Zakzaky was released in December after his latest brush with the authorities, when the government dropped charges stemming from his proclamation: "There is no government except that of Islam".
But his freedom has not brought the release of many of his disciples, nor has it tempered his rejection of secularism and his demand for an Islamic state in multi-denominational Nigeria.
It is not only his religious militancy that is cause for concern among the authorities. His message of social justice and an end to corruption is clearly targeted at the downtrodden and the youth, the bedrock of his support. His network also clearly extends beyond the north, the historical Islamic heartland, analysts say.
"He is highly relevant both as a religious and political leader," Fabian Okoye of the Human Rights Monitor, a civil liberties group told IRIN. "In the first place, his religious group poses a serious challenge to the establishment in the north. They believe the kind of society they have, sanctioned by mainstream religious leaders, is ungodly and repressive. They believe the system needs to be uprooted."
http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/...3199e.html
<b>Mecca mosques 'wrongly aligned' </b><!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Some 200 mosques in Islam's holiest city, Mecca, point the wrong way for prayers, reports from Saudi Arabia say.
All mosques have a niche showing the direction of the most sacred Islamic site, the Kaaba, an ancient cube-like building in Mecca's Grand Mosque.
<b>But people looking down from recently built high-rises in Mecca found the niches in many older mosques were not pointing directly towards the Kaaba.
Some worshippers are said to be anxious about the validity of their prayers. </b>
There have been suggestions that laser beams could be used to make an exact measurement.
Tawfik al-Sudairy, Islamic affairs ministry deputy secretary, downplayed the problem in remarks quoted by the pan-Arab newspaper al-Hayat.
"There are no major errors but corrections have been made for some old mosques, thanks to modern techniques," he said.
"In any case, it does not affect the prayers."Â <!--emo& --><img src='style_emoticons/<#EMO_DIR#>/biggrin.gif' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt='biggrin.gif' /><!--endemo-->
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
04-06-2009, 04:59 PM
(This post was last modified: 04-06-2009, 05:01 PM by Husky.)
^ O the hysteria.
Tasteless hysteria to follow.
http://www.independent.ie/world-news/boat-...ul-1699585.html
Monday April 06 2009
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin--><b>Egypt jails couple over sex parties</b>
A married Egyptian couple has been sentenced to five and seven years in prison for having sex out of wedlock with other people they met through internet postings.
Tolba Abdel Hafez got seven years and his wife Salwa Hegazi got five years after being convicted. They were arrested last October after posting advertisements on the internet and soliciting other couples for sex parties.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
chowk.com
#128 Posted by ahmedmadani on April 21, 2009 7:27:13 pm
Re: # 125 Imran you have written very good and honest article. Your all 5 points you wrote are 200% correct. It is hard for people to suddenly change the also reflexible habit which has turned into second nature. Mostly will agree with you GOP is scared and at same time reluctantly engaging TTP and their friends. You need to study peroples psycology. We are idealogical state and have to carry burdens and we have to carry out struggle for freedom of Kashmir and in long term liberation of Indian Muslims for union with mother. At this time that program need to put in back burner and start for defence of pakistan heartlands of Punjab sindh.It is natural for army soldiers from Punjab not to fight and die fighting TTP as this western front is far away from their homes or home lands.
<b>8-year-old Saudi girl divorces 50-year-old husband</b><!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->CAIRO â An 8-year-old Saudi girl has divorced her middle-aged husband after her father forced her to marry him last year in exchange for about $13,000, her lawyer said Thursday. Saudi Arabia has come under increasing criticism at home and abroad for permitting child marriages. The United States, a close ally of the conservative Muslim kingdom, has called child marriage a "clear and unacceptable" violation of human rights.
The girl was allowed to divorce the 50-year-old man who she married in August after an out-of-court settlement had been reached in the case, said her lawyer, Abdulla al-Jeteli. The exact date of the divorce was not immediately known
............<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
The End of Islam
By God's grace, we are living in momentous times, which could be the beginning of the end of Islam.
