08-08-2006, 09:39 PM
Proselytisation - Supreme Court's order copy
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->CASE NO.:
Appeal (crl.) 814 of 2006
PETITIONER:
State of Karnataka & Anr
RESPONDENT:
Pastor P. Raju
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/08/2006
BENCH:
G.P. Mathur & Dalveer Bhandari
JUDGMENT:
J U D G M E N T
(Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No.5450 of 2005)
G. P. MATHUR, J.
Leave granted.
2. This appeal, by special leave, has been preferred against the judgment and order dated 23.2.2005 of Karnataka High Court by which initiation of criminal proceedings against the respondent under Section 153-B IPC were quashed in exercise of jurisdiction under Section 482 Cr.P.C.
3. One R.N. Lokesha son of R.S. Narayanappa resident of Ramapura, Channapatna, lodged an FIR alleging that at about 7.30 p.m. on 14.1.2005, he along with some other persons was celebrating Sankranthi festival when the respondent Pastor P. Raju, who is a member of Christian community, came there and made an appeal to them to get converted to Christian religion where they would get many benefits and facilities which were not available to them in Hindu religion to which they belong. It is also alleged that many persons who were present there resented the appeal made by the respondent and strongly opposed the plea or assertion for their conversion from Hindu religion to Christian religion. On the basis of the FIR, a case as Crime No.8 of 2005 was registered under Section 153-B IPC at the concerned police station. The respondent was arrested on 15.1.2005 and was produced before a Magistrate on the same day who remanded him to judicial custody as no application for bail had been filed. Subsequently, a bail application was moved under Section 436 Cr.P.C. before the learned Magistrate which was rejected on the ground that the offence under Section 153-B IPC being a non- bailable offence, the power under the aforesaid provision could not be exercised as the said provision empowered the Court to grant bail in bailable offences only. The respondent filed a petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. on 27.1.2005 for quashing of the proceedings initiated against him under Section 153-B IPC in case Crime No.8 of 2005. This petition was allowed by the High Court by the order under challenge and the entire proceedings initiated against the respondent were quashed.
4. The principal submission which was made before the High Court on behalf of the respondent was that before initiating any proceedings under Section 153-B IPC, the police ought to have obtained previous sanction of the Central Government or of the State Government or of the District Magistrate as required by Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C. and in the absence of such a sanction having been obtained, the proceedings initiated against the respondent were illegal and without jurisdiction. After hearing counsel for the parties, the learned judge framed the question for consideration in the following manner :-
"Having heard the arguments of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioner and the learned H.C.G.P. for the respondent/State, the point that arises for my consideration and decision is whether initiation of criminal proceedings against the petitioner is bad in law and whether prior sanction to prosecute a person who tries to instigate Hindus to convert into Christianity requires any prior sanction to register a case and arrest the accused under Section 153-B (1) of IPC ?"
(emphasis supplied)
5. The High Court has held that as the investigating agency had not obtained previous sanction of the Central Government or of the State Government or of the District Magistrate as required by Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C., the initiation of criminal proceedings against the respondent is bad in law and consequently it was liable to be quashed.
6. We have heard learned counsel for the appellant State of Karnataka, learned counsel for the respondent Pastor P. Raju and have perused the record.
7. The heading of Chapter XIV of Code of Criminal Procedure is
"Conditions Requisite For Initiation Of Proceedings". The first provision in this Chapter is Section 190 and it deals with the power of the Magistrate to take cognizance of offences. There are some other provisions in this Chapter which create an embargo on the power of the Court to take cognizance of offences committed by persons enumerated therein except on the complaint in writing of certain specified persons or with the previous sanction of certain specified authorities. Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C. with which we are concerned here reads as under :-
"196(1-A). No Court shall take cognizance of
(a) any offence punishable under Section 153-B or sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of Section 505 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), or
(b) a criminal conspiracy to commit such offence. except with the previous sanction of the Central Government or of the State Government or of the District
Magistrate."
