic contribution6. Analyses of diversity in the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) show significant frequency clines in major lineages7, and geographical distributions and dates based on short-tandem repeats (STRs) have led to interpretations of both Palaeolithic8 and Neolithic9 major components. The most frequent western European lineage, hg R1b-M269, was originally believed to have originated in the Palaeolithic10, but in more recent analysis was assigned a Neolithic origin11, a claim challenged in turn12 on the basis of STR choice and sample ascertainment. In general, dates based on STRs are problematic because of uncertainty about appropriate mutation rates, and possible long-term mutation saturation due to their stepwise mutation processes13. Palaeolithic dates for the major lineages are challenged by scanty ancient MSY DNA data, which suggest a marked discontinuity between 5–7 KYA and the present14.



(The conclusion of this study supercedes those earlier results:

Now the picture on non-steppe, non-Baltic Europe is: 2/3rd of modern European Y descended from 3 lineages - which appeared between 7.3K and 3.5K ago - that started spreading in Europe in the Bronze Age between 4000-2000 yrs before present.)



A major cause of the controversy about MSY evidence is that unbiased estimates of diversity and time depth have until recently been impossible to obtain in large samples. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) generally offers unbiased ascertainment of MSY SNPs, providing phylogenies in which topologies inform about past demography, and branch lengths are in principle proportional to time, avoiding dating problems associated with STRs. Some insights have emerged from recent work15, 16, but no systematic population-based NGS study across Europe has yet been undertaken.



Here, we use targeted NGS of European and Middle Eastern populations to show that Europe was affected by a major continent-wide expansion in patrilineages that post-dates the Neolithic transition. Resequencing at high coverage of 3.7?Mb of MSY DNA, in each of 334 males comprising 17 population samples, defines an unbiased phylogeny containing 5,996 high-confidence single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Dating indicates that three major lineages (I1, R1a and R1b), accounting for 64% of the sampled chromosomes, have very recent coalescent times, ranging between 3.5 and 7.3 KYA. In demographic reconstructions17 a continuous swathe of 13/17 populations from the Balkans to the British and Irish Isles share similar histories featuring a minimum effective population size ~2.1–4.2 KYA, followed by expansion to the present. Together with other data on maternally inherited mtDNA16, 18 and autosomal DNA19, our results indicate a recent widespread male-specific phenomenon that may point to social selection, and refocuses interest on the social and population structure of Bronze Age Europe.

Quote:Phylogeography of European MSY lineages



We constructed a maximum-parsimony tree displaying the phylogenetic relationships between SNP haplotypes (Fig. 1a; Supplementary Fig. 1), rooted by reference to two MSY sequences13 from the basal haplogroups A and B. Our sequenced regions cover many previously known SNPs, which allowed us to apply established haplogroup names20 to clades. Figure 1b shows the geographical distribution of these haplogroups in our samples, which is consistent with previous studies of specific SNPs using larger per-population sample sizes10. As expected, the commonest haplogroup is R1b-M269 (43.1%), with highest frequency in the north-west, followed by I1-M253 (13.8%), I2-P215 (9.0%), R1a-M198 (7.5%) and J2-M172 (7.5%). Some clades show geographically-restricted distributions, with hg N1c-M178 being most frequent in the Saami, and sub-lineages of haplogroups E, G and J prevalent in the Mediterranean area.



Figure 1: Phylogeny and geographical distribution of European MSY lineages. **



(a) Maximum-parsimony tree of European MSY lineages defined here by resequencing. Branch lengths are proportional to molecular divergence among haplotypes. Key mutation names are given next to some branches, and haplogroup names20 in the coloured bar below. Three sporadic haplogroups are coloured in black. The grey box within hg R1b-M269 shows the star phylogeny referred to in the text. (b ) Map with pie-charts showing frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups (defined and coloured as in part a) in 17 populations from Europe and the Near East. Population abbreviations are as follows: bas: Basque; bav: Bavaria; CEU: Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry from the CEPH collection (France); den: Denmark; eng: England; fri: Frisia; gre: Greece; hun: Hungary; ire: Ireland; nor: Norway; ork: Orkney; pal: Palestinians; saa: Saami; ser: Serbia; spa: Spain; TSI: Toscani in Italia (Italy); tur: Turkey.