Muslim states are the most severe persecutors of Christians and radical Muslim extremists are the most vicious terrorists, hijackers, kidnappers, suicide bombers and assassins in the world today.
MUSLIM MYTHS
Yet Muslims, and their public relations agents and apologists, claim that Islam is a great religion of learning and tolerance. I have heard Muslim Imams of the Islamic Propagation Centre International declare in the mosque in Durban that Muslims are âmore Jewish than the Jews and more Christian than the Christians!â All over the world, repeatedly, Muslims claim Islam to be superior to Christianity. âYou Christians are so divided. We Muslims are all united. You have so many denominations, but we Muslims are all one. In Islam there is perfect unity.â And âChristianity is a religion for the Whites only, Islam is the Black man's religion.â; âThere is no racism in Islam, we are all one in Islam.â âYou Christians have so many Bibles, and you keep changing the Bible, but we Muslims have only one Quran, and it has never been changed.â
JUST THE FACTS
Slavery, Terrorism and Islam exposes the falsehood of these and other prevalent myths propagated about Islam. Far from Islam being a great religion of learning, tolerance and peace, this book presents the historical facts, and sets the record straight. Muhammad declared that if other books confirmed what was in the Quran then they didn't need them. And if the books did not confirm what was in the Quran they didn't want them. So the order was: Burn them! The Muslims burned libraries all across North Africa and the Middle East. They burned the library of Alexandria - the largest library in the world at that time. It probably included original copies of the Bible and other priceless manuscripts.
A TRAIL OF DESTRUCTION
Over 3200 churches were destroyed or converted into mosques during the first century of Islamic Jihad alone. During the Muslim invasion of Syria in AD 634 thousands of Christians were massacred. As Mesopotamia was conquered between AD 635 and 643 many churches and monasteries were ransacked, and ministers and Christians slain. In the conquest of Egypt AD 640 and 641, the towns of Behnesa, Fayum, Nikiu and Aboit were all put to the sword. When the Muslims invaded Cyprus, they looted and pillaged homes and churches and massacred much of the population. In North Africa, when Tripoli was captured in AD 643, all the Jews and Christians were forced to hand their women and children over as slaves. When Carthage was captured, it was burned to the ground and most of its inhabitants slaughtered.
Beginning in AD 712 the Muslim armies invaded India. They smashed and demolished temples, plundered palaces, slaughtered millions of Indian men and enslaved the women and children. The ancient cities of Baranasai Mathura, Uggain, Maheshwar, Jwalamukhi and Dwarka were sacked, the populations massacred, and not one temple left standing.
âTHE BLOODIEST STORY IN HISTORYâ
Will Durant in his The Story of Civilisations, describes the Muslim invasion of India as âprobably the bloodiest story in history.â The North Western region of India is called the Hindu Kush (âthe slaughter of the Hinduâ) as a reminder of the vast number of Hindu slaves who died while being marched across the Afghan Mountains to the Muslim slave markets in Central Asia. The Buddhists were also targeted for destruction. In AD 1193 Muhammad Khilji burned to the ground their famous library and the Buddhist stronghold of Bihar.
Shah Jahan is remembered as the builder of the Taj Mahal. What few Westerners know is that the builder of the Taj Mahal launched 48 military campaigns against non-Muslims in just 30 years. In AD 1628 he killed all his male relatives. Shah Jahan had 5,000 concubines in his harem but also indulged in incestuous sex with his daughters. In just one town, Banares, Jahan destroyed 76 Hindu temples. He also demolished Christian churches at Agra and Lahore. When he captured Hugh, a Portuguese enclave near Calcutta, he had 10,000 inhabitants âblown up with powder, drowned in water or burned by fire.â Another 4,000 were enslaved and offered Islam or death. Those who refused to convert were killed.
http://www.frontline.org.za/news/end_of_islam.htm
05-09-2009, 02:52 PM
(This post was last modified: 05-09-2009, 03:00 PM by Husky.)