A plain reading of this provision will show that no Court can
take cognizance of an offence punishable under Section 153-B or sub-
section (2) or sub-section (3) of Section 505 of Indian Penal Code or
a criminal conspiracy to commit such offence except with the
previous sanction of the Central Government or of the State
Government or of the District Magistrate. The opening words of the
Section are "No Court shall take cognizance" and consequently the
bar created by the provision is against taking of cognizance by the
Court. There is no bar against registration of a criminal case or
investigation by the police agency or submission of a report by the
police on completion of investigation, as contemplated by Section 173
Cr.P.C. If a criminal case is registered, investigation of the offence is
done and the police submits a report as a result of such investigation
before a Magistrate without the previous sanction of the Central
Government or of the State Government or of the District Magistrate,
there will be no violation of Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C. and no
illegality of any kind would be committed.
8. After the FIR had been lodged and a criminal case had been
registered against the respondent under Section 153-B IPC, the police
arrested him as the offence disclosed was a cognizable offence.
Thereafter, the respondent was produced before a Magistrate and the
Magistrate remanded him to judicial custody. The High Court seems
to have taken the view that as the learned Magistrate remanded the
respondent to judicial custody when he was produced before him in
accordance with Section 167 Cr.P.C., it amounted to taking
cognizance of the offence. The question that arises is whether passing
of an order of remand would amount to taking of cognizance of the
offence.
9. Several provisions in Chapter XIV of the Code of Criminal
Procedure use the word "cognizance". The very first Section in the
said Chapter, viz., Section 190 lays down how cognizance of offences
will be taken by a Magistrate. However, the word "cognizance" has
not been defined in the Code of Criminal Procedure. The dictionary
meaning of the word "cognizance" is - 'judicial hearing of a matter'.
The meaning of the word has been explained by judicial
pronouncements and it has acquired a definite connotation. The
earliest decision of this Court on the point is R.R. Chari v. State of
U.P. AIR 1951 SC 207, wherein it was held :-
"Taking cognizance does not involve any formal action
or indeed action of any kind but occurs as soon as a
Magistrate as such applies his mind to the suspected
commission of an offence."
In Darshan Singh Ram Kishan v. State of Maharashtra AIR
1971 SC 2372, while considering Section 190 of the Code of 1908, it
was observed that "taking cognizance does not involve any formal
action or indeed action of any kind but occurs as soon as a Magistrate
as such applies his mind to the suspected commission of an offence.
Cognizance, therefore, takes place at a point when a magistrate first
takes judicial notice of an offence. This is the position whether the
magistrate takes cognizance of an offence on a complaint, or on a
police report, or upon information of a person other than a police
officer." In Narayandas Bhagwandas Madhavdas v. The State of
West Bengal AIR 1959 SC 1118 it was held that before it can be said
that any Magistrate has taken cognizance of any offence under Section
190(1)(a) Criminal Procedure Code, he must not only have applied his
mind to the contents of the petition but must have done so for the
purpose of proceeding in a particular way as indicated in the
subsequent provisions of the Chapter proceeding under Section 200
and thereafter sending it for inquiry and report under Section 202. It
was observed that there is no special charm or any magical formula in
the __expression "taking cognizance" which merely means judicial
application of the mind of the Magistrate to the facts mentioned in the
complaint with a view to taking further action. It was also observed
that what Section 190 contemplates is that the Magistrate takes
cognizance once he makes himself fully conscious and aware of the
allegations made in the complaint and decides to examine or test the
validity of the said allegations. The Court then referred to the three
situations enumerated in sub-section (1) of Section 190 upon which a
Magistrate could take cognizance. Similar view was expressed in
Kishun Singh & Ors. v. State of Bihar (1993) 2 SCC 16 that when the
Magistrate takes notice of the accusations and applies his mind to the
allegations made in the complaint or police report or information and
on being satisfied that the allegations, if proved, would constitute an
offence, decides to initiate judicial proceedings against the alleged
offender, he is said to have taken cognizance of the offence. In State
of West Bengal v. Mohd. Khalid & Ors. (1995) 1 SCC 684 the Court
after taking note of the fact that the __expression had not been defined in
the Code held :-
"......... In its broad and literal sense, it means taking notice of an offence. This would include the intention of initiating judicial proceedings against the offender in respect of that offence and taking steps to see whether there is any basis for initiating judicial proceedings or for other purposes. The word 'cognizance' indicates the point when a Magistrate or a Judge first takes judicial notice of an offence. It is entirely a different thing from initiation of proceedings; rather it is the condition precedent to the initiation of proceedings by the Magistrate or the Judge. Cognizance is taken of cases and not of persons."