The shapes of different clades within the tree (Fig. 1a) vary greatly. Haplogroups E1b-M35, G2a-L31, I2-P215, J2-M172, L-M11 and T-M70 contain long branches with deep-rooting nodes, whereas I1-M253, N1c-M178, R1a-M198 and R1b-M269 show much shallower genealogies. Haplogroup R1b-M269 is particularly striking, containing a remarkable star phylogeny within which 44 terminal branches (13.2% of the total), found in 13 of the 17 sampled populations, descend as a multifurcation from a single node without any sub-structure whatsoever, despite the extensive nature of the sequencing carried out. These qualitative features of the phylogeny are supported by values of the average number of mutations from the ancestral node to branch tips, and also by estimates of time-to-most-recent-common-ancestor (TMRCA) (Table 1) derived by two different methods. Considering haplogroups R1b-M269, R1a-M198 and I1-M253, and the 95% highest posterior density intervals of their TMRCAs, 64% of the MSY sequences sampled in our study descend from three ancestors who each lived more recently than ~7.3 KYA.

[...]

Quote:Are modern Greeks the genetic descendants of the classical Hellenes?

Some yes, some no, but this is irrelevant. The racialists on both sides can ramble on and claim that we are 100% Slavic, or whatever else, as can those who want to portray us as the pure descendants of Aeakus. However, the true Hellenes did not refer to 'race' (it would have been comical, since at the time this term applied to a small group of 'clans'). Admittedly, a racial consciousness existed in the classical period, which lacks credibility today, given that before and after 1821 other racial groups were absorbed, many of whose number can only be described as 100% Hellenic.



Despite Kolokotrones and many other heroes being of Arvanite extraction, by our standards they are certainly Hellenes, since they shed their blood in the name of Hellas. What clown could deny Kolokotrones, Nikitaras and Androutsos their Hellenic identity, based on racial definitions? The domestic racialists owe us a convincing explanation for this crude oxymoron.

Quote:[...]

Considering haplogroups R1b-M269, R1a-M198 and I1-M253, and the 95% highest posterior density intervals of their TMRCAs, 64% of the MSY sequences sampled in our study descend from three ancestors who each lived more recently than ~7.3 KYA.



(The above statement is what all the news items on the subject talked about: 64% or ~2/3 of European males descend from 3 ancestors - distinguished with regard to haplogroups R1b-M269, R1a-M198 and I1-M253 - who came after 7300 years ago.)



[...]

Bayesian skyline plots (BSPs) (Fig. 2) reveal the variation of effective population size with time21. The plots are consistent with patterns seen in the relative numbers of singletons, described above, in that the Saami and Palestinians show markedly different demographic histories compared with the rest, featuring very recent reductions, while [size="5"]the Turks and Greeks show evidence of general expansion, with increased growth rate around 14 KYA. A different pattern is seen in the remaining majority (13/17) of populations, which share remarkably similar histories[/size] featuring a minimum effective population size ~2.1–4.2 KYA (considering the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) reported in Supplementary Table 4), followed by expansion to the present. Considering only these 13 populations, the only significant geographical correlation is of decreasing diversity in the number of polymorphic sites from east to west** (Supplementary Table 3); notably, there is no significant correlation between the age at which effective population size was at a minimum before expansion (Supplementary Table 4), and either latitude or longitude (Supplementary Table 3). Taken together, the very recent age of the demographic shift and its lack of geographical pattern suggest that its origin is distinct from that of the diffusion of agriculture.

Quote:The proportion of the parameter variance explained by the summary statistics (R2) is in most cases higher than 10% (and hence generally considered as a good estimation), but the 95% credible intervals are wide. This is particularly true for T1, the time of the start of the demographic change (reduction or expansion), thus preventing us from drawing any conclusion about the timing of these events (whether post Neolithic, or more ancient) from the ABC analysis.

In general, the non-parametric genealogical approach represented by BSPs better explores the variation found in our data, compared with a more conservative ABC analysis based on a single locus. We note that both analyses assume panmixia, and that population structure might influence effective population size estimates. However, it seems improbable that such an effect would extend to so many populations.

