02-19-2006, 08:25 PM
Creation of Hinduism and Sanatana Dharma by the English
http://www.dalitstan.org/journal/hindutwa/...0/crt_heng.html
by Mukesh Naidu
Sanatanism Did Not Exist Before the English
Sanatana Dharma or Hinduism did not exist before the English entered India. This has been amply stated by Deivanayagam & Devakala,
" We are cognizant of the fact that the term 'Hindu religion' can not be found before the arrival of the Europeans in India. We are also aware of the fact that it was the Europeans who coined the term 'Hindu religion' to denote the Indian religions that were originated in India and followed by the Indians. "
-- [ Deva ]
Thus, `Hinduism' and `Sanatana Dharma' are European inventions describing a motley of separate religions like Sudroid Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Vedism, Shaktism, the Saura cults and Tantrism.
English Invention of Hinduism
John Z. Holwell is considered by the modern Hindutvadins to be one of the founding fathers of Hinduism. Even he did not use the word Hindoo, but used the term `Gentoo' instead :
" The story begins in 1767 when John Zephaniah Holwell's pioneering work was published under the lengthy title Interesting Historical Events, relating to the Provinces of Bengal and the Empire of Indostan.... As also the Mythology and Cosmogony, Fasts and Festivals of the Gentoos, followers of the Shastah, and a Dissertation on the Metempsychosis, commonly, though erroneously, called the Pythagorean doctrine. "
-- [ Giri.Ch.3 ]
Holwell described Hindus as " who from the earliest times have been an ornament to the creation if so much can with propriety be said of any known people on the earth" [ Kej pp.18-19 ]. He thus played a great role in inflating the pride of Brahmins and helped fuel Hindu Fascism.
Sir William Jones was another of the major players in the invention of Hinduism. His famous statement on Sanskrit helped " restore Hindu self-confidence to a great extent" -
" The Sanskrit language ..., whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure, more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity both in the roots of verbs and in the form of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps no longer exists "
-- William Jones, `Third Annual Discourse'
(Asiatic Researches, 1788), quoted in [ Kopf p.38 ].
Sir Jones' translation of the the Vedas and Manu-smrti into English led to the spread of the Hindu poison of racism into Europe, which ultimately caused the rise of Nazism in the 20th century. Translations of the Arthasastra led to the emergence of Modern Totalitarianism. Jones invented a non-existent Golden Vedic Age, which was the source of later Hindutva fascism : In the words of a modern Hindu Fascist scholar, " The Jones-Colebrooke portrayal of the Vedic age was the first reconstructed golden age of the Indian renaissance. Its importance for the rehabilitation of Hindus in their own esteem cannot possibly be exaggerated. " [ Giri.Ch.3 ] The fact that archaeology has conclusively proven the Vedic age to have been a dark age is conveniently dismissed.
Modern Hindutva shcolars praise Lord Hastings in his role in encouraging Hindu fundamentalism, and the other Englishmen who laid the foundations of their doctrines :
" [T]ribute must be paid to Warren Hastings who admired the Hindu inheritance and made its resurrection possible; James Princep, who deciphered the Brahmi script and thus facilitated the discovery of Emperor Ashoka, the most remarkable ruler in ancient India we know of so far; and Lord Curzon who ensured the preservation of India's great sculptural and architectural inheritance. "
-- [ Giri.Ch.3 ]
The Hindu College (now known as the Presidency College) was founded in 1817, again under British rule [ Giri.Ch.3 ] in order to spread Hindu-Aryan racism and fanaticism. Most of the money used to construct it came from British coffers !
