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Nepal News & Discussion


Thanks to Miami Mafia: Kaplan’s latest is hot off the presses from the May issue of the Atlantic Monthly. In brief, the article interviews an ancient British colonial officer still living in Nepal, and Kaplan talks about the Gurkhas and what Nepal’s 20th century history can tell us about today’s Royalist-Maoist struggle. Subscribers can read about it here, and an abridged excerpt follows below.

Colonel Cross of the Gurkhas

In the mountains of strife-torn Nepal, some lessons about modern warfare from a British throwback
by Robert D. Kaplan

The town of Pokhara, a half hour by plane west of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, lies in a dank and humid valley beneath the glittering snows and granite of the Annapurna range of the Himalayas. When I visited recently, in the company of a U.S. Army major, the town was wreathed in monsoon clouds. Water buffaloes meandered alongside black, mildewed walls that were almost completely covered with moss and further obscured by dripping banana leaves. Government paramilitaries in blue camouflage uniforms sleepily guarded their installations. In another era we could have arrived by bus or car, but Nepal today is torn by a Maoist insurrection, and the territory between Kathmandu and Pokhara is controlled or threatened by rebels. Pokhara was considered secure, but its atmosphere conjured collapse.

The U.S. Army major, who did not wish to be identified, is with the American team trying to help the beleaguered Nepalese monarchy in its campaign against the Maoists, and he and I had traveled to Pokhara to meet a military legend: the retired British army colonel John Philip Cross. Eighty years old, Cross greeted us outside his compound wearing a topi, dark glasses, a smart cravat, pressed shorts, and high woolen socks pulled up nearly to his knees. Those knees, I noticed, were tanned and powerful. He has covered 10,000 miles on foot through the Nepalese hills over the years, and still hikes twelve miles a day. Cross enlisted on April 2, 1943. On June 8, 1944—“D-Day plus two”—he boarded a troop ship for Bombay. Except for short visits to England he has lived in Asia ever since.

“A certain BBC reporter, God rot his soul, accused me of teaching torture,” Cross recalls. All in all he has spent a total of ten years in the jungle, often carrying the equivalent of his own weight on his back, which he terms “a delightful way of life.” He speaks French and nine Asian languages. Now, writing books on irregular warfare and Himalayan history that deserve to be read even though they aren’t, he is a minor and very eccentric offshoot of a British imperial species.

One cannot think about Nepalese fighting men—whether the Royal Nepalese Army, which is the government force, or the Maoist rebels—without thinking about the fierce and fabled Gurkhas. Throughout my travels with the U.S. military I ruminated on the American effort to raise indigenous troops and use them to project power. The story of the Gurkhas shows that the British were past masters at this.

The term “Gurkha” comes from a British mispronunciation of the town of Gorkha, in western Nepal, where the first units of these warriors were initially raised among Gurungs and Magars, Nepalese tribes of Mongolian origin. Not a true ethnic group, the Gurkhas represent what British officers since the mid-eighteenth century have considered the fighting classes of Nepal. The British first encountered them during the 1814–1816 war between Nepal and the Bengal Presidency of the East India Company. Impressed by their cheerful disposition even when wounded, the British bonded with their erstwhile adversaries. The relationship was solidified during the Indian Mutiny of 1857, when Gurkha recruits to the Indian army declined to revolt and in fact came to the aid of British civilians.

Afterward the Gurkhas fought for the British on India’s North West and North East Frontiers, in China during the Boxer Rebellion, in Mesopotamia and elsewhere during World War I, and throughout the globe during World War II. The British army used Gurkhas in the Falklands and the Balkans, and has used them in Iraq. They have served as UN peacekeepers in many places. Gurkha enlistees in the British military tend to come not only from the same tribes but from the same clans and families. In the 1970s forty-six sets of brothers were serving at the same time in a single battalion—the 6th Queen Elizabeth’s Own Gurkha Rifles.

“The toughness of Gurkha skulls is legendary,” writes the historian Byron Farwell. In 1931, on the North West Frontier, when a mess mule kicked a Gurkha havildar in the head with his iron-shod hooves, “the havildar complained of a headache and that evening wore a piece of sticking plaster on his forehead,” according to Farwell. “The mule went lame.”

I found the old Gurkhas a haunting presence, because they were sharpened, refined, exaggerated forms of the Marines and soldiers I had been befriending and describing in previous travels. There was something indisputably antique about these gentlemen warriors, who told me their life stories under a black-and-white photograph of Queen Elizabeth II. To call them Kiplingesque would be to cheapen them; they were practically out of the Iliad.

Balbasdar Basnet, a retired corporal in his seventies, was the most memorable of them. He had joined the Gurkha Rifles of the British army when he was sixteen. His shriveled, nut-brown face was capped by a topi. He had teeth on the right side of his mouth only, and his raspy voice fought against time.

