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The Real Indian IQ - Printable Version
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The Real Indian IQ - Printable Version

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The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 05-31-2012

Current chess championship was very stereotypical



Ashkenazi vs Tambrahm


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 05-31-2012

Out of 50 semi-finalists in 2012 Spelling bee



S.Mulk = NIB - bengali

S.Nandipati = SIB-telegu

S.Kulkarni = SIB - Maharashtrian

R.Malayappan = SIB - tambrahm

V.Govindarajan = SIB - tambrahm





S.Mishra = NIB - generic

S.Nayak = SIB - konkani

P.Sivakumar = SIB - tambrahm

V.Shivshankar = Gowda

K.Pratapa = SIB-telegu





Antony Joseph = Syrian xtian

R.Asirvatham = Tamil Velala

G.Venkatachalam = SIB-tambrahm

S.Malla = Telegu OBC

S.Akula = Kamma



A.Mahankali = SIB - tambrahm

D.Kotekal = SIB - Kannadiga

V.Nistala = SIB-telegu

C.Reddy = Reddy

S.Tangirala = SIB-telegu



V.Kharkar = Marathi CKP



Total = 21 / 50 = 42%



Initially out of 278, the desi ratio was 50 / 278 = 18%



With the semifinalist screen, the Indian % has risen to 42% from 18%



and with each level of rounds, based on historical performance, this ratio will trend higher



But at this stage, 42% is outstanding, usually historically the average ratio at this stage was 30%


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 05-31-2012

18 / 41 Hindus pass round 4 = 44%


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 08-04-2012

http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/nutsbolts/482261/



Only 10% of Engineering graduates are employable



--



Nobody with IQ less than 115 deserves to get into an Engineering college



Admission to Engineering college in India requires 45% marks in grade 12

--



Ashish got thrown out of the interview when he was shown a Vernier calliper and he called it a screw gauge. A mid-sized company had come to his engineering college in Bhopal to recruit fresh graduates. But the interview began on a bad note. Realisation soon dawned on Ashish that his four years in the college and the lakhs his family had spent on his education had been a total waste. Not the one to be deterred, he used those years to good advantage when film maker Prakash Jha came to the city to shoot for Aarakshan: Ashish brought in the extras — students from his college.



In one of the several engineering colleges that have come up in the outskirts of Chennai, Sentahmizh studies mechanical engineering. He hails from Ariyalur, a small town in southern Tamil Nadu, and admits that he doesn’t understand a word of what his teachers say, learns by rote and studies just enough to pass. He can’t speak English. The college, when he was seeking admission, had spun fantastic tales about multinational corporations falling over each other to recruit its students. Sentahmizh suspects that might never happen. He may soon join the ranks of unemployed engineers.











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Carlos Ghosn may have marvelled at India’s frugal engineering skills, the fact is that a vast majority of the country’s engineering graduates are unemployable. Many engineering colleges are just churning out deadwood. Aspiring Minds, a company that works in the field of human resources, last year surveyed 55,000 students who had graduated in 2011; it found that just 17.45 per cent were directly employable in the information technology sector, the biggest recruiter of engineers these days, without any training. When it came to direct deployment on projects, the number fell sharply to 3.51 per cent. And in IT product companies, which require higher skill sets, it slid further to 2.68 per cent. A few days ago, PurpleLeap, a Pearson and Educomp company, released the findings of its survey of 34,000 students from 198 engineering colleges across the country: only one out of ten graduates from Tier 2, 3 and 4 colleges is readily employable, and one-third are unemployable even after training. The survey, mind you, was restricted to students who had done well academically.