Quote:Our approach has led to the confident identification of many MSY sequence variants in European population samples and a highly resolved phylogeny, but our conclusions are also influenced by a more contentious factor, the choice of mutation rate.** We chose a rate (1.0 (0.92–1.09) × 10-9 per bp per year, considering a 30-year generation time) based on the observation of 609 MSY mutations (excluding palindromic regions) in Icelandic deep-rooting pedigrees24. The point estimate of this rate is the same as an earlier pedigree-based estimate in which only four mutations were observed25, and which we applied in our broader MSY-phylogeny study13.



We note that the rate we have used is higher than the estimate of 0.76 (0.67–0.86) × 10-9 per bp per year based on counting the ‘missing’ mutations in the genome of the Ust’-Ishim male26, radiocarbon dated to ~45,000 YBP. Other studies27, 28 have inferred slower mutation rates (0.62 or 0.64 × 10-9) based on scaling the genome-wide de novo rate to account for male-specific transmission, though this has been criticized29, and is not consistent with phylogenetic mutation rates estimated from human–chimpanzee MSY comparisons30, 31. Some have chosen to calibrate the pedigree mutation rate against external (for example, archaeological) data15, 32, but we have rejected this idea, firstly because of uncertainty over how archaeological date estimates correlate with demographic changes, and secondly because we have used a coalescent-based dating method that itself models genealogies. Despite recent advances, mutation rate remains a difficult issue, and more data are needed.



(** Probably not offensive. But they themselves think it's a question mark. Perhaps something that will be refined in future studies, which may even redo the dates.)



[...]



The recent and rapid continent-wide demographic changes we observe suggest a remarkably widespread transition affecting paternal lineages. This picture is confirmed in an independent analysis of MSY diversity in the pooled HGDP CEPH panel European samples16, and is compatible with current (n=98) ancient DNA data for MSY (Fig. 3; Supplementary Table 8), in which hgs R1a, R1b and I1 are absent or rare in sites dating before 5 KYA, whereas hgs G2a and I2 are prevalent.



Figure 3: Timeline of MSY ancient DNA data.



The graph shows stacked frequencies of MSY haplogroups in ancient European DNA samples, based on data from 98 individuals, and binned into 500-year intervals. ‘other’ includes C1, F*, H2, R*, R1, R1b(xR1b1a). Below the timeline are indicated BEAST point estimates and highest posterior density intervals for three relevant haplogroups.

Quote: Analyses of ancient autosomal sequence data19 demonstrate discontinuity 7–5 KYA between western European hunter-gatherers, tending to have genetic affinity to northern Europeans *, and farmers, resembling southern Europeans. Consideration of the genomic ancestry of modern Europeans33 reveals ancestry from these two groups, but also from north Eurasian hunter-gatherers33. Recent analysis34 better defines this latter component, supporting a two-migration model into a hunter-gatherer substrate, involving an early-Neolithic (7–8 KYA) arrival of farming populations from the Near East, followed by a late-Neolithic (4.5 KYA) migration of pastoralists from the steppe region north of the Caspian Sea, whose genomic contribution is ubiquitous in modern Europeans. Ancient MSY sequences34 show that hgs R1a and R1b are present in the steppe much earlier than observed in any European sites (Supplementary Table 8), making this region a likely source for these MSY expansion lineages.**



19 Olalde, I. et al. Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European. Nature 507, 225–228 (2014).



(^This, ref 19, I think was the Stone Age European paper.

* "Discontinuity" from the hunter gatherer who was found. Offers Europe a clean slate: puts an end to many of the questions arising from the Stone Age European of African-skintone and otherwise Scandinavian genes who was found in Spain, and his connection to Europe. A break with his kind was already implied in the wholesale - or actually 2/3 - European replacement by surmised Kurgan Oryans. And that explains why it was necessary for Saami to demonstrate one of the 3 paternal lineages: Saami aren't African in skintone but fair. So whiteness to be traced to Oryanist lineages after all?

Hmm. That the study left out not only Estonians but also Finnish is another curiosity.)



34 Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature doi:10.1038/nature14317 (2015).