Balbasdar was from a village so impoverished that he’d never tasted tea before joining the army. After basic training he served for eight months on the North West Frontier, guarding the border against “Pathans” (he used the nineteenth-century British term for what today we call Pushtuns). From there he went to Bombay, and then by ship to northwest Malaya for three months of jungle training, just as World War II was gathering force. Finally he fought the Japanese in close combat.

“Were you scared?” I asked.

“No, I was thinking only to do and die.” He actually said that.

For fifteen days he and other Gurkhas marched in the jungle, retreating from a much larger force of Japanese. He was taken prisoner early in the war, and for four years subsisted on beatings and 200 grams of rice a day, moving around among labor camps in Malaya, Java, Sumatra, and New Guinea, wearing nothing more than a loincloth. Hiroshima liberated him from his sufferings, he told me. Suddenly he was being fed and clothed, and a few weeks later New Zealand troops arrived to formally liberate him. Proud to have served Her Majesty, he told me.

This was no twenty-first-century Western mentality. Though many Marine and Army grunts make a good attempt at approaching the Gurkha corporal’s standard, the fact is that we are a softer, more complaining, less fatalistic society than the one the Gurkhas represent, and morally the better for it. But that is not without its disadvantages when confronting terrorists who have a very accommodating attitude toward their own violent death.

This was all bad news for the Royal Nepalese Army, I thought, though Colonel Cross was careful not to make explicit political statements, given his circumstances: the Maoists are in the hills nearby, and government forces are down the street. The fact is that the Maoists come from the same sturdy hill tribes that Cross recruited for decades, while many of the RNA’s forces are softer plainsmen and can’t employ artillery, because even a handful of civilian casualties would ignite protests from the international community. Moreover, the Maoists are fortified by “the mystic dimension of service and the sanctity of an oath,” whereas RNA recruits—aside from some specialized units—join for a salary and a career.

Of course, Colonel Cross is a throwback. His outlook and manner of expression can be brutal, almost perverse. He is living in a threatened backwater of the only country he can call his own. Still, there was a certain cruel logic in his pronouncements.

“It’s not about sugarcoated bullets and dispensing condoms in PXes,” he said. “You can’t fight properly until you know that you are going to die anyway. That’s extreme, but that’s the gold standard. You don’t join the army to wipe your enemy’s ass. You join to kill, or for you yourself to be killed, and above all to have a good sense of humor about it.”

http://www.cominganarchy.com/archives/2006...om-the-presses/

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Nepal News & Discussion - by Bodhi - 01-07-2009, 12:14 PM
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Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 01-07-2009, 12:30 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Pandyan - 01-07-2009, 04:07 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Husky - 01-07-2009, 06:00 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Husky - 01-07-2009, 06:17 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Bodhi - 01-08-2009, 01:15 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Husky - 01-09-2009, 06:18 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 01-10-2009, 12:41 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Husky - 01-10-2009, 11:28 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 01-12-2009, 03:27 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 01-12-2009, 03:32 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Husky - 01-12-2009, 04:39 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 01-13-2009, 03:10 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Husky - 01-24-2009, 02:31 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 01-24-2009, 06:44 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Husky - 01-25-2009, 05:48 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Bodhi - 01-25-2009, 10:50 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Husky - 01-25-2009, 12:01 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Pandyan - 01-25-2009, 02:06 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 01-25-2009, 08:38 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Bodhi - 01-25-2009, 09:02 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 01-25-2009, 09:47 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Hauma Hamiddha - 01-25-2009, 10:27 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 02-28-2009, 08:54 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Husky - 03-15-2009, 02:21 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Capt M Kumar - 05-04-2009, 07:08 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by HareKrishna - 05-04-2009, 07:51 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 05-04-2009, 07:59 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 05-06-2009, 12:15 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 05-06-2009, 12:17 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 05-07-2009, 02:15 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 05-07-2009, 04:33 AM
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Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 05-08-2009, 10:10 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 05-09-2009, 07:41 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 05-14-2009, 11:13 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by G.Subramaniam - 05-18-2009, 02:42 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 06-16-2009, 09:28 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 09-04-2009, 08:56 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Bharatvarsh - 09-04-2009, 08:58 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Bharatvarsh - 09-13-2009, 06:54 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Bharatvarsh - 09-19-2009, 03:17 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 12-22-2009, 06:50 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Bharatvarsh2 - 03-31-2010, 03:42 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Capt M Kumar - 07-12-2010, 03:36 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Capt M Kumar - 09-01-2010, 03:52 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by dhu - 12-25-2010, 11:33 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Husky - 01-30-2011, 10:47 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Capt M Kumar - 02-03-2011, 10:52 PM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Capt M Kumar - 04-27-2011, 08:35 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 02-14-2005, 03:57 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 02-14-2005, 04:16 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 02-14-2005, 06:22 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Guest - 02-14-2005, 06:34 AM
Nepal News & Discussion - by Bharatvarsh - 08-12-2005, 06:39 AM

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