THE FACTS OF THE MATTER

Only 10% of graduates are employable

Only 33% are unemployable even after training

Only 17.45% are employable in IT services

Only 3.51% are directly deployable on IT projects

Only 2.68% are employable in IT product companies

More than 25% don’t know English well enough to understand the curriculum

Less than 48% understand moderately sophisticated words of English

Around 50% have the grammar skills of a Class VII student

The tab for the poor output has to be picked up by the employers. IT companies, according to analysis done by Nasscom and Evalueserve, spend $1.2 billion every year on training. Had the engineering schools done their job properly, this money would go straight to their bottom-line. If you have invested in IT stocks, this should worry you. Tata Consultancy Services, India’s largest provider of IT services, spends 2 per cent of its turnover ($10 billion in 2011-12) on training. It is now investing Rs 1,000 crore in a training facility for 15,000 people in Thiruvananthapuram. Infosys’s Mysore campus has trained 100,000 fresh graduates so far, at a cost of $6,000-7,000 per employee. That’s a whopping $600-700 million knocked out of the company’s profits over ten years. Incidentally, the campus started with a module of 14 weeks which got extended to 17 weeks and now stands at 23 weeks. “There is definitely a gap between what they study in college and the skills they need at work,” says Infosys Senior Vice-president & Group Head (education & research) Srikantan Moorthy.



* * *



There are 1.5 million engineering seats in India today, up from 500,000 five years ago. This is way beyond the demand for engineers. Himanshu Aggarwal, the CEO and co-founder of Aspiring Minds, says that the IT sector absorbs around 200,000 engineers in a year, and the demand from the other sectors can’t add up to more than that. If one-fifth seats go unfilled in engineering colleges, that leaves 800,000 jobless engineers in a year. But all of them may not join the ranks of the unemployed as many get enrolled in business schools. That’s another Pandora’s Box: there are over 3,000 of them in the country, many not more than holes in the wall. Some others take non-engineering jobs.



Shantanu Prakash, the managing director of Educomp Solutions, says that there was a shortage of engineers in the country a few years back and that precipitated a mad scramble amongst businessmen, big and small, to set up engineering colleges. “And now, all of a sudden, there is a glut,” he says. From almost zero a few years ago, private colleges own almost 92 per cent of the engineering seats in the country — such has been the rush. There are 35 colleges in Bhopal alone. In Madhya Pradesh, there are 200 engineering colleges with over 100,000 seats on offer. The state that has seen maximum growth is Andhra Pradesh — it has 671 private colleges that offer 320,000 seats.



Engineering education is regulated by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). It has a fairly stringent check list that all engineering colleges need to fulfill: not less than 2.5 acres of land, not more than 300 students per acre, corpus of at least Rs 1 crore for operational expenses, student-teacher ratio of not more than 15, student-personal-computer ratio of at least 4, etc. But that’s hardly proved a deterrent. Setting up an engineering college can cost upwards of Rs 15 crore, depending on real estate prices, and payback happens in seven years. On the other hand, the demand will never see a slowdown. Indian parents, it is universally acknowledged, never flinch before spending large sums of money on their children’s education. Higher education in India is immensely valued. That explains the glut.



And it’s severe. Of the 320,000 seats in Andhra Pradesh, says an education consultant based in Hyderabad, more than 120,000 will go vacant this year. In Maharashtra, 30,000 of the 110,000 seats on offer went vacant last year; this year, the number is expected to climb to 40,000. Some colleges have appointed touts to get students. Business Standard contacted two such agents, one in Ghaziabad and one in Mumbai, to secure admission in some reputed engineering colleges in Delhi and Pune. The admission was guaranteed, albeit at the cost of a few lakh rupees. Some engineering schools are ready to shut down and cut their losses, and quite a few are up for sale. Though AICTE reduced the minimum marks required in Class XII, to be eligible for admission in an engineering college, from 50 per cent to 45 per cent in 2010-11, it hasn’t helped — there are no takers for a large number of seats. Moved obviously by the plight of these colleges, the Maharashtra government wrote to AICTE earlier this year not to approve any new college in the state. Still, AICTE has given its nod to 11 new engineering colleges!



AICTE is actually in no mood to relent. Shankar S Mantha, its chairman, is convinced the country needs more engineering colleges. “Given the low gross enrolment ratio of India (18-20 per cent), there is a need to make available more higher education opportunities for this huge chunk of students who remain outside the system,” says he. It is only two years later that the council will revisit the issue — that’s how long it takes to build an engineering college — when the colleges approved now will be up and running. Besides, says he, some redundancy needs to be built into the capacity as some streams lose favour and others gains currency. Mantha is convinced that engineering colleges will run out of seats once Indian students who go abroad to study prefer to do so in India. “Even in the US, the top six or seven management institutes are all full; but in some of the better institutes, around 50 per cent of the seats are vacant. I expect in another year or so the entire sector will undergo a sea change and you will find more institutes will be needed,” he says.