Islamic brotherhood. A.K.A. the real casta system: islamaniac Arabs at top, running over islamaniac Afghans with SUV. Both being the victims of the christoislamic meme, behave islamically.
Indian muslims are even lower in the hierarchy than Afghans. Naturally they want to be in the company of the Faithful Sheikh instead of amongst us kaffirs. Inshallah they'll have a similarly 'refreshing' experience with the Lebanese Sheikh when they go on hajj. Instead of sending a postcard, the faithful sheikh will send their relatives a copy of the film he always takes.
http://rajeev2004.blogspot.com/2009/05/whe...man-rights.html
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Saturday, May 02, 2009
<b>When will the U.S. speak up on human-rights abuses in oil sheikhdoms?</b>
may 2, 2009
first there was johann hari's harrowing tale of life in dubai recently (posted here). now this from abu dhabi.
ah, so much peace! i wonder why the love people aren't subject to this sort of peace.
---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Brahma
Click on this link to see the savage torture by a UAE sheikh:
first shown last week by ABC News
http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=7407186
May 2, 2009 NYT
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/02/world/mi...02emirates.html
<b>Videotape Complicates U.S. Deal With Emirates</b>
By ROBERT F. WORTH
BEIRUT, Lebanon â A gruesome videotape showing a member of the Abu Dhabi ruling family torturing an Afghan grain merchant has begun casting a lurid new light on allegations of human rights abuses in a city-state better known for skyscrapers and global finance.
The 45-minute videotape shows Sheik Issa bin Zayed al-Nahyan, assisted by uniformed police officers, torturing the merchant with whips, cattle prods and a wooden plank with a protruding nail, and finally driving over him with an S.U.V.
The videotape â first shown last week by ABC News â has provoked outrage from members of Congress, who said it could add fuel to lawmakers' reservations about a pending civilian nuclear agreement between the United States and the United Arab Emirates, the seven-member federation on the Persian Gulf to which Abu Dhabi belongs.
The controversy comes at a delicate time for the oil-rich Emirates, whose reputation for tolerance and soaring financial success has already been tarnished in recent months by a collapsing real estate boom and a crackdown on the foreign news media. Web sites with links to the torture tape have been blocked in the Emirates, in violation of the Emirates' own policies. No local news media reported on it until the Abu Dhabi government issued a short statement on Wednesday condemning the acts shown on the video.
Still, outrage has been quietly growing among citizens of the Emirates, where the prestige of the ruling family is important to political stability.
"They've put a lot of political capital into this nuclear deal; they have to push it through," said Christopher M. Davidson, a scholar who has written extensively on the Emirates. "But to do so, they may have to sacrifice one of their own, and that will damage the myth of the ruling family."
The videotape, made in 2004, emerged in a separate lawsuit filed by Bassam Nabulsi, a former business partner of Sheik Issa. Mr. Nabulsi, an American citizen from Houston, claims he was later tortured by Emirates police officers after he refused to hand over the videotape.
The tape was made by Mr. Nabulsi's brother on orders from Sheik Issa, who liked to film torture sessions and watch them later in his palace, said Anthony G. Buzbee, Mr. Nabulsi's lawyer.
(How very christoislamic.)
<b>The man being tortured in the video is Mohammed Shah Poor</b>, an Afghan grain merchant who Sheik Issa believed had cheated him, Mr. Buzbee said. Mr. Poor was gravely injured but survived, Mr. Buzbee said.
ABC News reported that the Abu Dhabi authorities had acknowledged Sheik Issa's role in the torture, and that they had said it was "not part of a pattern of behavior."
Last year, another member of the ruling family, Falah bin Zayed al-Nahyan, was convicted by a Swiss court of beating an American man with a belt in a Geneva hotel bar in 2003.