Modern Hindutva sholars trace the invention of Hinduism not to the Arya Samaj but to the English and hence eulogize the English for their creation of that religion :
" Since the contribution of British Orientalists in the second half of the eighteenth century to the growth of self-awareness and pride in their past cultural achievements among educated Hindus is well known, it is rather surprising that the rise of Hindu nationalism should be traced back at best to the Arya Samaj in the late nineteenth century and, indeed, to the establishment of the Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in 1925 and 1926. Obviously, the record needs to be set straight and this perspective corrected. "
-- [ Giri.Ch.3 ]
English Creation of Bengali Renaissance
The Bengali Renaissance was also the creation of the English. There was in fact no Bengali language in ancient India, the name of the speech being Gaudiya. It is only the Muslims who used the word `Bangalla' (derived from Arabic `banga', to pray) for the region and Bengali for the local dialect of Urdu. Yet the English invented a new language, a combination of Sanskrit and Gaudiya, and propagated this Bengali hybrid :
" The renaissance in Bengali language and literature can, for example, be directly traced to the publication of Nathaniel Halhed's Grammar of the Bengali Language. "
-- [ Giri.Ch.3 ]
Vivekananda's Support of Fascist Hinduism
Vivekananda played a tremendous role in the spread of the English concept of Hinduism. The founder of the Hindu terrorist organization, the RSS, M.S.Golwalkar, was a disciple of the Vivekananda mission. Vivekananada openly advocated Hindu militarism :
" Swami Vivekanand represents the next phase in the development of the religion of patriotism. Three points are notable in this regard - his identification of Mother India with the supreme God; his attempt to reintroduce the Kshatriya element in the Hindu psyche; and his conviction that India was destined to be teacher of the human race in the spiritual realm. "
-- [ Giri.Ch.3 ]
While cultivating an image of non-violence abroad, he advocated fascism in India :
" You will understand Gita better with your biceps... What I want is muscles of iron and nerves of steel, inside which dwells a mind of the same material of which the thunderbolt is made. Strength, manhood, Kshatra-virya and Brahmateja."
-- Vivekananda in [ Vivek.III, p.300-1 ];
cited in [ Poddar, p.117 ].
Arya Samaj : Fountainhead of Fascism
The Arya Samaj is one of the most fanatic and narrow-minded religions ever to have arisen, Deriving most of its doctrines of hatred and bigotry from the fasist Vedas, this movement played a vital role in the revival of Vedic apartheid and the dissemination of hatred amongst `Hindus' against Muslims and Sudrans. The sole purpose was to blind the mind of the ordinary Hindu so much that they would overlook their own differences.
" The rise of Hindu nationalism can be traced to the Arya Samaj in the late nineteenth century. Like many leaders of ethnic and religious solidarity movements, Arya Samaj's founder Swami Dayanda believed that Hinduism was being tainted by western influences. Though he accepted western social and scientific theory, he felt that Hinduism reached its peak during the Verdic Golden era. "
-- [ Perry ]
The rhetoric of the modern RSS and other fundamentalist organisations is exactly that of the Arya Samaj -
" [T]he Arya Samaj proposed ideas about Hinduism that would later be used as the rhetoric of the Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashitrya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the group which would change the movement from an ethnic-based to a religious-based identity movement during most of the twentieth century."
-- [ Perry ]
Ironically, this movement opposed usage of the word `Hindu' : " Originally and ethnic-based identity movement, the group did not consider themselves Hindus, but rather called themselves Aryas. " [ Perry ]
The most important innovation of the Arya Samaj was the invention of a non-existent Vedic Golden Age, which archaeologists have shown was in fact one of the darkest ever known. Yet, with typical Brahminic obstinacy they continued to insist that " The people of the Verdic age were the chosen people before falling into a "decadent state characterized by the basest superstitions and idolatry" ( Jaffrelot cited in [ Perry ] ).
Another doctrine of the Arya Samaj was that the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya had to be destroyed to make way for a temple. On December 6, 1992, this doctrine finally bore fruit, when " a group of Hindu nationalists stormed the mosque killing Muslims worshipping within and destroying the structure. Participants included members of the VHP and RSS which recognize the birthplace of Ram as the most holy place in India" [ Perry ]. This act was followed by the pre-planned and well organised mass murder of 3000 innocent Muslims all over India.
Congress Secret Support for Hindutva
The next stage came with the rise of the Brahminist Congress. Behind its Pseudo-Secular mask, this party secretly promoted its policy of Brahminism. Thus, all major players of the Congress were Brahmins. Nehru, Shastri, Rajiv Gandhi and Indira Gandhi are only some of the Brahmins who have seized the reins of power in India.