* * *



In the bargain, the quality has hit rock bottom. The Aspiring Minds employability study had found that states with fewer engineering colleges produced more employable engineers. There is therefore an inverse correlation between quantity and quality. Prakash of Educomp says that it is a highly regulated sector where colleges often cut corners to stay afloat. AICTE fixes the admission norms, the fees that colleges can charge and the salaries they can pay their teachers. “It’s a business where the input costs as well as the output costs are controlled,” says Prakash who runs an engineering college in Greater Noida. As a result, the infrastructure of many new colleges is poor and the faculty inexperienced. Worse, everybody involved seems to acknowledge it. “Do they (the new engineering colleges) have trained and skilled faculty to teach modern courses,” Madhya Pradesh’s director of technical education, Arun Nahar, asks. Several schools have hired those former students as teachers who failed to get jobs outside. Badam Singh Yadav, who runs the IES Colllege of Technology in Bhopal, says most of his time is spent grappling with government rules and solving the “petty” issues of his students. “Does anybody care,” he says with fair bit of irritation, “that most of our students come from a rural background?” Engineering students in Chennai say the teachers often lack the motivation to help them out.



Apart from technical knowledge, most graduates are woefully short on soft skills. Wipro, says Senior Vice-president & Global Head (workforce planning & development) Deepak Jain, runs a 12-week course for fresh graduates to upgrade their technical as well as soft skills. Ajoy Mukherjee, the global head of human resources at TCS, finds that engineering graduates lack soft skills such as the ability to work in a team and communicate effectively more than technical knowledge. The company’s three-month training programme, which every recruit has to undergo, looks to address these gaps, and focuses on converting students to professionals, says Mukherjee. “The inability to communicate is a serious concern, especially not being able to talk in English, form grammatically correct sentences, etc. When 94 per cent of your revenue comes from overseas, it is essential that you know how to communicate in English,” he says.



A recent report by Aspiring Minds, based on a study of 55,000 students from 250 engineering colleges, said 25-35 per cent students are unable to comprehend English. That shouldn’t have been a problem, except that most books and instruction manuals are in English. Only 57 per cent can write grammatically correct sentences in English, less than 48 per cent understand “moderately sophisticated” words, and almost 50 per cent possess grammar skills no better than a Class VII student. Not more than 30 per cent of the students, who go through stress and exhaustion while preparing for engineering college, are acquainted with the word “exhaust”. “Absurd” is a word not understood by 50 per cent.



It’s a mess out there.


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 08-18-2012

Proof Indian average IQ is low



http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-03/mumbai/33019239_1_india-backs-global-stage-math-and-science



India backs out of global education test for 15-year-olds

Hemali Chhapia, TNN Aug 3, 2012, 02.13AM IST





Tags:

tamil nadu|OECD|Himachal Pradesh

MUMBAI: After an earlier, embarrassing show, India has backed out of this year's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a global evaluation process by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Secretariat that gauges where schoolchildren stand alongside their peers from other countries.



This academic Olympics measures the performance of 15-year-olds in their reading, math and science abilities.



Indians were put to test for the first time in the last assessment in 2009. On the global stage, they stood second last among 73 countries, only beating Kyrgyzstan on reading, math and science abilities. India ranked second last among the 73 countries that participated in PISA, conducted to evaluate education systems worldwide by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Secretariat.


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 08-18-2012

=deleted


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 08-24-2012

https://lesacreduprintemps19.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/glassessment.pdf



Large scale UK IQ test


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 08-24-2012

In Above URL



In verbal IQ



White = 101

Indian = 97

Pakistani / Bangladeshi = 90

Chinese = 100



In Math IQ

White = 100

Indian = 101

Pak / BD = 96

Chinese = 109





Pattern recognition IQ

White = 100

Indian = 100

Pak / BD = 96

Chinese = 112


The Real Indian IQ - Meluhhan - 08-26-2012

G. Sub,



You might be interested in [url="http://www.skepdic.com/iqrace.html"]this article[/url] from the Skeptic's Dictionary.