(** The above is the Massive Migration IE languages from The Steppes Into Europe paper.)

Quote: Ancient mtDNA data18 also indicate large-scale population discontinuity since the Neolithic transition, with a massive shift in haplogroup composition ~7.5 KYA between Central European hunter-gatherers (carrying exclusively hg U lineages) and farmers (a much broader range of hgs), followed by later fluctuations. Demographic inference from whole mtDNA sequences16, however, does not show recent and sudden expansion. This suggests that the recent events responsible for shaping modern MSY variation were male specific.



16 Brandt, G. et al. Ancient DNA reveals key stages in the formation of central European mitochondrial genetic diversity. Science 342, 257–261 (2013).



The period 4–5 KYA (the Early Bronze Age) is characterized by rapid and widespread change, involving changes in burial practices that might signify an emphasis on individuals or kin groups, the spread of horse riding, and the emergence of elites and developments in weaponry35. In principle male-driven social selection36 associated with these changes could have led to rapid local increases in the frequencies of introgressing haplogroups34, and subsequent spread, as has been suggested for Asia37. However, cultures across Europe remain diverse during this period; clarifying the temporal and geographical pattern of the shift will rely heavily on additional ancient DNA data.





35 Cunliffe, B. Europe Between the Oceans: 9000 BC-AD 1000 Yale University Press (2011).

36 Zerjal, T. et al. The genetic legacy of the Mongols. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72, 717–721 (2003).

37 Reference is to a study about Genghis Khan et al Asian lineages (also mentioned in the most recently-pasted dailymail article and a separate article):

nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ejhg2014285a.html

Balaresque, P. et al. Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. doi:doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.285 (2015).

Quote: Demographic models and priors



We considered five models depicting different demographic histories, testing each model separately for each population (Supplementary Fig. 2). M1 is the simplest, in which the effective population size remains constant over time (uniform prior: 20–20,000). In M2 an ancient constant-sized population (uniform prior: 1,001–20,000) starts an exponential reduction T1 generations ago. The reduction spans LEX generations (uniform prior: 5–634), then the population returns to constant size (uniform prior: 20–1,000) T2 generations ago (uniform prior: 0–30). In M3 the reduction is followed by an expansion that starts T2 generations ago (with the effective population size, NER, drawn from an uniform prior: 20–1,000) until the present (uniform prior for the current effective population size, NC: 1,001–20,000). M4 is parameterized in the same way as M2, with an expansion instead of a reduction (NA uniform prior: 20–1,000; NC uniform prior: 1,001–20,000). In M5, the expansion ends at T2 followed by a reduction until present time (NEE uniform prior: 1,001–20,000; NC uniform prior: 20–1,000). We considered a generation time of 30 years.** In all the models the Last Glacial Maximum (~20,000 years ago) represents the upper bound of the time for the first demographic change (T1).



In each simulation the per-generation, per-site mutation rate24 is drawn from a normal distribution with mean 3.01 × 10-8 and 95% confidence intervals 2.77–3.26 × 10-8. DNA sequences were generated under a finite sites mutational model with no transition/transversion bias.



Perl scripts used in the analysis are available upon request.



(** Then "a generation time" doesn't mean age until the next generation but average lifespan? Or is it not talking about humans at all and I just misunderstood?)

Quote:She (Gimbutas, in her suggestion of Kurgan Urheimat hypothesis of the 1950s) had created a modern variation on the traditional invasion theory (the Kurgan hypothesis, after the kurgans, burial mounds, of the Eurasian steppes) in which the Indo-Europeans were a nomadic tribe in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Russia and expanded on horseback in several waves during the 3rd millennium BCE. Their expansion coincided with the taming of the horse. Leaving archaeological signs of their presence (see battle-axe people), they subjugated the peaceful European Neolithic farmers of Gimbutas's Old Europe. As Gimbutas's beliefs evolved, she put increasing emphasis on the patriarchal, patrilinear nature of the invading culture, sharply contrasting it with the supposedly egalitarian, if not matrilinear culture of the invaded, to the point of formulating essentially a feminist archaeology.