It is necessary to mention here that taking cognizance of an
offence is not the same thing as issuance of process. Cognizance is
taken at the initial stage when the Magistrate applies his judicial mind
to the facts mentioned in a complaint or to police report or upon
information received from any other person that an offence has been
committed. The issuance of process is at a subsequent stage when
after considering the material placed before it the Court decides to
proceed against the offenders against whom a prima facie case is
made out.
10. In the present case neither any complaint had been filed nor any
police report had been submitted nor any information had been given
by any person other than the police officer before the Magistrate
competent to take cognizance of the offence. After the FIR had been
lodged and a case had been registered under Section 153-B IPC, the
respondent was arrested by the police and thereafter he had been
produced before the Magistrate. The Magistrate had merely passed an
order remanding him to judicial custody. Section 167 Cr.P.C. finds
place in Chapter XII which deals with Information To The Police And
Their Powers To Investigate. This Section gives the procedure which
has to be followed when investigation cannot be completed within
twenty-four hours and requires that whenever any person is arrested
and detained in custody and it appears that the investigation cannot be
completed within the period of twenty-four hours fixed by Section 57
and there are grounds for believing that the accusation or information
is well founded, he shall be forthwith transmitted to the nearest
Judicial Magistrate along with copy of the entries in the diary. Sub-
section (2) of Section 167 will show that even a Magistrate who has
no jurisdiction to try the case can authorize the detention of the
accused. A limited role has to be performed by the Judicial
Magistrate to whom the accused has been forwarded, viz., to authorize
his detention. This is anterior to Section 190 Cr.P.C. which confers
power upon a Magistrate to take cognizance of an offence. Therefore,
an order remanding an accused to judicial custody does not amount to
taking cognizance of an offence. In such circumstances Section
196(1-A) Cr.P.C. can have no application at all and the High Court
clearly erred in quashing the proceedings on the ground that previous
sanction of the Central Government or of the State Government or of
the District Magistrate had not been obtained. It is important to note
that on the view taken by the High Court, no person accused of an
offence, which is of the nature which requires previous sanction of a
specified authority before taking of cognizance by the Court, can ever
be arrested nor such an offence can be investigated by the police. The
specified authority empowered to grant sanction does so after
applying his mind to the material collected during the course of
investigation. There is no occasion for grant of sanction soon after the
FIR is lodged nor such a power can be exercised before completion of
investigation and collection of evidence. Therefore, the whole
premise on the basis of which the proceedings have been quashed by
the High Court is wholly erroneous in law and is liable to be set aside.
11. There is another aspect of the matter which deserves notice.
The FIR in the case was lodged on 15.1.2005 and the petition under
Section 482 Cr.P.C. was filed within 12 days on 27.1.2005 when the
investigation had just commenced. The petition was allowed by the
High Court on 23.2.2005 when the investigation was still under
progress. No report as contemplated by Section 173 Cr.P.C. had been
submitted by the incharge of the police station concerned to the
Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of the offence. Section
482 Cr.P.C. saves inherent powers of the High Court and such a
power can be exercised to prevent abuse of the process of any Court
or otherwise to secure the ends of justice. This power can be
exercised to quash the criminal proceedings pending in any Court but
the power cannot be exercised to interfere with the statutory power of
the police to conduct investigation in a cognizable offence. This
question has been examined in detail in Union of India v. Prakash P.