" The significant rise of the Hindu nationalist movement was due not only to the popularity of the Hinduttva and religious rhetoric. India's oldest political party, Congress, also played a major role in the movement's resurgence."
-- [ Perry ]
The Hindu Mahasabha, one of the most fanatic Brahminist organisations, was an off-shoot of the Congress Party :
" The Hindu Mahasabha began as an extremist wing of the Congress Party, and popularized the idea of an atavistic return to the Verdic Golden Age of the Hindu Lord Ram. It is from Mahasabha that the teachings of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar emerge. Savarkar can be seen as the father of the Hindu nationalist movement and his writing Hinduttva (Hinduness) has served as the authoritative text for following movements. "
-- [ Perry ]
" Although [ the ] Mahasabha faded after expulsion from Congress in 1937, their ideas of Hinduttva and national unity were carried into prominence by the RSS and later movements" ( Jaffrelot, p.33 cited in [ Perry ])
Of course, since it became widely known that the Brahmani Indira Gandhi secretly butchered 200,000 Sikhs, the Brahmin liars have spread the concocted falsehoods that Indira Gandhi was a Muslim ! All this to merely fool the public ! Equally false lies have been fabricated about Pandit Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi; both are supposed to have been secret Muslims ! It takes the truly diseased brain of a Hindu-Aryan, fully incapacitated by millenia of brainwashing, to accept such Brahmin nonsense.
0
Brahmin Creation of Sangh Parivar With English Help
All of the founders of Hindutva have been, and are, Brahmins. Thus Hindutva is, like Secularism, Vegetarianism, Devadasism, Female Infanticide, Jainism and Hijrahism, merely another Brahminist conspiracy designed to eat away at the foundations of the non-Brahmin peoples. Hegdewar (founder of the RSS) Golwalkar (second leader of the RSS), Sarvarkar (leader of the Hindu Mahasabha and sometimes called the Father of Hindutva), and Vajpayee (BJP Prime Minister) are all accursed Brahmins, most of them from Maharashtra. The BJP was itself founded by another bigoted Brahmin, Syama Prasad Mookerjee !
" The BJP began in 1980 as a fusion of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) and the Janata party after the Janata led coalition fell apart in 1979. The BJP considers Syama Prasad Mookerjee its founder, although he actually only founded the BJS and died in 1953."
So wretched Brahmins are behind all these terrorist organisations, from beginning to end ! Pragna Patel writes "The RSS claims to a be a cultural organization working mainly with boys and young men (and more recently women), but whose leaders in the past, have aspired to emulate German nationalism under Hitler, built on anti-Semitic and racist ideology. Its central objective is to forge a militant Hindu identity, by communalising the arenas of sports, culture and other extra-parliamentary spaces." [ Perry ] So, after hiding behind the front of Pseudo-secularism of the Congress Party for 50 years, the Brahmins have now shed the mantle to become the die-hard fascists that they really are ! In this, they have been aided immeasurably by that invention of the English : Hinduism.
References
[ Kej ] = `The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India's Past' , O.P.Kejariwal, New Delhi, 1988.
[ Kopf ] = `British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773-1835' , David Kopf, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1969.
[ Perry ] = `The Rise of Hindu Nationalism in India', by A.Perry, Haverford Paper.
[ Podder ] = `Renaissance in Bengal' , Arabinda Poddar, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, 1977, p.117.
[ Giri ] = `The Hindu Phenomenon', by Girilal Jain, Voice of India Publications.
[ Deva ] = `Are the Brahmins Leaders of Hindu Religion?' Dr. M. Deivanayagam Dr. D. Devakala, Madras 1998.
[ Vivek ] = `Complete Works of Swami Vivekanand' , Vol.III, pp.300-01: `The Future of India', by Swami Vivekananda.