Her interpretation of Indo-European culture found genetic support in remains from the Neolithic culture of Scandinavia, where DNA from bone remains in Neolithic graves indicated that the megalith culture was either matrilocal or matrilineal, as the people buried in the same grave were related through the women. Likewise, there is a tradition of remaining matrilineal traditions among the Picts. J. P. Mallory, dating the migrations earlier, to around 4000 BCE, and putting less insistence on their violent or quasi-military nature, essentially modified Gimbutas' theory.



The Gimbutas-Mallory Kurgan hypothesis seeks to explain the Indo-European language expansion by a succession of migrations from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, or, more specifically and according to the revised version, to the area encompassed by the Sredny Stog culture (ca. 4500 BCE). This hypothesis is compatible with the argument that the PIE homeland must have been larger,[4] because the "Neolithic creolisation hypothesis" allows the Pontic-Caspian region to have been part of PIE territory.

Quote:The Rape of the Sabine Women (Latin: Sabinae raptae) is an episode in the legendary history of Rome, traditionally dated to 750 BC,[1] in which the first generation of Roman men acquired wives for themselves from the neighboring Sabine families. The English word rape is a conventional translation of the Latin raptio, which in this context means "abduction" rather than its prevalent modern meaning in English language of sexual violation. Recounted by Livy and Plutarch (Parallel Lives II, 15 and 19), it provided a subject for Renaissance and post-Renaissance works of art that ...

Quote:the Turks and Greeks show evidence of general expansion, with increased growth rate around 14 KYA. (KYA = thousand years ago) A different pattern is seen in the remaining majority (13/17) of populations, which share remarkably similar histories featuring a minimum effective population size ~2.1–4.2 KYA (considering the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) reported in Supplementary Table 4), followed by expansion to the present. Considering only these 13 populations, the only significant geographical correlation is of decreasing diversity in the number of polymorphic sites from east to west

Quote:9BarkingMatt

Edited: Aug 25, 2012, 4:11pm Top

> 3: Renfrew is more subtle than that. He did think dispersal of language would have something to do with migration of humans (but very gradual), and thought the best option for that was population increase because of the introduction of crop farming (neolithic evolution if you will) - and essentially that's why he starts his reconstruction in Anatolia: early agriculture plus early usage of an Indo-European language. His idea was that raising crops would have given some groups such an advantage that they would have gradually displaced earlier hunter/gatherer groups. In itself not a bad theory.



He runs into awful problems when he tries to explain the movement of Indo-European languages into the Persia and India though. Then, suddenly, he relies on conquering hordes.

(I.e. the major urheimat theories require/depend on oryan invasions into India and Iran.)



In short: I would advise you to read this book, just to take notice of an alternative theory going about. But I agree Horse, wheel, and language (=book by Anthony) makes much more sense to me too.

Quote:16Feicht

Aug 26, 2012, 7:18pm Top

Yeah, I'd love for the whole question to be wrapped up in a nice package of the languages expanding with Neolithic farming culture, but in my mind anyway, the linguistic aspect (which, in this instance, is the important one) just doesn't really allow for it. Once again, I say that Anthony is the new authority on this subject.



Of course, it's not that the Renfrew-esque "Out of Anatolia" model is irrational or anything. That distinction (IMO) lies with Alinei's "Paleolithic Continuity Model", which as I understand it relies more on genetic evidence than linguistic. But here again is the strength of Anthony's theory. It allows for the fact that there was no widespread genetic whitewashing by Indo-European interlopers, positing a gradual influx of only a relatively few individuals who didn't (generally speaking) come in search of conquest in the traditional sense. Alinei's theory sees the same genetic result, but assumes that it MUST mean that the languages of the aboriginal inhabitants were Indo-European, jumping through a variety of hoops in order to do so. To me, it's an example of trying to make the data fit the hypothesis instead of the other way around, which is flawed reasoning.

Quote:For those who are interested in serious thinking about this long-standing question, here are my comments on my reading of Robert Drews' 'The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European conquests in the Aegean and the Near East':



"Splendid example of hypothesis construction & testing. Effect is to strengthen greatly the Gamkrelidze/Ivanov hypothesis on the IE homeland (Armenia/Eastern Anatolia), with corrected chronology (2nd M not 4th or 5th) and good archaeological data. Gimbutas ('out of the steppes') & Renfrew ('plodding farmers demic diffusion') loose credibility.