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 09-24-2012

[quote name='Meluhhan' date='26 August 2012 - 02:43 AM' timestamp='1345928733' post='115461']

G. Sub,



You might be interested in [url="http://www.skepdic.com/iqrace.html"]this article[/url] from the Skeptic's Dictionary.

[/quote]



It merely restates the Flynn effect, that socio-economic factors can depress IQ by 10



And there is a more fundamental problem with black IQ



There is a brain size gene, ASPM , which has several sub-components



ASPM causes increased brain size in dolphins and in chimps compared to monkeys



Bruce Lahn discovered that ASPM went a mutation 40K years ago

The old version found in blacks and australian aborigines, causes a 10% decrease in brain volume



The new version is found in Indians , Europeans and Orientals and has a 10% increase in brain size



In the SAT , which is IQ corelated, out of 800, in both verbal and math, just 100 blacks a year cross 700, whereas thousands of non-blacks score higher


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 10-30-2012

The 2012 USA math olympiad team includes:



Xiaoyu He, = Han

Ravi Jagadeesan, = SIB

Mitchell Lee, = Han

Bobby Shen, = Han

Thomas Swayze, = WASP

David Yang = Han


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 12-02-2012

2013 Bellarmine School, San Jose



23 National Merit



of which



Nikhil, B = Kamma

J.Cheria = Syrian Xtian

S.Iyer = SIB

R.Joshi = NIB

Sagar, K = Kamma

R.Mukerji = NIB-Bengali

A,Mukund = SIB

K.Shrinath = SIB

D.Sur = NI-bania-bengali

Madhusudan, V = SIB

K.Wadwani = NI-bania-Sindhi



11 Indians, 8 Han,


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 12-02-2012

=DELETED


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 12-05-2012

Siemens 2012 competition



$30,000 scholarship – Saumil Bandyopadhyay, NIB-Bengali Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government

$10,000 scholarship – Raghav Tripathi, NIB Westview High School, Portland, Oregon (Biochemistry)


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 12-05-2012

=DELETED


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 12-17-2012

Professionals downplay Israel's ranking in int'l math tests

Israeli education professionals say dramatic bump in achievements of Israeli school kids in international tests may stem form exclusion of haredi, special education pupils

Shahar Chai

Published: 12.12.12, 21:22 / Israel News







After international studies' findings point to an impressive rise in Israeli schoolchildren's achievements in math, science, and language skills, responses among education professionals vary.



Though many laud the accomplishments, others take it with a grain of salt, citing obvious omissions in the report – neither haredi pupils, Arab schoolchildren in east Jerusalem, nor special education students were included in the studies.



Related stories:

Israel ranks 7th in international math tests

Israeli students' performance in math, science slipping

Knesset report: Education mainly for rich, Jews



The studies, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) for 2011, omitted 22.6% of the population of Israeli students.



Following Israel in this regard is the United States, with an exclusion of 7.2% of the students. The remaining countries examined in the studies had fewer than 6% exclusion.







Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Education Minister Gideon Sa'ar taking pride in the studies' findings (Photo: Ohad Zwigenberg)



However, since the same populations were not calculated in previous years (in the studies conducted four years earlier, 22.8% were excluded), that parameter does not account for the sharp rise in the ranking of the Israeli students.



According to Dr. Yoram Harpaz of the Beit Berl College it is not impossible that schools have been preparing the children specifically for the TIMSS and PIRLS. "Such a dramatic improvement is impossible. Students were probably prepared specifically for the tests, which is why they did so well," Harpaz said.



Zipi Libman, Rector of the Kibbutzim College of Education also found the dramatic improvements hard to explain, specifically the Israeli students' impressive math scores (from 24th place in 2007 to seventh in 2011).



