04-28-2006, 01:34 AM
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->AjÃt Singh and other Rájpúts.
[Text, vol. ii. p. 605.] Towards the end of the year 1119 the Emperor marched from Ãgra, with the intention of chastising the Rájpúts in the vicinity of ÃdÃpúr and Jodpúr. From the reports of the news-writers of the province of AjmÃr, and the parganas around Jodpúr, the following matters became known to His Majesty. Rája AjÃt Singh, who was called the son of Rája Jaswant, had been brought up by the wiles of Durgá Dás, and other evil-disposed infidels, as the son of the deceased Rája.* He had cast off his allegiance to the late Emperor, and done many improper things. After the death of Aurangzeb he again showed his disobedience and rebellion by oppressing Musulmáns, forbidding the killing of cows, preventing the summons to prayer, razing the mosques which had been built after the destruction of the idol-temples in the late reign, and repairing and building anew idol-temples. He warmly supported and assisted the army of the Ráná of ÃdÃpúr, and was closely allied with Rája Jai Singh, whose son-in-law he was. He had carried his disaffection so far that he had not attended at Court since the accession. On the 8th Sha'bán the Emperor marched to punish this rebel and his tribe, by way of Ãmber, the native land of Jai Singh, between AjmÃr and Chitor. * *
AjÃt Singh and his allied Rájas knew that submission and obedience alone could save them and their families and proÂperty; so he addressed himself to Khán-khánán and his son Khán-zamán, expressing his sorrow, humility, and obedience; and he sent a message humbly asking that Khán-zamán and the KázÃu-l Kuzát might come into Jodpúr, to rebuild the mosques, destroy the idol-temples, enforce the provisions of the law about the summons to prayer and the killing of cows, to appoint magistrates and to commission officers to collect the jizya. His submission was graciously accepted, and his requests granted.* Officers of justice, kázÃs, muftÃs, imáms, and muazzins (criers to prayer) were appointed in Jodpúr and other towns in the country. AjÃt Singh and Jai Singh, with the concurrence of Durgá Dás, who was the very soul of the opposition, came to Court in hope of receiving pardon for their offences, and each was honoured with the gift of a robe, elephant, etc.
http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?fi...017&ct=106<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->THIRD YEAR OF THE REIGN (1125 A.H., 1713 A.D.).
Religious Disturbances.
[vol. ii. p. 755.] After Dáúd Panà became Súbadár of Ahmad-ábád in Gujarát, in the second year of the reign, on the night when the holà of the Hindús is burnt, a certain Hindú, between whose house and the house of some Musulmáns there was a court-yard common to both houses, prepared to burn the holà in front of his house; but the Musulmáns prevented him. The Hindú went to Dáúd Khán, who frequently favoured the infidels, and argued that he had a right to do as he liked in his own house. After a good deal of talk and importunity, the right to burn the holà was allowed. Next day a Musulmán, who dwelt opposite the house, desiring to give an entertainment in honour of the Prophet, brought a cow and slaughtered it there, on the ground that it was his own house. All the Hindús of the quarter assembled in a mob round the Musulmáns, and the Musulmáns, being unable to resist, went into their houses and hid themÂselves.
The Hindús grew so bold and violent that they seized a lad of fourteen or fifteen years old, the son of a cow-butcher, and, according to the statement of one of the citizens who fell into their hands, they dragged the boy off and slaughtered him. The report and sight of this outrage drew the Musul-máns together from all quarters; the cry for a general disÂturbance was raised, and they were ready to do battle with the Hindús. A great concourse assembled, and among them several thousand Afgháns, in the service of Dáúd Khán, eager to defend the honour of Islám, without caring to please their master. The Afgháns of the suburbs and the inhabitants of the city assembled together in a great crowd, and went off with one accord to the house of the kázÃ. The kázà seeing the mob, hearing the disturbance, and thinking of the partiality of the Súbadár, shut his door upon the people.