Hinduja & Anr. (2003) 6 SCC 195, where after referring to King
Emperor v. Khwaja Nazir Ahmad AIR 1945 PC 18, H.N. Rishbud &
Inder Singh v. The State of Delhi AIR 1955 SC 196, State of West
Bengal v. SN Basak AIR 1963 SC 447, Abhinandan Jha & Ors. v.
Dinesh Mishra AIR 1968 SC 117 and State of Bihar & Anr. v. JAC
Saldanha & Ors. (1980) 1 SCC 554, it was observed as under in para
20 of the reports :-
"20. Thus the legal position is absolutely clear and also
settled by judicial authorities that the Court would not
interfere with the investigation or during the course of
investigation which would mean from the time of the
lodging of the First Information Report till the
submission of the report by the officer in charge of police
station in court under Section 173(2) Cr.P.C., this field
being exclusively reserved for the investigating agency."
This being the settled legal position, the High Court ought not
to have interfered with and quashed the entire proceedings in exercise
of power conferred by Section 482 Cr.P.C. when the matter was still
at the investigation stage.
12. In the concluding paragraph of the judgment under challenge,
the High Court has also observed that considering the facts and
circumstances and the allegations made in the complaint it could be
said that the initiation of criminal proceedings is abuse of process of
Court and miscarriage of justice. No reasons in support of the
aforesaid observation have been given. As already stated, the case
was still under investigation and the police was in the process of
collecting evidence. The sweeping remark made by the High Court in
the circumstances of the case was wholly unjustified.
13. For the reasons mentioned above, the appeal is allowed and the
judgment and order dated 23.2.2005 of the High Court is set aside. It
is made clear that any observation made in this order is only for the
limited purpose of deciding the appeal and shall not be construed as
an __expression of opinion on the merits of the case.
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->CASE NO.:
Appeal (crl.) 814 of 2006
PETITIONER:
State of Karnataka & Anr
RESPONDENT:
Pastor P. Raju
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/08/2006
BENCH:
G.P. Mathur & Dalveer Bhandari
JUDGMENT:
J U D G M E N T
(Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No.5450 of 2005)
G. P. MATHUR, J.
Leave granted.
2. This appeal, by special leave, has been preferred against the judgment and order dated 23.2.2005 of Karnataka High Court by which initiation of criminal proceedings against the respondent under Section 153-B IPC were quashed in exercise of jurisdiction under Section 482 Cr.P.C.
3. One R.N. Lokesha son of R.S. Narayanappa resident of Ramapura, Channapatna, lodged an FIR alleging that at about 7.30 p.m. on 14.1.2005, he along with some other persons was celebrating Sankranthi festival when the respondent Pastor P. Raju, who is a member of Christian community, came there and made an appeal to them to get converted to Christian religion where they would get many benefits and facilities which were not available to them in Hindu religion to which they belong. It is also alleged that many persons who were present there resented the appeal made by the respondent and strongly opposed the plea or assertion for their conversion from Hindu religion to Christian religion. On the basis of the FIR, a case as Crime No.8 of 2005 was registered under Section 153-B IPC at the concerned police station. The respondent was arrested on 15.1.2005 and was produced before a Magistrate on the same day who remanded him to judicial custody as no application for bail had been filed. Subsequently, a bail application was moved under Section 436 Cr.P.C. before the learned Magistrate which was rejected on the ground that the offence under Section 153-B IPC being a non- bailable offence, the power under the aforesaid provision could not be exercised as the said provision empowered the Court to grant bail in bailable offences only. The respondent filed a petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. on 27.1.2005 for quashing of the proceedings initiated against him under Section 153-B IPC in case Crime No.8 of 2005. This petition was allowed by the High Court by the order under challenge and the entire proceedings initiated against the respondent were quashed.