""All the IE movements of the Bronze Age that we know about are takeovers, date no earlier than ca.1600BC, & are associated with chariot warfare." (p153)



""Chariot warfare, along with 'the Greeks', came to Greece ca.1600BC ... similar in the takeover of nthwestern India by the Aryans, of southern Mesopotamia by the Kassites, of Egypt by the Hyksos, of Mitanni by Aryans ... All of the takeovers occurred within a few generations after the perfection, around the middle of the C17thBC, of chariot warfare ..."(pp170-172).



"" ... 'the coming of the Greeks' did not ethnically transform the land; instead, it seems to have superimposed upon the indigenous population of Greece a small minority of PIE speakers. In this respect, as in its date, the Hellenization of Greece thus seems to parallel the Aryanization of nthwest India" (pp199-200).



(Oooh. ^Is that the "Aryan AND Dravoodian" theory for Greece? Wouldn't wish that on an enemy. Well, on christoislam, sure. Would call down a pox and death on christoislam.

But, poor Greeks of the Olympic religion: welcome to the Pit.

Guess it was expected, though, since the genetic data for the Greeks doesn't favour the oryan markers that the Ukraine-pushers were favouring. As seen in stuff pasted 2 posts up and above. And I guess European genetics studies would have known this for some years.)



"PS August 2012: If we factor in the Ryan/Pitman hypothesis on the catastrophic filling of the Euxine around 5600 BCE as the seas rose in the deglaciation of the Holocene a process that continues today, then it becomes interesting that all the arguments on the origins of the IEs focus on places all round the Black Sea - the 'Kurgan' theory of Marija Gimbutas and many others including David Anthony focussed on the northern and north-eastern steppes; Renfrew et al focussed on the spread of agriculture to Europe out of Anatolia; and the linguistic theories of Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, supported by Drews albeit with much lower chronology, focussed on eastern Anatolia and Armenia, particularly around Lake Van. Perhaps the conceptualisers should be thinking more sub-marine at this stage!"

Quote:



Harappa Period Chariot from Daimabad, Maharashtra, Source: Upinder Sindh/Sali 1986:477-479



Chariot from Daimabad: Harrapan period site;

Quote:



This copper chariot was found by M.S. Vats, the Director of the ASI, at Harappa. Dates back to 3000 BC. Oldest so far found in world.



Harappa chariot, Harappa copper chariot, the first covered chariot of the world



(besides it being almost 1.5 millennia older apparently than they can trace *any* kind of chariots in any part of the "IE" world at least....

And it is fair to infer that the covered chariot may be in consequence to uncovered models preceding it: which would date uncovered kinds in Harrappa/IVC = the Hindoo homeland still older than 3000 BCE.)



found by M.S. Vats at Harappa.

Quote:Harappan Chariot toy kept at the Brooklyn University Museum



Source Brooklyn Museum website.

Quote:Early Indo-Iranians

The earliest fully developed true chariots known are from the chariot burials of the Andronovo (Timber-Grave) sites of the Sintashta-Petrovka Proto-Indo-Iranian culture in modern Russia and Kazakhstan from around 2000 BC. This culture is at least partially derived from the earlier Yamna culture. It built heavily fortified settlements, engaged in bronze metallurgy on an industrial scale and practiced complex burial rituals reminiscent of Hindu rituals known from the Rigveda and the Avesta. The Sintashta-Petrovka chariot burials yield the earliest spoke-wheeled true chariots. The Andronovo culture over the next few centuries spread across the steppes from the Urals to the Tien Shan, likely corresponding to the time of early Indo-Iranian cultures.

Quote:The horse drawn wheeled vehicle probably originated in Mesopotamia about 3000 BC. The earliest depiction of vehicles in the context of warfare is on the Standard of Ur in southern Mesopotamia, c. 2500 BC. These are more properly called wagons or carts and were still double-axled and pulled by oxen, or a hybrid of a donkey and a female onager,[1] named Kunga in the city of Nagar which was famous for breeding them.[2]

Quote:The invention of the wheel most likely took place in Europe.