Report says that upon a hint of the kázà as to the conduct and partiality of Dáúd Khán towards the Hindús, the Musulmáns set fire to the door of the kázÃ's house, and began to burn the shops in the chauk and the houses of the Hindús. In the riot many shops were destroyed. They then went off with the intention of burning the house of Kapúr Chand, a jeweller, and an active infidel, who took a leading part in this business, and was an acquaintance of Dáúd Khán. He got notice of their intention, and, with a number of matchlockmen whom he collected, he shut the gate of his ward of the town and showed fight. Numbers of Musulmáns and Hindús were killed. The riot reached such a pitch that for three or four days all business and work in Ahmadábád was suspended. A large number of the leaders on both sides resolved to appeal to the Emperor. Dáúd Khán placed his own seal on the petition of Kapúr Chand, and the kázà and other officials having certified to the violence of the Musulmáns, it was sent to DehlÃ. Shaikh 'Abdu-l azÃz [and other Musulmáns] went in person to Court. [Further religious contention and violence at DehlÃ.]
http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?fi...017&ct=118<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Religious Troubles in KashmÃr.
[vol. ii. p. 867.] Mahbúb Khán, otherwise called 'Abdu-n Nabà KashmÃrÃ, had a long-standing enmity against the Hindús in KashmÃr. He had gathered round him many restless Mu-hammadans, with whom he went to the deputy of the súbadár and to the kázÃ, and, presenting certain legal opinions, he deÂmanded that the Hindús should be interdicted from riding on horses, from wearing coats (jáma), from putting on turbans and armour (chÃra o yarák), from going out for excursions in the fields and gardens, and from bathing on certain days. Upon this matter he was very virulent. The officials, in answer, said that they would act upon the rules laid down by the Emperor, and by the chief lawyers, in respect of the treatment of zimmÃs (protected unbelievers) throughout the provinces of the Empire. Mahbúb Khán was greatly offended, and, being supported by a party of Musulmáns, he annoyed and insulted Hindús wherever he met them. A Hindú could not pass through any market or street without being subjected to indignity.
One day Majlis RáÃ, a respected Hindú of KashmÃr, went out with a party to ramble in the fields and gardens, and they feasted Brahmans. Mahbúb Khán collected ten or twelve thousand Musulmáns, came upon them unawares, and began to beat, bind and kill them. Majlis Ráà escaped, and fled with some others to Ahmad Khán. Mahbúb Khán, with all his followers, went to the house of Majlis Ráà and the Hindú quarter, and began to plunder and to fire the houses. The Hindús and Musulmáns who interfered to prevent this were killed and wounded. After that they proceeded to the house of MÃr Ahmad Khán, where they set to work beating, throwing stones and bricks, and shooting arrows and bullets. Every man they found they detained and subjected to various indignities. Some they killed, others they wounded and plundered. MÃr Ahmad Khán for a day and night was unable to drive them from his house or to stop their violence, but had to employ many artifices to escape from them. Next day he got together a force, and, with MÃr Sháhúr Khán Bakhshà and other officials, they took horse and went against Mahbúb Khán. The rioters collected, as on the preceding day, and resisted Ahmad Khán. A party got in his rear and burnt the bridge over which he had crossed. They set fire to both sides of the street through which he had passed, and from in front and from the roofs and walls of the houses they discharged arrows and muskets and cast stones and bricks. Women and children flung filth, dirt, and whatever they could lay hands on. A fierce fight continued, in which * * and several others were killed or wounded. MÃr Ahmad Khán was in a great strait, for he could neither retire nor advance; so he was obliged to ask for mercy, and escaped from his dangerous position amid volleys of gibes and insults.
Mahbúb Khán proceeded to the Hindú quarter, and burnt and gutted the houses which remained. Again he proceeded to the house of MÃr Ahmad Khán, and dragged out of it with insult Majlis Ráà and a number of other persons who had taken refuge there. He and his followers cut off their ears and noses, circumcised them, and in some instances cut off the organ of generation. Another day they went tumultuously to the great mosque, degraded MÃr Ahmad Khán from his office of deputy of the súbadár, and, having given the prime cause of the disÂturbance the title of DÃndár Khán, they appointed him to act as ruler of the Musulmáns, and to enforce the commands of the law and the decisions of the kázÃs until a new deputy súbadár should come from the Court. For five months MÃr Ahmad Khán was deprived of power, and remained in retirement. DÃndár Khán acted as ruler, and, taking his seat in the mosque, discharged the Government business.
