08-22-2006, 07:35 AM
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Vande Mataram (in Bangla:Bônde Matorom) is the national song of India.
The song was composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in a highly
Sanskritized form of the Bengali language. The song first appeared in
his book Anandamatha, published in 1882 amid fears of a ban by British
Raj, though the song itself was actually written six years prior in
1876. "Vande Mataram" was the national cry for freedom from British
oppression during the freedom movement. Large rallies, fermenting
initially in West Bengal, in the major metropolis of Calcutta
(Kolkata), would work themselves up into a patriotic fever by shouting
the slogan "Vande Mataram," or "Hail to the Mother(land)!". The
British, fearful of the potential danger of an incited Indian
populace, at one point banned the utterance of the motto in public
forums and jailed many freedom fighters for disobeying the
proscription. To this day, "Vande Mataram" is seen as a national
mantra describing the love of patriots for the country of India.
Rabindranath Tagore sang 'Vande Mataram' in 1896 at the Calcutta
(Kolkata) Congress Session. Poet Sarala Devi Chaudurani sang 'Vande
Mataram' in the Benares Congress Session in 1905. Lala Lajpat Rai
started a journal called Vande Mataram from Lahore.
Though a major aspirant for being the national anthem of India, Vande
Mataram was eventually overtaken by Jana Gana Mana, which was
ultimately chosen. The choice was slightly controversial, since the
Vande Mataram was the one song that truly depicted the
pre-independence national fervour. The song was rejected on the
grounds that Muslims felt offended by its depiction of the nation as
"Ma Durga"âa Hindu goddessâ thus equating the nation with the Hindu
conception of shakti, divine feminine dynamic force; and by its origin
as part of Anandamatha, a novel they felt had an anti-Muslim message
(see External links below). There is some controversy with Jana Gana
Mana also as it mentions some areas as part of India which are now no
longer with India. However, in recent times, there has been more
acceptance of the song since famous music composer A. R. Rahman
released a successful album with the same title.
Dr Rajendra Prasad, who was presiding the Constituent Assembly on
January 24, 1950, made the following statement which was also adopted
as the final decision on the issue:
The composition consisting of words and music known as Jana Gana Mana
is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations as the
Government may authorise as occasion arises, and the song Vande
Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian
freedom, shall be honored equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have
equal status with it. (Applause) I hope this will satisfy members.
(Constituent Assembly of India, Vol. XII, 24-1-1950)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vande_Mataram
http://boson.bose.res.in/~shashank/vande.html
Listen to Vande Mataram:
http://boson.bose.res.in/~shashank/vandemataram.mp3
Mother, I bow to thee!
Rich with thy hurrying streams,
bright with orchard gleams,
Cool with thy winds of delight,
Green fields waving Mother of might,
Mother free.
Glory of moonlight dreams,
Over thy branches and lordly streams,
Clad in thy blossoming trees,
Mother, giver of ease
Laughing low and sweet!
Mother I kiss thy feet,
Speaker sweet and low!
Mother, to thee I bow.
Who hath said thou art weak in thy lands
When the sword flesh out in the seventy million hands
And seventy million voices roar
Thy dreadful name from shore to shore?
With many strengths who art mighty and stored,
To thee I call Mother and Lord!
Though who savest, arise and save!
To her I cry who ever her foeman drove
Back from plain and Sea
And shook herself free.
Thou art wisdom, thou art law,
Thou art heart, our soul, our breath
Though art love divine, the awe
In our hearts that conquers death.
Thine the strength that nervs the arm,
Thine the beauty, thine the charm.
Every image made divine
In our temples is but thine.
Thou art Durga, Lady and Queen,
With her hands that strike and her
swords of sheen,
Thou art Lakshmi lotus-throned,
And the Muse a hundred-toned,
Pure and perfect without peer,
Mother lend thine ear,
Rich with thy hurrying streams,
Bright with thy orchard gleems,
Dark of hue O candid-fair
In thy soul, with jewelled hair
And thy glorious smile divine,
Loveliest of all earthly lands,
Showering wealth from well-stored hands!