Notes to Electronic Edition
Some of the references cited above were published at the URLs given:
* [ Deva ] : http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/1...hmins.html
* [ Giri] : http://hindubooks.org/HinduPhe/index.htm
* [ Perry ] : http://students.haverford.edu/aperry/
Dalitstan Journal,
Volume 2, Issue 6, Dec. 2000
[ Current Index ] [ Main Hindutva Index ]
http://www.dalitstan.org/journal/hindutwa/...0/crt_heng.html
http://www.dalitstan.org/journal/hindutwa/...0/crt_heng.html
by Mukesh Naidu
Sanatanism Did Not Exist Before the English
Sanatana Dharma or Hinduism did not exist before the English entered India. This has been amply stated by Deivanayagam & Devakala,
" We are cognizant of the fact that the term 'Hindu religion' can not be found before the arrival of the Europeans in India. We are also aware of the fact that it was the Europeans who coined the term 'Hindu religion' to denote the Indian religions that were originated in India and followed by the Indians. "
-- [ Deva ]
Thus, `Hinduism' and `Sanatana Dharma' are European inventions describing a motley of separate religions like Sudroid Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Vedism, Shaktism, the Saura cults and Tantrism.
English Invention of Hinduism
John Z. Holwell is considered by the modern Hindutvadins to be one of the founding fathers of Hinduism. Even he did not use the word Hindoo, but used the term `Gentoo' instead :
" The story begins in 1767 when John Zephaniah Holwell's pioneering work was published under the lengthy title Interesting Historical Events, relating to the Provinces of Bengal and the Empire of Indostan.... As also the Mythology and Cosmogony, Fasts and Festivals of the Gentoos, followers of the Shastah, and a Dissertation on the Metempsychosis, commonly, though erroneously, called the Pythagorean doctrine. "
-- [ Giri.Ch.3 ]
Holwell described Hindus as " who from the earliest times have been an ornament to the creation if so much can with propriety be said of any known people on the earth" [ Kej pp.18-19 ]. He thus played a great role in inflating the pride of Brahmins and helped fuel Hindu Fascism.
Sir William Jones was another of the major players in the invention of Hinduism. His famous statement on Sanskrit helped " restore Hindu self-confidence to a great extent" -
" The Sanskrit language ..., whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure, more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity both in the roots of verbs and in the form of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps no longer exists "
-- William Jones, `Third Annual Discourse'
(Asiatic Researches, 1788), quoted in [ Kopf p.38 ].
Sir Jones' translation of the the Vedas and Manu-smrti into English led to the spread of the Hindu poison of racism into Europe, which ultimately caused the rise of Nazism in the 20th century. Translations of the Arthasastra led to the emergence of Modern Totalitarianism. Jones invented a non-existent Golden Vedic Age, which was the source of later Hindutva fascism : In the words of a modern Hindu Fascist scholar, " The Jones-Colebrooke portrayal of the Vedic age was the first reconstructed golden age of the Indian renaissance. Its importance for the rehabilitation of Hindus in their own esteem cannot possibly be exaggerated. " [ Giri.Ch.3 ] The fact that archaeology has conclusively proven the Vedic age to have been a dark age is conveniently dismissed.
Modern Hindutva shcolars praise Lord Hastings in his role in encouraging Hindu fundamentalism, and the other Englishmen who laid the foundations of their doctrines :
" [T]ribute must be paid to Warren Hastings who admired the Hindu inheritance and made its resurrection possible; James Princep, who deciphered the Brahmi script and thus facilitated the discovery of Emperor Ashoka, the most remarkable ruler in ancient India we know of so far; and Lord Curzon who ensured the preservation of India's great sculptural and architectural inheritance. "
-- [ Giri.Ch.3 ]
The Hindu College (now known as the Presidency College) was founded in 1817, again under British rule [ Giri.Ch.3 ] in order to spread Hindu-Aryan racism and fanaticism. Most of the money used to construct it came from British coffers !