Upon intelligence of this outbreak reaching Court, Múmin Khán was sent to act as deputy of 'Ináyatu-llah Khán, the Súbadár. * * At the end of Shawwál he halted three kos from KashmÃr. Mahbúb Khán was ashamed of his unrighteous deeds, so he went to Khwája 'Abdu-llah, who was highly respected in KashmÃr, and begged him to go out with a number of the principal and most respectable Muhammadans to meet the new deputy, and bring him into the city with honour. * * Khwája 'Abdu-llah advised him in a friendly way to go to MÃr Sháhúr Khán BakhshÃ, and apologize for what had passed. If he did so, they would go out with him to meet the deputy. In accordance with this advice, Mahbúb Khán went to the house of Sháhúr Khán, and having made a statement to him, rose to depart, alleging he had some necessary business to attend to. The bakhshÃ, acting on the Khwája's advice, had called a number of the people from the Charbelà and Kahkarán quarters of the city, and concealed them about his house. They watched for Mahbúb Khán, and fell upon him unawares. First, before his eyes, they ripped up the bellies of his two young boys, who always accompanied him, and they killed him with great cruelty.
Next day the Musulmáns went to the Charbelà quarter, to exact retaliation for blood. This quarter was inhabited by ShÃ'as. There they began to beat, to bind, to kill, and to burn the houses. For two days the fight was kept up, but the assailants then prevailed. Two or three thousand people who were in that quarter, including a large number of Mughal travellers, were killed with their wives and families. Property to the value of lacs was plundered, and the war raged for two or three days. It is impossible to commit to writing all that I have heard about this outbreak. After this destruction, the rioters went to the houses of the kázà and the bakhshÃ. Sháhúr Khán concealed himself and the kázà escaped in disguise. They pulled down the kázÃ's house to the foundations, and carried the bricks of it away in their hands. Múmin Khán, after entering the city, sent MÃr Ahmad Khán under an escort to Ãmanábád, and then had to take severe measures with the people of KashmÃr.
http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?fi...017&ct=126<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
I guess this is how the supposedly peaceful conversion of Kashmir was achieved.
[Text, vol. ii. p. 605.] Towards the end of the year 1119 the Emperor marched from Ãgra, with the intention of chastising the Rájpúts in the vicinity of ÃdÃpúr and Jodpúr. From the reports of the news-writers of the province of AjmÃr, and the parganas around Jodpúr, the following matters became known to His Majesty. Rája AjÃt Singh, who was called the son of Rája Jaswant, had been brought up by the wiles of Durgá Dás, and other evil-disposed infidels, as the son of the deceased Rája.* He had cast off his allegiance to the late Emperor, and done many improper things. After the death of Aurangzeb he again showed his disobedience and rebellion by oppressing Musulmáns, forbidding the killing of cows, preventing the summons to prayer, razing the mosques which had been built after the destruction of the idol-temples in the late reign, and repairing and building anew idol-temples. He warmly supported and assisted the army of the Ráná of ÃdÃpúr, and was closely allied with Rája Jai Singh, whose son-in-law he was. He had carried his disaffection so far that he had not attended at Court since the accession. On the 8th Sha'bán the Emperor marched to punish this rebel and his tribe, by way of Ãmber, the native land of Jai Singh, between AjmÃr and Chitor. * *
AjÃt Singh and his allied Rájas knew that submission and obedience alone could save them and their families and proÂperty; so he addressed himself to Khán-khánán and his son Khán-zamán, expressing his sorrow, humility, and obedience; and he sent a message humbly asking that Khán-zamán and the KázÃu-l Kuzát might come into Jodpúr, to rebuild the mosques, destroy the idol-temples, enforce the provisions of the law about the summons to prayer and the killing of cows, to appoint magistrates and to commission officers to collect the jizya. His submission was graciously accepted, and his requests granted.* Officers of justice, kázÃs, muftÃs, imáms, and muazzins (criers to prayer) were appointed in Jodpúr and other towns in the country. AjÃt Singh and Jai Singh, with the concurrence of Durgá Dás, who was the very soul of the opposition, came to Court in hope of receiving pardon for their offences, and each was honoured with the gift of a robe, elephant, etc.
http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?fi...017&ct=106<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->THIRD YEAR OF THE REIGN (1125 A.H., 1713 A.D.).