Mother, mother mine!
Mother sweet, I bow to thee,
Mother great and free!
translated by Sri Aurobindo
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/ Notes Vande
Matarm was in the second position, among the world's top ten songs;
Listen to it:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/featu...audio/vande.ram
'A
patriotic Hindi song, the lyrics from a very famous poem written by
Bankim Chandra Chatarji. Regarded by many as India's national song.
Performed in the 50's film "Anand Math". '
The Congress Working Committee, which met in Calcutta on October 26,
1937, under the presidentship of Nehru, adopted a long statement on
the subject.6 It asked that the song should "be considered apart from
the book." Recalling its use in the preceding 30 years, the resolution
said:
"The song and the words thus became symbols of national resistance to
British Imperialism in Bengal especially, and generally in other parts
of India. The words 'Bande Mataram' became a slogan of power which
inspired our people and a greeting which ever remind us of our
struggle for national freedom.
"Gradually the use of the first two stanzas of the song spread to
other provinces and a certain national significance began to attach to
them. The rest of the song was very seldom used, and is even now known
by few persons. These two stanzas described in tender language the
beauty of (the) motherland and the abundance of her gifts. There was
absolutely nothing in them to which objection could be from the
religious or any other point of view... The other stanzas of the song
are little known and hardly ever sung. They contain certain allusions
and a religious ideology which may not be in keeping with the ideology
of other religious groups in India.
"The Committee recognise the validity of the objection raised by
Muslim friends to certain parts of the song. While the Committee have
taken note of such objection insofar as it has intrinsic value, the
Committee wish to point out that the modern evolution of the use of
the song as part of National life is of infinitely greater importance
than its setting in a historical novel before the national movement
had taken shape. Taking all things into consideration, therefore, the
Committee recommend that, wherever Bande Mataram is sung at national
gatherings, only the first two stanzas should be sung, with perfect
freedom to the organisers to sing any other song of an unobjectionable
character, in addition to, or in the place of, the Bande Mataram
song."
'National' songs do not need political surgery; the songs which do, do
not win national acceptance. Against this was the fact of history
that, however ill-advised, the song had come to be associated with the
struggle for freedom. Gandhi advised Muslims to appreciate its
historic association but counselled against any imposition. "No doubt,
every act... must be purely voluntary on the part of either partner,"
he said at Alipore on August 23, 1947.
THE Government of India acquired this emotion-charged legacy. Its
stand was defined in a statement by Prime Minister Nehru to the
Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on August 25, 1948:7 Nehru said:
"The question of having a national anthem tune, to be played by
orchestras and bands became an urgent one for us immediately after
15th August 1947. It was as important as that of having a national
flag. The 'Jana Gana Mana' tune, slightly varied, had been adopted as
a national anthem by the Indian National Army in South-East Asia, and
had subsequently attained a degree of popularity in India also... I
wrote to all the provincial Governors and asked their views about our
adopting 'Jana Gana Mana' or any other song as the national anthem. I
asked them to consult their Premiers before replying... Every one of
these Governors, except one (the Governor of the Central Provinces),
signified their approval of 'Jana Gana Mana'. Thereupon the Cabinet
considered the matter and came to the decision that provisionally
'Jana Gana Mana' should be used as the tune for the national anthem,
till such time as the Constituent Assembly came to a final decision.
Instructions were issued accordingly to the provincial governments...
''It is unfortunate that some kind of argument has arisen as between
'Vande Mataram' and 'Jana Gana Mana'. 'Vande Mataram' is obviously and
indisputably the premier national song of India, with a great
historical tradition, and intimately connected with our struggle for
freedom. That position it is bound to retain and no other song can
displace it. It represents the position and poignancy of that
struggle, but perhaps not so much the culmination of it. In regard to
the national anthem tune, it was felt that the tune was more important
than the words... It seemed therefore that while 'Vande Mataram'
should continue to be the national song par excellence in India, the
national anthem tune should be that of 'Jana Gana Mana', the wording
of 'Jana Gana Mana' to be suitably altered to fit in with the existing
circumstances.
