very strong evidence that Tarim populations were harappan-derived. This corroborates Oppenheimer's picture of S Asians moving into C Asia and performing a "T" split towrds the european and kamchatka culdesacs. Of course, these would have corresponded to the undifferentiated AInu types moving up from SEA.
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->AAPA 2004
East of Eden, west of Cathay: An investigation of Bronze Age interactions along the Great Silk Road.
B.E. Hemphill.
The Great Silk Road has long been known as a conduit for contacts between East and West. Until recently, these interactions were believed to date no earlier than the second century B.C. However, recent discoveries in the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang (western China) suggest that initial contact may have occurred during the first half of the second millennium B.C. The site of Yanbulaq has been offered as empirical evidence for direct physical contact between Eastern and Western populations, due to architectural, agricultural, and metallurgical practices like those from the West, ceramic vessels like those from the East, and human remains identified as encompassing both Europoid and Mongoloid physical types.
Eight cranial measurements from 30 Aeneolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and modern samples, encompassing 1505 adults from the Russian steppe, China, Central Asia, Iran, Tibet, Nepal and the Indus Valley were compared to test whether those inhabitants of Yanbulaq identified as Europoid and Mongoloid exhibit closest phenetic affinities to Russian steppe and Chinese samples, respectively. Differences between samples were compared with Mahalanobis generalized distance (d2), and patterns of phenetic affinity were assessed with cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, and principal coordinates analysis.
Results indicate that, despite identification as Europoid and Mongoloid, inhabitants of Yanbulaq exhibit closest affinities to one another. No one recovered from Yanbulaq exhibits affinity to Russian steppe samples. Rather, the people of Yanbulaq possess <b>closest affinities to other Bronze Age Tarim Basin dwellers, </b><b>intermediate affinities to residents of the Indus Valley, </b>and only distant affinities to Chinese and Tibetan samples<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Oppenheimer also rules out a typological origin for C Asians; they are second only to South Asians in diversity and thus intimately derived from S Asia:
Oppenhiemer page 191:
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Nowhere outside of Africa do we find such deep diversity [as in South Asia] except, to a much lesser extent, in Central and North Asia. This picture of Central Asia as another transition zone between East and West is borne out in the rich mixture of European and Asian maternal mtDNA line also found in that region, suggesting that one of the primary splits after the arrival in India was to travel north up the Indus to Central Asia<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->.
BAsically, we see two parallel intensifications:
1. the undifferentiated type out of india into C asia and N. Asia
2. Mongoloid type out of SEA into Siberia.
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->AAPA 2004
East of Eden, west of Cathay: An investigation of Bronze Age interactions along the Great Silk Road.
B.E. Hemphill.
The Great Silk Road has long been known as a conduit for contacts between East and West. Until recently, these interactions were believed to date no earlier than the second century B.C. However, recent discoveries in the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang (western China) suggest that initial contact may have occurred during the first half of the second millennium B.C. The site of Yanbulaq has been offered as empirical evidence for direct physical contact between Eastern and Western populations, due to architectural, agricultural, and metallurgical practices like those from the West, ceramic vessels like those from the East, and human remains identified as encompassing both Europoid and Mongoloid physical types.
Eight cranial measurements from 30 Aeneolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and modern samples, encompassing 1505 adults from the Russian steppe, China, Central Asia, Iran, Tibet, Nepal and the Indus Valley were compared to test whether those inhabitants of Yanbulaq identified as Europoid and Mongoloid exhibit closest phenetic affinities to Russian steppe and Chinese samples, respectively. Differences between samples were compared with Mahalanobis generalized distance (d2), and patterns of phenetic affinity were assessed with cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, and principal coordinates analysis.
Results indicate that, despite identification as Europoid and Mongoloid, inhabitants of Yanbulaq exhibit closest affinities to one another. No one recovered from Yanbulaq exhibits affinity to Russian steppe samples. Rather, the people of Yanbulaq possess <b>closest affinities to other Bronze Age Tarim Basin dwellers, </b><b>intermediate affinities to residents of the Indus Valley, </b>and only distant affinities to Chinese and Tibetan samples<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Oppenheimer also rules out a typological origin for C Asians; they are second only to South Asians in diversity and thus intimately derived from S Asia:
Oppenhiemer page 191:
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Nowhere outside of Africa do we find such deep diversity [as in South Asia] except, to a much lesser extent, in Central and North Asia. This picture of Central Asia as another transition zone between East and West is borne out in the rich mixture of European and Asian maternal mtDNA line also found in that region, suggesting that one of the primary splits after the arrival in India was to travel north up the Indus to Central Asia<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->.
BAsically, we see two parallel intensifications:
1. the undifferentiated type out of india into C asia and N. Asia
2. Mongoloid type out of SEA into Siberia.