Quote:Chariot warfare, along with 'the Greeks', came to Greece ca.1600BC ... similar in the takeover of nthwestern India by the Aryans, of southern Mesopotamia by the Kassites, of Egypt by the Hyksos, of Mitanni by Aryans ... All of the takeovers occurred within a few generations after the perfection, around the middle of the C17thBC, of chariot warfare ..."(pp170-172).

Quote:How tall was the average Roman soldier?

4 Answers

Gilbert TaylorGilbert Taylor, Long distance hiker, reader, student

2 upvotes by Kim Beerden and Konstantin Silin



Most people in the time of Ancient Rome, at least in the Mediterranean region, were between five and five and a half feet tall. Studies concerning the remains found in places like Herculaneum and Pompeii have helped solidify this estimate.

Quote:Eric Moore, Security Contractor, History Buff, Ma... (more)

3 upvotes by Chris Barnes, Quora User, and Quora User



Between 5 and 5'4, the Romans were not tall people and that's why they called the Celt's and Germans (Who were much taller) giants at times, what they lacked in size they made up in conditioning and stamina.



Julius Caesar commented on the short stature of his men whom he lead, but then he stood 5'7



Written 8 Jun, 2014. 953 views.

Quote:Balaji 4 months ago





The Admixture figure at K=8 shows that the Early and Middle Neolithic Europeans as well as the WHG lack the light green component that is the largest part of South Asian populations. The early neolithic Near Easterners who were the ancestors of Early European Farmers must also lacked this component. But Yamnaya, Corded Ware and modern Near Easterners and Europeans all have this component. The explanation that immediately suggests itself is an Out-of-India migration that took this component to the Near East and Europe which were lacking this component until a few thousand years ago. An Out-of-India migration would also have taken along some ASI. Is there evidence for ASI in the Near East and Europe? At K=6 and K=7, there is a purple component that is modal in Papuans, Australians and Bougainville people and also prominent is South Asia. It is also present in East Asian populations. Clearly it is an ASI-related component. This component is present in Yamnaya and Corded Ware people. It is found in modern Near Easterners and in traces in modern Europeans.



Further evidence that an ENA component is present in modern Europeans and Near Easterners associated with the influx of ANE into these regions is provided by f3 statistics calculated by Davidski.



eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/07/f3-stats-100-present-day-populations.html



Europeans:

f3(Greek;Dai,French_Basque) = -0.000365561, z = -2.41124

f3(East_Sicilian;Dai,French_Basque) = -0.000569748, z = -3.09234

f3(Tuscan;Dai,French_Basque) = -0.000432676, z = -2.8525

f3(Portuguese;Dai,French_Basque) = -0.000915428, z = -3.77992

f3(Bulgarian;Dai,French_Basque = -0.00118302), z = -8.17306

f3(Romanian;Dai,French_Basque) = -0.00125626, z = -8.90695

f3(North_Italian;Dai,French_Basque) = -0.0002888, z = -1.80649

f3(West_Sicilian;Dai,French_Basque) = -0.000558259, z = -2.84604



Near Easterners:

f3(Assyrian;Dai,Sardinian) = -0.00059462, z = -3.05822

f3(Ashkenazi;Dai,Sardinian) = -0.000297346, z = -1.91756

f3(Armenian;Dai,Sardinian) = -0.000435056, z = -3.04019

f3(Cyprian;Dai,Sardinian) = -0.000721083, z = -4.49671

f3(Druze;Dai,Sardinian) = -3.8934E-005, z = -0.227219

f3(Sephardic_Jewish;Dai,Sardinian) = -0.00134829, z = -8.69989

Quote:The Early/Middle Neolithic European populations belong almost entirely to the “orange” ancestral population from K=2 to K=8, while hunter-gatherers show a relationship to eastern non-Africans from K=3 to K=8, consistent with sharing more genetic drift with these populations due to their lack of “Basal Eurasian” ancestry2. From K=4 to K=6, the hunter-gatherers and late Neolithic/Bronze Age (LN/BA) groups possess some of the “pink” component that is dominant in Native Americans; this may reflect either the presence of west Eurasian-related “Ancient North Eurasian” ancestry in Native Americans5 or of the same type of ancestry in European hunter-gatherers. An interesting pattern occurs at K=8, with all the late LN/BA groups from central Europe and the Yamnaya having some of the “light green” component that is lacking in earlier European farmers and hunter-gatherers; this component is found at high frequencies in South Asian populations and its co-occurrence in late Neolithic/Bronze Age Europeans (but not earlier ones) and South Asians might reflect a degree of common ancestry associated with late Neolithic migratory movements (e.g., the ~5,800-year old TMRCA of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a-M417 suggests some gene flow affecting both Europe and South Asia in this time frame11, although this date is subject to uncertainty due to poor estimates of the human mutation rate.)

Quote:In biology, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended. The term is often applied to human genealogy.



The MRCA of a set of individuals can sometimes be determined by referring to an established pedigree. However, in general, it is impossible to identify the specific MRCA of a large set of individuals, but an estimate of the time at which the MRCA lived can often be given. Such time to MRCA (TMRCA) estimates can be given based on DNA test results and established mutation rates as practiced in genetic genealogy, or by reference to a non-genetic, mathematical model or computer simulation. [...]

Quote:However, Belgian Indologist Koenraad Elst has pointed out that the relation between the Hindu nationalist movement and the Nazi ideologue was not a smooth one. Elst writes: “There was a sharp contradiction between her own racist and anti-egalitarian convictions and the reformist and egalitarian programme of the Hindu Mission. To the Hindu Mission, Hinduism was a value in itself; to Savitri Devi, it was but an instrument of her imagined Aryan race. In her years as a preacher, she kept her non-Hindu preoccupations to herself, but in her memoirs (Memories and Reflections of an Aryan Lady), she declared that she conceived of her reconversion mission as an exercise in deception: ‘From the racist Aryan viewpoint, it was necessary to give the most backward and degenerate aborigines a (false) Hindu consciousness.’”



Elst also points out that according to her, the Hindu Mission’s leader, Swami Satyananda, had seen through her insincerity and told her to preach from the Hindu viewpoint and keep her private opinions to herself (Elst, Return of the Swastika: Hate and Hysteria versus Hindu Sanity, 2015, p.119).

Quote:ar(a) - 'high, noble, royal' appears in a great many names, as Aradan, Aredhel, Argonath, Arnor, etc.; extended stem arat- appearing in Aratar, and in aráto 'champion, eminent man', e.g. Angrod from Angaráto and Finrod from Findaráto; also aran 'king' as in Aranrúth. Ereinion 'scion of kings' (name of Gil-galad) has the plural of aran; cf. Fornost Erain 'Norbury of the Kings' in Arnor. The prefix Ar- of the Adûnaic names of the Kings of Númenor was derived from this.



(Source: the Quenta S, of course)

Quote:Encompassing both texts: "But the beginning of the legendarium, of which the Trilogy is part (the conclusion), was an attempt to reorganise some of the Kalevala ...." (Letter written in 1955)[6]

Quote:Yet another later study by Sharma S. et al establishes again the Indoaryan indigenism:

“The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1 substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the case system” (2009).

[...]

Sharma S. et al 2009 ‘The Indian Origin of paternal halpogroup R1a1...’ in the Journal of Human Genetics, January.

Quote:A study by P. Underhill, one of the foremost geneticists, shows that the gene R1a1a is common in North India and among Europeans like the Czechs, Poles and Lithuanians. The oldest strain of this gene mutation was concentrated in Gujarat, Sindh and W est Rajasthan. This together with the M458 mutation is estimated to have travelled northwestward out of India at the latest 8000 years ago. (See Underhill 2010). Thus it is quite acceptable that Vedic tribes moved away from Sapta-Sindhu to Bactria and thence to other areas where IE languages have been found.

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R1a-M458. 218 likes · 4 talking about this. M458 is a Branch of Y Chromosome Haplogroup R1a Which is found Entirely in Europe. This is a Community Page...

New map of haplogroup R1a-M458 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia



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Dec 20, 2014 - 20 posts - ‎9 authors

I have created a new map of R1a-M458, a lineage which I associate with the Corded Ware expansion and which peaks in West Slavic countries ...