"I find it hard to believe that an entire country can climb so rapidly and exhibit results that are much better than those of Finland, the US and the UK, which are considered education empires," Libman noted.



Libman also added that despite the improvement in achievements, the differences amongst different Israeli populations should be addressed, as gaps were still evident between Arab and Jewish students and between students of different socioeconomic statuses.



"Inequality," she explained, "is always a bad thing, and in order to reduce the gaps, we must invest more in underprivileged populations."


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 12-24-2012

India rising in US: Govt falls victim to net hoax

Chidanand Rajghatta, TNN, Mar 12, 2008, 12.10am IST Article



WASHINGTON: It’s an Internet myth that has taken on a life of its own. No matter how often you slay this phony legend, it keeps popping up again like some hydra-headed beast.



But on Monday, the Indian government itself consecrated the oft-circulated fiction as fact in Parliament, possibly laying itself open to a breach of privilege. By relaying to Rajya Sabha members (as reported in The Times of India) a host of unsubstantiated and inflated figures about Indian professionals in US, the government also made a laughing stock of itself.



The figures provided by the Minister of State for Human Resource Development Purandeshwari included claims that 38 per cent of doctors in US are Indians, as are 36 per cent of NASA scientists and 34 per cent of Microsoft employees.



There is no survey that establishes these numbers, and absent a government clarification, it appears that the figures come from a shop-worn Internet chain mail that has been in circulation for many years. Spam has finally found its way into the Indian parliament dressed up as fact.



Attempts by this correspondent over the years to authenticate the figures have shown that it is exaggerated, and even false. Both Microsoft and NASA say they don’t keep an ethnic headcount. While they acknowledge that a large number of their employees are of Indian origin, it is hardly in the 30-35 per cent range.



In a 2003 interview with this correspondent, Microsoft chief Bill Gates guessed that the number of Indians in the engineering sections of the company was perhaps in the region of 20 per cent, but he thought the overall figure was not true. NASA workers say the number of Indians in the organization is in the region of 4-5 per cent, but the 36 per cent figure is pure fiction.



The number of physicians of Indian-origin in the US is a little easier to estimate. The Association of American Physicians of Indian Origin (AAPI) has 42,000 members, in addition to around 15,000 medical students and residents. There were an estimated 850,000 doctors in the US in 2004. So, conflating the figures, no more than ten per cent of the physicians in US maybe of Indian-origin – and that includes Indian-Americans – assuming not everyone is registered with AAPI.



These numbers in themselves are remarkable considering Indians constitute less than one per cent of the US population. But in its enthusiasm to spin the image of the successful global Indian to its advantage, the government appears to have milked a long-discredited spam – an effort seen by some readers as the work of a lazy bureaucrat and an inept minister.



The story has attracted withering scrutiny and criticism on the Times of India’s website, with most readers across the world trashing it. “The minister should be hauled up by the house for breach of privilege of parliament (by presenting false information based on hearsay). We Indians are undoubtedly one of the most successful ethnic groups in USA, be it in Medicine, Engineering, Entrepreneurship. BUT, that does not translate to those ridiculous numbers that have been presented….this is a circulating e-mail hoax,” wrote in Soumya from USA, who said he worked at the NASA facility in Ames, California, and the number was nowhere near what was mentioned in the figures given to Parliament.



“This minister (D.Purandeshwari, Minister of State for HRD)… should be held accountable for misleading the members of parliament and the citizens of India. This just shows how illiterate and mentally defunct the current Indian govt. is,” wrote Anand from Melbourne.



Purandeshwari is not the first minister to use the dubious figures in a system where politicians depend heavily on their bureaucrats to furnish facts, figures, and speeches. Former home minister L.K.Advani used the same figures in a speech some years back on a visit to Washington DC.



Article: India rising in US: Govt falls victim to net hoax – The Times of India ‘http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/India-rising-in-US-Govt-falls-victim-to-net-hoax/articleshow/2856295.cms#ixzz16bLwzhvs’



This nonsense had been going round for a while, but many people still want to believe in it even though it is definitely not logical.



Please spread the info to stop this net hoax before it cause more embarrassment than good for India.