"The question has to be considered by the Constituent Assembly, and it
is open to that Assembly to decide as it chooses. It may decide on a
completely new song or tune, if such is available."
A MORE definitive statement was made by the President of the
Constituent Assembly, Rajendra Prasad, on January 24, 1950. He said:
"There is one matter which has been pending for discussion, namely,
the question of the national anthem. At one time it was thought that
the matter might be brought up before the House, and a decision taken
by the House by way of a resolution. But it has been felt that,
instead of taking a formal decision by means of a resolution, it is
better if I make a statement with regard to the national anthem.
Accordingly, I make this statement... The composition consisting of
the words and music known as 'Jana Gana Mana' is the national anthem
of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government
may authorise as occasion arises; and the song 'Vande Mataram', which
has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall
be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status
with it. (Applause) I hope that will satisfy the Members."8
6. Indian Annual Register, 1937, Volume II, p. 327.
7. Official Report on "Constituent Assembly Debates"; Third session,
Part I, Volume VI, August 9-31, 1948.
8. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume XII; January 24, 1950.
http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1601/16010940.htm
`Vande Mataram': BJP wants Arjun to explain
Special Correspondent
Centenary of the song is being celebrated this year
NEW DELHI: A statement reported to be made by Human Resource
Development Minister Arjun Singh that singing of the national song
Vande Mataram in every school in the country was not mandatory has
started a political controversy, with the Bharatiya Janata Party
demanding an explanation from the Prime Minister.
This year September 7 is being celebrated as the national song year
with the centenary of Vande Mataram falling on that date. Congress
spokesperson Abhishek Singhvi said the song had played a role in the
freedom movement by infusing energy into the struggle. An order was
passed by the Government that in every school the national song should
be sung at 11 a.m.
However, in view of ``certain objections'' from ``some quarters,'' Mr.
Singh has now clarified that singing Vande Mataram was ``not
mandatory," Mr. Singhvi said, while preferring not to disagree with
the Minister.
Bharatiya Janata Party spokesperson V.K. Malhotra said it was highly
objectionable that some `ulemas' had issued a `fatwa' against the
singing of Vande Mataram. This, he said, was an insult to the national
song. ``Those who object to its singing can go,'' he said, meaning
they were free to leave the country.
He felt that on September 7 the centenary should be observed in the
manner in which the anniversary of the Salt Satyagraha was celebrated.
Vande Mataram was one of the symbols of the freedom struggle and
adopted as the national song through a parliamentary resolution.
Criticising Mr. Singh for surrendering to the ``fundamentalists," Mr.
Malhotra said only those who believed in the two-nation theory â that
Hindus and Muslims constitute two separate nations â can give such
`fatwas.'
Mr. Malhotra added that the BJP would make this an election issue in
the polls in Uttar Pradesh due in February 2007.
http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/22/stories/...451000.htm
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA - VOLUME XII
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tuesday, the 24th January 1950
The Constituent Assembly met in the Constitution Hall, New Delhi, at
Eleven of the Clock, Mr. President (The Honourable Dr. Rajendra
Prasad), in the Chair.
TAKING THE PLEDGE AND SIGNING THE REGISTER
The following Members took the Pledge and signed the Register :-
Shri Ratnappa Bharmappa Kurnbhar (Bombay States).
Dr. Y. S. Parmar (Himachal Pradesh).
STATEMENT RE: NATIONAL ANTHEM
Mr. President: There is one matter which has been pending for
discussion, namely the question of the National Anthem. At one time it
was thought that the matter might be brought up before the House and a
decision taken by the House by way of a resolution. But it has been
felt that, instead of taking a formal decision by means of a
resolution, it is better if I make a statement with regard to the
National Anthem. Accordingly I make this statement.