<b>Under the pending nuclear agreement, the United States would share expertise, technology and fuel in exchange for a promise by the Emirates to abide by international safeguards and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. The United States has already signed agreements with India, Egypt and Morocco, and is planning nuclear pacts with other states in the Middle East.</b>
Posted by nizhal yoddha at 5/02<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Non-existent jehovallah is most merciful, the commander of the faithful (Puppet mohammed) the perfect example and hence islam is truly the peaceful egalitarian brotherhood: Just look at how the islamic Afghan brother rolled over and took the torture (including being trampled upon by the car), seen as how it was meted out to him by his islamic Arab brother who - being Arabian - is placed higher in the islamic casta hierarchy. All caught on film for sadistic islamic Arabian brother's pleasure.
So why isn't all of IF converting to islamism already? If you had any remaining reservations (but how can you, after following the twin miracles of Pakistan-Jihadistan and Bangladesh-BunglingMess?), the above news would have secured you all. Now don't you all want to join The Brotherhood of Allah, The Ummah? Then repeat after me: jeebusjehovallah is the only gawd and mohammed is his puppet. You refuse? How <i>dare</i> IF resist allah. Dye you infidevils! <Snipped islamic screeching taken from the Koran. See faithfreedom website for the translations of the various 'decapitate the infidels!', 'Kill them wherever you find them!' quotes.)
<b>Muslim migrants riot in Athens</b><!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Dozens of cars have been smashed, 14 people injured and 46 arrested in riots by Muslim migrants over the alleged defacing of a Koran by a policeman.
Police fired tear gas and stun grenades at hundreds of protesters outside Parliament in the city centre
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Looks like rioting is part of Islam.
05-27-2009, 02:28 PM
(This post was last modified: 05-27-2009, 02:45 PM by Husky.)
<!--QuoteBegin-Mudy+May 25 2009, 01:58 AM-->QUOTE(Mudy @ May 25 2009, 01:58 AM)<!--QuoteEBegin-->Looks like rioting is part of Islam.
[right][snapback]97696[/snapback][/right]<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->Rioting <i>is</i> christoislamism. And so it looks like it, because it is.
Found this link off a comment at RS' blog:
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/Europe/Muslims-clash-with-Greek-police-for-second-day/articleshow/4566919.cms
(news from 2 days earlier to the developments posted in the previous post)
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin--><b>Muslims clash with Greek police for second day</b>
22 May 2009, 2201 hrs IST, AFP
ATHENS: Muslim immigrants clashed again with Greek police on Friday during a second day of protests in Athens over charges that officers tore up a Koran during an identity check of immigrants.
<b>Nearly 1,000 Muslims</b> rallied in the city's central Omonia square in a demonstration <b>organised by leftist</b>, immigrant and anti-racism groups.
Several men in their 20s and 30s from <b>Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh</b>, Syria and Somalia marched to parliament and the interior minister<b> shouting "Allah! Allah!" and slogans in Arabic. </b>
The Greek capital's main streets were closed amid a heavy police presence.
Violence broke out at the end of the demonstration as around <b>100 protesters threw projectiles at police</b>, who tried to disperse the crowd with tear gas.
"Immigrants are outraged. The incident on Wednesday was the straw that broke the camel's back," Vasso Akrivou, a member of the group Expel Racism, said.
<b>Around 1,500 Muslim immigrants launched a demonstration on Thursday</b> one day after hearing word of an incident involving the Koran.
Demonstrators said that when police stopped four Syrian immigrants to check their papers on Wednesday, one of the officers tore up a Koran and stamped on it.
The Greek police has opened an investigation into the allegations.
Police also used tear gas to disperse protesters who were throwing dustbins and stones on Thursday while a car was damaged during the clashes.
Greece is faced with a daily influx of immigrants from Asia via Turkey, many of whom are trying to reach Western Europe. Rights groups have complained of cases of police brutality against immigrants.
<b>Interior ministry figures for 2008 show that more than 146,000 illegal immigrants were arrested in Greece, of whom 57,000 had arrived from Turkey.
The total number of illegal immigrants living in Greece is estimated to be 250,000, most of them Albanian nationals.</b>Â
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
06-03-2009, 12:43 AM
(This post was last modified: 06-03-2009, 12:44 AM by ramana.)