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 12-24-2012

=DELETED


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 12-25-2012

dailypioneer



Indian doctors in Britain fail key exams .



Monday, 24 December 2012 14:27 IANS | London Hits: 70 .





.









.





















inShare.













Hundreds of foreign doctors, including those from India and Pakistan, are routinely failing key medical exams in Britain, The Mail on Sunday said.





Success rates are so poor that medical associations want doctors to be allowed six attempts at passing the tests rather than the current four.



The revelation raises fears the trainee medics, mainly from India, Pakistan and Nigeria, are not suitably qualified to treat patients despite spending three years working for the NHS before taking the exam.



Until they pass the exams, which qualify them to practise independently as hospital physicians, trainees continue to see patients - under supervision - in placements at hospitals and GP surgeries.



Figures show that foreign doctors are substantially more likely to fail than UK graduates, with communication cited as one of the problems, according to the newspaper.



While just nine percent of British doctors fail to pass the knowledge and practical exams, more than 63 percent of foreign doctors do not reach the standard to pass.



The British Association of Physicians of Indian Origin (BAPIO) said it had not ruled out taking legal action against the British medical colleges which set the exams.



But their claims have been refuted by leading UK specialists who say a recent study showed "no substantial effects of gender or ethnicity on examiner/candidate interactions", and that passing the exams is dependent on having the appropriate skills.



Joyce Robins, co-director of campaign group Patient Concern, said: "This is scandalous. If a doctor can go on failing they shouldn't be treating patients in the NHS and that should be stopped.



"There has to be a cut-off point and four attempts is too many."



About 3,000 doctors a year take their final professional GP exams, set by the Royal College of GPs, The Mail on Sunday said.



Of the Indian doctors taking the test, 63 percent failed at the first attempt. For those from Pakistan, there was a 62 percent failure rate, while 68 percent of Nigerian doctors failed at the first try.


The Real Indian IQ - G.Subramaniam - 01-02-2013

Another data point for overall low Indian IQ



NEW DELHI: In an alarming indictment of the quality of training given to prospective school teachers, over 99% aspirants failed to clear the Central Teacher Eligibility Test (CTET) 2012.



The results of the competency test conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), declared on December 27, 2012, showed that less than 1% of the 7.95 lakh who appeared managed to clear the exam. In fact, since the exam was introduced in 2011, the pass percentage has been consistently declining. Educationists described the situation as alarming and "a wake up call for the quality of BEd degree being granted in the country."



The CTET was introduced in 2011 by the human resource development ministry to improve the quality of teaching in schools after the enactment of the Right to Education Act. CTET certification has been made mandatory to become a teacher for classes I to VIII in any central government school, while CBSE-affiliated schools can either recruit teachers based on CTET or the respective test conducted by states. In fact, the Delhi government too decided to adopt CTET for recruitment of teachers for government-run and aided schools. All CTET applicants need to be BEd graduates.



About 9.40 lakh aspirants registered for the test, conducted in November 2012. Some 7.96 lakh finally appeared for the test, of which only 4,849 managed to clear either Paper I or II or both. Clearing Paper I is mandatory for those wishing to teach classes I to V while Paper 2 is for those wishing to teach classes VI to VIII. Aspirants who wish to get certified for classes I to VIII need to clear both the papers.



The papers feature objective questions which test the aspirants' knowledge of English, mathematics and environmental science.



While the first CTET, conducted in 2011, recorded a pass percentage of around 9%, the figure declined to around 7% in the subsequent test, held on January 2012.



Terming the results as alarming, Anita Rampal, former dean of Delhi University's faculty of education, said: "Assuming that the nature of the questions are good and adequately challenging, then certainly this is a concern. The question is what the students are learning in BEd? And I am not surprised as we know how these degrees (BEd) are being awarded."



Another reason for the poor pass percentage, according to Rampal, "could be that many of our students (of BEd) are from Hindi medium."



In fact after the 2011 dismal show, MHRD has asked CBSE to analyse the results institution wise and provide feedbacks to teacher education institutions so that they can improve on their teaching and training.



Times of India