Religious Disturbances.
[vol. ii. p. 755.] After Dáúd Panà became Súbadár of Ahmad-ábád in Gujarát, in the second year of the reign, on the night when the holà of the Hindús is burnt, a certain Hindú, between whose house and the house of some Musulmáns there was a court-yard common to both houses, prepared to burn the holà in front of his house; but the Musulmáns prevented him. The Hindú went to Dáúd Khán, who frequently favoured the infidels, and argued that he had a right to do as he liked in his own house. After a good deal of talk and importunity, the right to burn the holà was allowed. Next day a Musulmán, who dwelt opposite the house, desiring to give an entertainment in honour of the Prophet, brought a cow and slaughtered it there, on the ground that it was his own house. All the Hindús of the quarter assembled in a mob round the Musulmáns, and the Musulmáns, being unable to resist, went into their houses and hid themÂselves.
The Hindús grew so bold and violent that they seized a lad of fourteen or fifteen years old, the son of a cow-butcher, and, according to the statement of one of the citizens who fell into their hands, they dragged the boy off and slaughtered him. The report and sight of this outrage drew the Musul-máns together from all quarters; the cry for a general disÂturbance was raised, and they were ready to do battle with the Hindús. A great concourse assembled, and among them several thousand Afgháns, in the service of Dáúd Khán, eager to defend the honour of Islám, without caring to please their master. The Afgháns of the suburbs and the inhabitants of the city assembled together in a great crowd, and went off with one accord to the house of the kázÃ. The kázà seeing the mob, hearing the disturbance, and thinking of the partiality of the Súbadár, shut his door upon the people.
Report says that upon a hint of the kázà as to the conduct and partiality of Dáúd Khán towards the Hindús, the Musulmáns set fire to the door of the kázÃ's house, and began to burn the shops in the chauk and the houses of the Hindús. In the riot many shops were destroyed. They then went off with the intention of burning the house of Kapúr Chand, a jeweller, and an active infidel, who took a leading part in this business, and was an acquaintance of Dáúd Khán. He got notice of their intention, and, with a number of matchlockmen whom he collected, he shut the gate of his ward of the town and showed fight. Numbers of Musulmáns and Hindús were killed. The riot reached such a pitch that for three or four days all business and work in Ahmadábád was suspended. A large number of the leaders on both sides resolved to appeal to the Emperor. Dáúd Khán placed his own seal on the petition of Kapúr Chand, and the kázà and other officials having certified to the violence of the Musulmáns, it was sent to DehlÃ. Shaikh 'Abdu-l azÃz [and other Musulmáns] went in person to Court. [Further religious contention and violence at DehlÃ.]
http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?fi...017&ct=118<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Religious Troubles in KashmÃr.
[vol. ii. p. 867.] Mahbúb Khán, otherwise called 'Abdu-n Nabà KashmÃrÃ, had a long-standing enmity against the Hindús in KashmÃr. He had gathered round him many restless Mu-hammadans, with whom he went to the deputy of the súbadár and to the kázÃ, and, presenting certain legal opinions, he deÂmanded that the Hindús should be interdicted from riding on horses, from wearing coats (jáma), from putting on turbans and armour (chÃra o yarák), from going out for excursions in the fields and gardens, and from bathing on certain days. Upon this matter he was very virulent. The officials, in answer, said that they would act upon the rules laid down by the Emperor, and by the chief lawyers, in respect of the treatment of zimmÃs (protected unbelievers) throughout the provinces of the Empire. Mahbúb Khán was greatly offended, and, being supported by a party of Musulmáns, he annoyed and insulted Hindús wherever he met them. A Hindú could not pass through any market or street without being subjected to indignity.