4. The principal submission which was made before the High Court on behalf of the respondent was that before initiating any proceedings under Section 153-B IPC, the police ought to have obtained previous sanction of the Central Government or of the State Government or of the District Magistrate as required by Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C. and in the absence of such a sanction having been obtained, the proceedings initiated against the respondent were illegal and without jurisdiction. After hearing counsel for the parties, the learned judge framed the question for consideration in the following manner :-
"Having heard the arguments of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioner and the learned H.C.G.P. for the respondent/State, the point that arises for my consideration and decision is whether initiation of criminal proceedings against the petitioner is bad in law and whether prior sanction to prosecute a person who tries to instigate Hindus to convert into Christianity requires any prior sanction to register a case and arrest the accused under Section 153-B (1) of IPC ?"
(emphasis supplied)
5. The High Court has held that as the investigating agency had not obtained previous sanction of the Central Government or of the State Government or of the District Magistrate as required by Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C., the initiation of criminal proceedings against the respondent is bad in law and consequently it was liable to be quashed.
6. We have heard learned counsel for the appellant State of Karnataka, learned counsel for the respondent Pastor P. Raju and have perused the record.
7. The heading of Chapter XIV of Code of Criminal Procedure is
"Conditions Requisite For Initiation Of Proceedings". The first provision in this Chapter is Section 190 and it deals with the power of the Magistrate to take cognizance of offences. There are some other provisions in this Chapter which create an embargo on the power of the Court to take cognizance of offences committed by persons enumerated therein except on the complaint in writing of certain specified persons or with the previous sanction of certain specified authorities. Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C. with which we are concerned here reads as under :-
"196(1-A). No Court shall take cognizance of
(a) any offence punishable under Section 153-B or sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of Section 505 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), or
(b) a criminal conspiracy to commit such offence. except with the previous sanction of the Central Government or of the State Government or of the District
Magistrate."
A plain reading of this provision will show that no Court can
take cognizance of an offence punishable under Section 153-B or sub-
section (2) or sub-section (3) of Section 505 of Indian Penal Code or
a criminal conspiracy to commit such offence except with the
previous sanction of the Central Government or of the State
Government or of the District Magistrate. The opening words of the
Section are "No Court shall take cognizance" and consequently the
bar created by the provision is against taking of cognizance by the
Court. There is no bar against registration of a criminal case or
investigation by the police agency or submission of a report by the
police on completion of investigation, as contemplated by Section 173
Cr.P.C. If a criminal case is registered, investigation of the offence is
done and the police submits a report as a result of such investigation
before a Magistrate without the previous sanction of the Central
Government or of the State Government or of the District Magistrate,
there will be no violation of Section 196(1-A) Cr.P.C. and no
illegality of any kind would be committed.
8. After the FIR had been lodged and a criminal case had been
registered against the respondent under Section 153-B IPC, the police
arrested him as the offence disclosed was a cognizable offence.
Thereafter, the respondent was produced before a Magistrate and the
Magistrate remanded him to judicial custody. The High Court seems
to have taken the view that as the learned Magistrate remanded the
respondent to judicial custody when he was produced before him in
accordance with Section 167 Cr.P.C., it amounted to taking
cognizance of the offence. The question that arises is whether passing
of an order of remand would amount to taking of cognizance of the
offence.
9. Several provisions in Chapter XIV of the Code of Criminal
Procedure use the word "cognizance". The very first Section in the
said Chapter, viz., Section 190 lays down how cognizance of offences
will be taken by a Magistrate. However, the word "cognizance" has
not been defined in the Code of Criminal Procedure. The dictionary
meaning of the word "cognizance" is - 'judicial hearing of a matter'.
The meaning of the word has been explained by judicial
pronouncements and it has acquired a definite connotation. The
earliest decision of this Court on the point is R.R. Chari v. State of
U.P. AIR 1951 SC 207, wherein it was held :-
"Taking cognizance does not involve any formal action
or indeed action of any kind but occurs as soon as a
Magistrate as such applies his mind to the suspected
commission of an offence."