One interesting thin is that Arabs lost control of political Islam in about a hundred years with the displacement of the Ummayad Caliphs of Damascus by the Abassids in Baghdad. The Abbassids were Arabised-Persians who took control of politicial Islam and relegated the Arabs to the backwaters they emerged from. This point is lost in the glowing accounts of historians who see a monolithic Islam through the centuries. The Arab reaction was the creation of Shiasim as an improvement but even this was adpted by later Persians. It was only during Muhammad Wahab that a retrun to Arabic roots was contemplated.
The Persians were able to take back the force of history as they converted wholesale (elite and commoner) to Islam. Thus they had demographic advantage. When Islam came to India, after the early Arab invasion were confined to a small region, it came through the TAP (Turco-Afghan-Persian) converts. The early converts were either defeated upper castes or extremely poor folks to carry on thier lives. This is what created the Ashraf and Ajlaf divide. Its this divide which prevents the growth of Islam in India for they can never takeover the religious dogma and doctrine of Islam being non-Arabs. The religious center will always be outside India and that will hinder its growth.
Link
<b>Shariah Finance: Joy Brighton, Shariah Finance Expert</b>
some ask it before why many western politicians suport islam.
could be 3 reasons
-after collapse of soviet union the west need a new strong enemy.
-leftists(marxists) need a religious suport after atheist communism was down;thats why the emphasis on islam as an equality sistem(the birth of religios comunism)
-to keep the more and more demanding westerners in control,also using muslims as a vote bank.
^^^
4. Use Islamic terrorism to create trouble for others (Russia, India etc.)
<!--QuoteBegin-shamu+Jun 22 2009, 07:00 AM-->QUOTE(shamu @ Jun 22 2009, 07:00 AM)<!--QuoteEBegin-->^^^
4. Use Islamic terrorism to create trouble for others (Russia, India etc.)
[right][snapback]99043[/snapback][/right]
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
There is a good idea to fund islamic moderates(some sufi) or minor islamic sects in order to be too busy which eachother for doing any damage outside their world?
<!--QuoteBegin-HareKrishna+Jun 21 2009, 12:31 PM-->QUOTE(HareKrishna @ Jun 21 2009, 12:31 PM)<!--QuoteEBegin-->
-leftists(marxists) need a religious suport after atheist communism was down;thats why the emphasis on islam as an equality sistem(the birth of religios comunism)
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
a more graphic pic of marxist-islamic alliance
http://www.indiadefence.com/hilal.jpg
07-03-2009, 11:39 AM
(This post was last modified: 07-03-2009, 06:21 PM by Husky.)
http://www.sueddeutsche.de/I5z38e/2943978/...e-Popmusik.html
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->6.06.2009
Und plötzlich hörte sie Popmusik
<b>Ein Vater ersticht seine 15-jährige Tochter - Schweinfurt ist bestürzt und rätselt über die Ursachen </b><!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
"A father stabs his 15-year old daughter - Schweinfurt is shocked and wonders about the causes."
Turkish dad stabs daughter while she was asleep for not being islamic enough (though she wore the veil to please him).
Check out her crimes against jeebusjehovallah:
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Sie lebt länger in Deutschland als ihr Mann, als OP-Schwester arbeitet sie an einem Schweinfurter Klinikum und engagiert sich im Elternbeirat des Gymnasiums, das die Tochter besucht. Wohl dort, so hat es Mehmet Ã. den Ermittlern anvertraut, lernte das Mädchen moderne Kulturtechniken, die er für verwerflich hält. Sie chattete im Internet. Sie telefonierte mit dem Handy. Sie hörte Popmusik. Immer wieder habe man darüber gestritten, soll der Vater berichtet haben. Die Tochter aber habe nicht hören wollen.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
The girl had started on all kinds of reprehensible modern culture stuff that the dad had argued with her over, but she wouldn't listen:
- she chatted on the internet (sharp intake of breath)
- she made phone calls (allaaaah!)
(I'm guessing the "Handy" is a mobile phone?)