One day Majlis RáÃ, a respected Hindú of KashmÃr, went out with a party to ramble in the fields and gardens, and they feasted Brahmans. Mahbúb Khán collected ten or twelve thousand Musulmáns, came upon them unawares, and began to beat, bind and kill them. Majlis Ráà escaped, and fled with some others to Ahmad Khán. Mahbúb Khán, with all his followers, went to the house of Majlis Ráà and the Hindú quarter, and began to plunder and to fire the houses. The Hindús and Musulmáns who interfered to prevent this were killed and wounded. After that they proceeded to the house of MÃr Ahmad Khán, where they set to work beating, throwing stones and bricks, and shooting arrows and bullets. Every man they found they detained and subjected to various indignities. Some they killed, others they wounded and plundered. MÃr Ahmad Khán for a day and night was unable to drive them from his house or to stop their violence, but had to employ many artifices to escape from them. Next day he got together a force, and, with MÃr Sháhúr Khán Bakhshà and other officials, they took horse and went against Mahbúb Khán. The rioters collected, as on the preceding day, and resisted Ahmad Khán. A party got in his rear and burnt the bridge over which he had crossed. They set fire to both sides of the street through which he had passed, and from in front and from the roofs and walls of the houses they discharged arrows and muskets and cast stones and bricks. Women and children flung filth, dirt, and whatever they could lay hands on. A fierce fight continued, in which * * and several others were killed or wounded. MÃr Ahmad Khán was in a great strait, for he could neither retire nor advance; so he was obliged to ask for mercy, and escaped from his dangerous position amid volleys of gibes and insults.
Mahbúb Khán proceeded to the Hindú quarter, and burnt and gutted the houses which remained. Again he proceeded to the house of MÃr Ahmad Khán, and dragged out of it with insult Majlis Ráà and a number of other persons who had taken refuge there. He and his followers cut off their ears and noses, circumcised them, and in some instances cut off the organ of generation. Another day they went tumultuously to the great mosque, degraded MÃr Ahmad Khán from his office of deputy of the súbadár, and, having given the prime cause of the disÂturbance the title of DÃndár Khán, they appointed him to act as ruler of the Musulmáns, and to enforce the commands of the law and the decisions of the kázÃs until a new deputy súbadár should come from the Court. For five months MÃr Ahmad Khán was deprived of power, and remained in retirement. DÃndár Khán acted as ruler, and, taking his seat in the mosque, discharged the Government business.
Upon intelligence of this outbreak reaching Court, Múmin Khán was sent to act as deputy of 'Ináyatu-llah Khán, the Súbadár. * * At the end of Shawwál he halted three kos from KashmÃr. Mahbúb Khán was ashamed of his unrighteous deeds, so he went to Khwája 'Abdu-llah, who was highly respected in KashmÃr, and begged him to go out with a number of the principal and most respectable Muhammadans to meet the new deputy, and bring him into the city with honour. * * Khwája 'Abdu-llah advised him in a friendly way to go to MÃr Sháhúr Khán BakhshÃ, and apologize for what had passed. If he did so, they would go out with him to meet the deputy. In accordance with this advice, Mahbúb Khán went to the house of Sháhúr Khán, and having made a statement to him, rose to depart, alleging he had some necessary business to attend to. The bakhshÃ, acting on the Khwája's advice, had called a number of the people from the Charbelà and Kahkarán quarters of the city, and concealed them about his house. They watched for Mahbúb Khán, and fell upon him unawares. First, before his eyes, they ripped up the bellies of his two young boys, who always accompanied him, and they killed him with great cruelty.
Next day the Musulmáns went to the Charbelà quarter, to exact retaliation for blood. This quarter was inhabited by ShÃ'as. There they began to beat, to bind, to kill, and to burn the houses. For two days the fight was kept up, but the assailants then prevailed. Two or three thousand people who were in that quarter, including a large number of Mughal travellers, were killed with their wives and families. Property to the value of lacs was plundered, and the war raged for two or three days. It is impossible to commit to writing all that I have heard about this outbreak. After this destruction, the rioters went to the houses of the kázà and the bakhshÃ. Sháhúr Khán concealed himself and the kázà escaped in disguise. They pulled down the kázÃ's house to the foundations, and carried the bricks of it away in their hands. Múmin Khán, after entering the city, sent MÃr Ahmad Khán under an escort to Ãmanábád, and then had to take severe measures with the people of KashmÃr.
http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?fi...017&ct=126<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
I guess this is how the supposedly peaceful conversion of Kashmir was achieved.