In Darshan Singh Ram Kishan v. State of Maharashtra AIR
1971 SC 2372, while considering Section 190 of the Code of 1908, it
was observed that "taking cognizance does not involve any formal
action or indeed action of any kind but occurs as soon as a Magistrate
as such applies his mind to the suspected commission of an offence.
Cognizance, therefore, takes place at a point when a magistrate first
takes judicial notice of an offence. This is the position whether the
magistrate takes cognizance of an offence on a complaint, or on a
police report, or upon information of a person other than a police
officer." In Narayandas Bhagwandas Madhavdas v. The State of
West Bengal AIR 1959 SC 1118 it was held that before it can be said
that any Magistrate has taken cognizance of any offence under Section
190(1)(a) Criminal Procedure Code, he must not only have applied his
mind to the contents of the petition but must have done so for the
purpose of proceeding in a particular way as indicated in the
subsequent provisions of the Chapter proceeding under Section 200
and thereafter sending it for inquiry and report under Section 202. It
was observed that there is no special charm or any magical formula in
the __expression "taking cognizance" which merely means judicial
application of the mind of the Magistrate to the facts mentioned in the
complaint with a view to taking further action. It was also observed
that what Section 190 contemplates is that the Magistrate takes
cognizance once he makes himself fully conscious and aware of the
allegations made in the complaint and decides to examine or test the
validity of the said allegations. The Court then referred to the three
situations enumerated in sub-section (1) of Section 190 upon which a
Magistrate could take cognizance. Similar view was expressed in
Kishun Singh & Ors. v. State of Bihar (1993) 2 SCC 16 that when the
Magistrate takes notice of the accusations and applies his mind to the
allegations made in the complaint or police report or information and
on being satisfied that the allegations, if proved, would constitute an
offence, decides to initiate judicial proceedings against the alleged
offender, he is said to have taken cognizance of the offence. In State
of West Bengal v. Mohd. Khalid & Ors. (1995) 1 SCC 684 the Court
after taking note of the fact that the __expression had not been defined in
the Code held :-
"......... In its broad and literal sense, it means taking notice of an offence. This would include the intention of initiating judicial proceedings against the offender in respect of that offence and taking steps to see whether there is any basis for initiating judicial proceedings or for other purposes. The word 'cognizance' indicates the point when a Magistrate or a Judge first takes judicial notice of an offence. It is entirely a different thing from initiation of proceedings; rather it is the condition precedent to the initiation of proceedings by the Magistrate or the Judge. Cognizance is taken of cases and not of persons."
It is necessary to mention here that taking cognizance of an
offence is not the same thing as issuance of process. Cognizance is
taken at the initial stage when the Magistrate applies his judicial mind
to the facts mentioned in a complaint or to police report or upon
information received from any other person that an offence has been
committed. The issuance of process is at a subsequent stage when
after considering the material placed before it the Court decides to
proceed against the offenders against whom a prima facie case is
made out.