- she listened to pop music (shaitan!)
Here. Instead of the roundabout German news from sueddeutsche, the more to-the-point Elsevier summary:
http://www.elsevier.nl/web/10239634/Nieuws...levensstijl.htm
(Translation of original at link)
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin--><b>Turkish father kills daughter for her western lifestyle</b>
Thursday 25 June 2009
The Turkish döner-salesman Mehmet à (döner is some food item I think, he also sold kebabs apparently) from the Southern German (township) Schweinfurt has stabbed his 15-year old daughter Büsra to death with a kitchen knife because she refused to follow the 'islamic path'.
That's what the German police has told the German paper Bild.
<b>Fled</b>
The stabbing took place on Wednesday morn. Around 3:30 in the early morning, Büsra's grandparents called up the emergency number.
Before the police got to the scene, the heavily wounded girl had already bled to death. Meanwhile à was on the run already.
The police were able to apprehend the Turk quickly. He confessed immediately to his crime. He stated that his motive was to end the quarrel/struggle with his 'rebellious' daughter.
<b>Heavy arguments/fighting</b>
'She had to die because she refused to follow the islamic path,' said a spokesperson of the police.
Büsra went to the Schweinfurt Gymnasium (in Dutch, 'Gymnasium' tends to mean a particular type of secondary high school, not necessarily the gym). Even though she wore a headscarf to please her father, she maintained a western lifestyle. This led to heavy fighting in the family.
By Luc van Kemenade<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
http://www.bild.de/BILD/news/2009/06/24/eh...et-tochter.html
<b>Wieder ein âEhrenmordâ? Türkischer Vater tötet 15-jährige Tochter
Yet another "honour killing"? Turkish father kills 15-year old daughter</b>
He stabbed her multiple times.
Islamic parental love. A global phenomenon.
07-03-2009, 06:10 PM
(This post was last modified: 07-03-2009, 06:10 PM by Husky.)
^ And:
1. http://haindavakeralam.com/HKPage.aspx?P...776&SKIN=W
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin--><b>Mother caned in Bangladesh for talking to Hindu man</b>
08/06/2009 13:21:18Â
DHAKA â A Muslim mother has been caned for talking to a Hindu man in Bangladesh, police said Saturday, prompting fresh concerns about a rise in cases of harsh <b>treatment of women under strict Islamic law</b>.
The punishment was carried out in a remote village in Muslim-majority Bangladesh on the orders of village elders, local police chief Enamul Monowar told AFP by telephone.
The village elders found Kamala Begum, 38, a mother of four, guilty under Islamic sharia law of chatting with an unidentified Hindu man, Monowar said. Hindus make up around 10 percent of Bangladesh's population.
Read full Report Here - Mother caned in Bangladesh for talking to Hindu man
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/artic...ZfH6WCrOLSYHxlg<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
2. http://haindavakeralam.com/HKPage.aspx?P...874&SKIN=W
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin--><b>Fatwa: Bangladeshi woman brutally whipped</b>
29/06/2009 03:13:18Â IANS
DHAKA: <b>A widow was whipped 202 times and a man 101 times following a fatwa by a religious leader for their alleged involvement in "anti-social activity"</b> in a village in southeastern Bangladesh, prompting local protests and action by the police.
(Maybe they were breathing at the wrong time. Is oxygen haraam or halaal?)
Piara Begum, a widow of 40, and Mamun Miah, 25, were whipped before hundreds of people at Khaiyar in Comilla district Saturday night.
<b>The woman fell unconscious and was rushed to hospital. Doctors said she was critically injured and needed to be given intensive treatment.</b>
Miah was whipped 101 times, The Daily Star newspaper said Monday.
Punishment under a fatwa is held illegal as per a high court ruling of 2001 in Bangladesh that has a predominant Sunni Muslim population.
The police arrested six people, including Moulana Mohammed Manirul Islam, a religious leader working in the local madrassa.
Piara Begum filed a case with the Debidwar police station under the Women and Children Repression Prevention Act.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
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