Modern Hindutva sholars trace the invention of Hinduism not to the Arya Samaj but to the English and hence eulogize the English for their creation of that religion :
" Since the contribution of British Orientalists in the second half of the eighteenth century to the growth of self-awareness and pride in their past cultural achievements among educated Hindus is well known, it is rather surprising that the rise of Hindu nationalism should be traced back at best to the Arya Samaj in the late nineteenth century and, indeed, to the establishment of the Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in 1925 and 1926. Obviously, the record needs to be set straight and this perspective corrected. "
-- [ Giri.Ch.3 ]
English Creation of Bengali Renaissance
The Bengali Renaissance was also the creation of the English. There was in fact no Bengali language in ancient India, the name of the speech being Gaudiya. It is only the Muslims who used the word `Bangalla' (derived from Arabic `banga', to pray) for the region and Bengali for the local dialect of Urdu. Yet the English invented a new language, a combination of Sanskrit and Gaudiya, and propagated this Bengali hybrid :
" The renaissance in Bengali language and literature can, for example, be directly traced to the publication of Nathaniel Halhed's Grammar of the Bengali Language. "
-- [ Giri.Ch.3 ]
Vivekananda's Support of Fascist Hinduism
Vivekananda played a tremendous role in the spread of the English concept of Hinduism. The founder of the Hindu terrorist organization, the RSS, M.S.Golwalkar, was a disciple of the Vivekananda mission. Vivekananada openly advocated Hindu militarism :
" Swami Vivekanand represents the next phase in the development of the religion of patriotism. Three points are notable in this regard - his identification of Mother India with the supreme God; his attempt to reintroduce the Kshatriya element in the Hindu psyche; and his conviction that India was destined to be teacher of the human race in the spiritual realm. "
-- [ Giri.Ch.3 ]
While cultivating an image of non-violence abroad, he advocated fascism in India :
" You will understand Gita better with your biceps... What I want is muscles of iron and nerves of steel, inside which dwells a mind of the same material of which the thunderbolt is made. Strength, manhood, Kshatra-virya and Brahmateja."
-- Vivekananda in [ Vivek.III, p.300-1 ];
cited in [ Poddar, p.117 ].
Arya Samaj : Fountainhead of Fascism
The Arya Samaj is one of the most fanatic and narrow-minded religions ever to have arisen, Deriving most of its doctrines of hatred and bigotry from the fasist Vedas, this movement played a vital role in the revival of Vedic apartheid and the dissemination of hatred amongst `Hindus' against Muslims and Sudrans. The sole purpose was to blind the mind of the ordinary Hindu so much that they would overlook their own differences.
" The rise of Hindu nationalism can be traced to the Arya Samaj in the late nineteenth century. Like many leaders of ethnic and religious solidarity movements, Arya Samaj's founder Swami Dayanda believed that Hinduism was being tainted by western influences. Though he accepted western social and scientific theory, he felt that Hinduism reached its peak during the Verdic Golden era. "
-- [ Perry ]
The rhetoric of the modern RSS and other fundamentalist organisations is exactly that of the Arya Samaj -
" [T]he Arya Samaj proposed ideas about Hinduism that would later be used as the rhetoric of the Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashitrya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the group which would change the movement from an ethnic-based to a religious-based identity movement during most of the twentieth century."
-- [ Perry ]
Ironically, this movement opposed usage of the word `Hindu' : " Originally and ethnic-based identity movement, the group did not consider themselves Hindus, but rather called themselves Aryas. " [ Perry ]
The most important innovation of the Arya Samaj was the invention of a non-existent Vedic Golden Age, which archaeologists have shown was in fact one of the darkest ever known. Yet, with typical Brahminic obstinacy they continued to insist that " The people of the Verdic age were the chosen people before falling into a "decadent state characterized by the basest superstitions and idolatry" ( Jaffrelot cited in [ Perry ] ).
Another doctrine of the Arya Samaj was that the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya had to be destroyed to make way for a temple. On December 6, 1992, this doctrine finally bore fruit, when " a group of Hindu nationalists stormed the mosque killing Muslims worshipping within and destroying the structure. Participants included members of the VHP and RSS which recognize the birthplace of Ram as the most holy place in India" [ Perry ]. This act was followed by the pre-planned and well organised mass murder of 3000 innocent Muslims all over India.
Congress Secret Support for Hindutva
The next stage came with the rise of the Brahminist Congress. Behind its Pseudo-Secular mask, this party secretly promoted its policy of Brahminism. Thus, all major players of the Congress were Brahmins. Nehru, Shastri, Rajiv Gandhi and Indira Gandhi are only some of the Brahmins who have seized the reins of power in India.
" The significant rise of the Hindu nationalist movement was due not only to the popularity of the Hinduttva and religious rhetoric. India's oldest political party, Congress, also played a major role in the movement's resurgence."