10. In the present case neither any complaint had been filed nor any
police report had been submitted nor any information had been given
by any person other than the police officer before the Magistrate
competent to take cognizance of the offence. After the FIR had been
lodged and a case had been registered under Section 153-B IPC, the
respondent was arrested by the police and thereafter he had been
produced before the Magistrate. The Magistrate had merely passed an
order remanding him to judicial custody. Section 167 Cr.P.C. finds
place in Chapter XII which deals with Information To The Police And
Their Powers To Investigate. This Section gives the procedure which
has to be followed when investigation cannot be completed within
twenty-four hours and requires that whenever any person is arrested
and detained in custody and it appears that the investigation cannot be
completed within the period of twenty-four hours fixed by Section 57
and there are grounds for believing that the accusation or information
is well founded, he shall be forthwith transmitted to the nearest
Judicial Magistrate along with copy of the entries in the diary. Sub-
section (2) of Section 167 will show that even a Magistrate who has
no jurisdiction to try the case can authorize the detention of the
accused. A limited role has to be performed by the Judicial
Magistrate to whom the accused has been forwarded, viz., to authorize
his detention. This is anterior to Section 190 Cr.P.C. which confers
power upon a Magistrate to take cognizance of an offence. Therefore,
an order remanding an accused to judicial custody does not amount to
taking cognizance of an offence. In such circumstances Section
196(1-A) Cr.P.C. can have no application at all and the High Court
clearly erred in quashing the proceedings on the ground that previous
sanction of the Central Government or of the State Government or of
the District Magistrate had not been obtained. It is important to note
that on the view taken by the High Court, no person accused of an
offence, which is of the nature which requires previous sanction of a
specified authority before taking of cognizance by the Court, can ever
be arrested nor such an offence can be investigated by the police. The
specified authority empowered to grant sanction does so after
applying his mind to the material collected during the course of
investigation. There is no occasion for grant of sanction soon after the
FIR is lodged nor such a power can be exercised before completion of
investigation and collection of evidence. Therefore, the whole
premise on the basis of which the proceedings have been quashed by
the High Court is wholly erroneous in law and is liable to be set aside.
11. There is another aspect of the matter which deserves notice.
The FIR in the case was lodged on 15.1.2005 and the petition under
Section 482 Cr.P.C. was filed within 12 days on 27.1.2005 when the
investigation had just commenced. The petition was allowed by the
High Court on 23.2.2005 when the investigation was still under
progress. No report as contemplated by Section 173 Cr.P.C. had been
submitted by the incharge of the police station concerned to the
Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of the offence. Section
482 Cr.P.C. saves inherent powers of the High Court and such a
power can be exercised to prevent abuse of the process of any Court
or otherwise to secure the ends of justice. This power can be
exercised to quash the criminal proceedings pending in any Court but
the power cannot be exercised to interfere with the statutory power of
the police to conduct investigation in a cognizable offence. This
question has been examined in detail in Union of India v. Prakash P.
Hinduja & Anr. (2003) 6 SCC 195, where after referring to King
Emperor v. Khwaja Nazir Ahmad AIR 1945 PC 18, H.N. Rishbud &
Inder Singh v. The State of Delhi AIR 1955 SC 196, State of West
Bengal v. SN Basak AIR 1963 SC 447, Abhinandan Jha & Ors. v.
Dinesh Mishra AIR 1968 SC 117 and State of Bihar & Anr. v. JAC
Saldanha & Ors. (1980) 1 SCC 554, it was observed as under in para
20 of the reports :-
"20. Thus the legal position is absolutely clear and also
settled by judicial authorities that the Court would not
interfere with the investigation or during the course of
investigation which would mean from the time of the
lodging of the First Information Report till the
submission of the report by the officer in charge of police
station in court under Section 173(2) Cr.P.C., this field
being exclusively reserved for the investigating agency."
This being the settled legal position, the High Court ought not
to have interfered with and quashed the entire proceedings in exercise
of power conferred by Section 482 Cr.P.C. when the matter was still
at the investigation stage.
12. In the concluding paragraph of the judgment under challenge,
the High Court has also observed that considering the facts and
circumstances and the allegations made in the complaint it could be
said that the initiation of criminal proceedings is abuse of process of
Court and miscarriage of justice. No reasons in support of the
aforesaid observation have been given. As already stated, the case
was still under investigation and the police was in the process of
collecting evidence. The sweeping remark made by the High Court in
the circumstances of the case was wholly unjustified.
13. For the reasons mentioned above, the appeal is allowed and the
judgment and order dated 23.2.2005 of the High Court is set aside. It
is made clear that any observation made in this order is only for the
limited purpose of deciding the appeal and shall not be construed as
an __expression of opinion on the merits of the case.
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