-- [ Perry ]
The Hindu Mahasabha, one of the most fanatic Brahminist organisations, was an off-shoot of the Congress Party :
" The Hindu Mahasabha began as an extremist wing of the Congress Party, and popularized the idea of an atavistic return to the Verdic Golden Age of the Hindu Lord Ram. It is from Mahasabha that the teachings of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar emerge. Savarkar can be seen as the father of the Hindu nationalist movement and his writing Hinduttva (Hinduness) has served as the authoritative text for following movements. "
-- [ Perry ]
" Although [ the ] Mahasabha faded after expulsion from Congress in 1937, their ideas of Hinduttva and national unity were carried into prominence by the RSS and later movements" ( Jaffrelot, p.33 cited in [ Perry ])
Of course, since it became widely known that the Brahmani Indira Gandhi secretly butchered 200,000 Sikhs, the Brahmin liars have spread the concocted falsehoods that Indira Gandhi was a Muslim ! All this to merely fool the public ! Equally false lies have been fabricated about Pandit Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi; both are supposed to have been secret Muslims ! It takes the truly diseased brain of a Hindu-Aryan, fully incapacitated by millenia of brainwashing, to accept such Brahmin nonsense.
0
Brahmin Creation of Sangh Parivar With English Help
All of the founders of Hindutva have been, and are, Brahmins. Thus Hindutva is, like Secularism, Vegetarianism, Devadasism, Female Infanticide, Jainism and Hijrahism, merely another Brahminist conspiracy designed to eat away at the foundations of the non-Brahmin peoples. Hegdewar (founder of the RSS) Golwalkar (second leader of the RSS), Sarvarkar (leader of the Hindu Mahasabha and sometimes called the Father of Hindutva), and Vajpayee (BJP Prime Minister) are all accursed Brahmins, most of them from Maharashtra. The BJP was itself founded by another bigoted Brahmin, Syama Prasad Mookerjee !
" The BJP began in 1980 as a fusion of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) and the Janata party after the Janata led coalition fell apart in 1979. The BJP considers Syama Prasad Mookerjee its founder, although he actually only founded the BJS and died in 1953."
So wretched Brahmins are behind all these terrorist organisations, from beginning to end ! Pragna Patel writes "The RSS claims to a be a cultural organization working mainly with boys and young men (and more recently women), but whose leaders in the past, have aspired to emulate German nationalism under Hitler, built on anti-Semitic and racist ideology. Its central objective is to forge a militant Hindu identity, by communalising the arenas of sports, culture and other extra-parliamentary spaces." [ Perry ] So, after hiding behind the front of Pseudo-secularism of the Congress Party for 50 years, the Brahmins have now shed the mantle to become the die-hard fascists that they really are ! In this, they have been aided immeasurably by that invention of the English : Hinduism.
References
[ Kej ] = `The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India's Past' , O.P.Kejariwal, New Delhi, 1988.
[ Kopf ] = `British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773-1835' , David Kopf, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1969.
[ Perry ] = `The Rise of Hindu Nationalism in India', by A.Perry, Haverford Paper.
[ Podder ] = `Renaissance in Bengal' , Arabinda Poddar, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, 1977, p.117.
[ Giri ] = `The Hindu Phenomenon', by Girilal Jain, Voice of India Publications.
[ Deva ] = `Are the Brahmins Leaders of Hindu Religion?' Dr. M. Deivanayagam Dr. D. Devakala, Madras 1998.
[ Vivek ] = `Complete Works of Swami Vivekanand' , Vol.III, pp.300-01: `The Future of India', by Swami Vivekananda.
Notes to Electronic Edition
Some of the references cited above were published at the URLs given:
* [ Deva ] : http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/1...hmins.html
* [ Giri] : http://hindubooks.org/HinduPhe/index.htm
* [ Perry ] : http://students.haverford.edu/aperry/
Dalitstan Journal,
Volume 2, Issue 6, Dec. 2000
[ Current Index ] [ Main Hindutva Index ]
http://www.dalitstan.org/journal/hindutwa/...0/crt_heng.html