The composition consisting of the words and music known as Jana Gana
Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in
the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the
song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle
for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and
shall have equal status with it. (Applause). I hope this will satisfy
the Members.
http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
The song was composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in a highly
Sanskritized form of the Bengali language. The song first appeared in
his book Anandamatha, published in 1882 amid fears of a ban by British
Raj, though the song itself was actually written six years prior in
1876. "Vande Mataram" was the national cry for freedom from British
oppression during the freedom movement. Large rallies, fermenting
initially in West Bengal, in the major metropolis of Calcutta
(Kolkata), would work themselves up into a patriotic fever by shouting
the slogan "Vande Mataram," or "Hail to the Mother(land)!". The
British, fearful of the potential danger of an incited Indian
populace, at one point banned the utterance of the motto in public
forums and jailed many freedom fighters for disobeying the
proscription. To this day, "Vande Mataram" is seen as a national
mantra describing the love of patriots for the country of India.
Rabindranath Tagore sang 'Vande Mataram' in 1896 at the Calcutta
(Kolkata) Congress Session. Poet Sarala Devi Chaudurani sang 'Vande
Mataram' in the Benares Congress Session in 1905. Lala Lajpat Rai
started a journal called Vande Mataram from Lahore.
Though a major aspirant for being the national anthem of India, Vande
Mataram was eventually overtaken by Jana Gana Mana, which was
ultimately chosen. The choice was slightly controversial, since the
Vande Mataram was the one song that truly depicted the
pre-independence national fervour. The song was rejected on the
grounds that Muslims felt offended by its depiction of the nation as
"Ma Durga"âa Hindu goddessâ thus equating the nation with the Hindu
conception of shakti, divine feminine dynamic force; and by its origin
as part of Anandamatha, a novel they felt had an anti-Muslim message
(see External links below). There is some controversy with Jana Gana
Mana also as it mentions some areas as part of India which are now no
longer with India. However, in recent times, there has been more
acceptance of the song since famous music composer A. R. Rahman
released a successful album with the same title.
Dr Rajendra Prasad, who was presiding the Constituent Assembly on
January 24, 1950, made the following statement which was also adopted
as the final decision on the issue:
The composition consisting of words and music known as Jana Gana Mana
is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations as the
Government may authorise as occasion arises, and the song Vande
Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian
freedom, shall be honored equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have
equal status with it. (Applause) I hope this will satisfy members.
(Constituent Assembly of India, Vol. XII, 24-1-1950)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vande_Mataram
http://boson.bose.res.in/~shashank/vande.html
Listen to Vande Mataram:
http://boson.bose.res.in/~shashank/vandemataram.mp3
Mother, I bow to thee!
Rich with thy hurrying streams,
bright with orchard gleams,
Cool with thy winds of delight,
Green fields waving Mother of might,
Mother free.
Glory of moonlight dreams,
Over thy branches and lordly streams,
Clad in thy blossoming trees,
Mother, giver of ease
Laughing low and sweet!
Mother I kiss thy feet,
Speaker sweet and low!
Mother, to thee I bow.
Who hath said thou art weak in thy lands
When the sword flesh out in the seventy million hands
And seventy million voices roar
Thy dreadful name from shore to shore?
With many strengths who art mighty and stored,
To thee I call Mother and Lord!
Though who savest, arise and save!
To her I cry who ever her foeman drove
Back from plain and Sea
And shook herself free.
Thou art wisdom, thou art law,
Thou art heart, our soul, our breath
Though art love divine, the awe
In our hearts that conquers death.
Thine the strength that nervs the arm,
Thine the beauty, thine the charm.
Every image made divine
In our temples is but thine.
Thou art Durga, Lady and Queen,
With her hands that strike and her
swords of sheen,
Thou art Lakshmi lotus-throned,
And the Muse a hundred-toned,
Pure and perfect without peer,
Mother lend thine ear,
Rich with thy hurrying streams,
Bright with thy orchard gleems,
Dark of hue O candid-fair
In thy soul, with jewelled hair
And thy glorious smile divine,
Loveliest of all earthly lands,
Showering wealth from well-stored hands!
Mother, mother mine!
Mother sweet, I bow to thee,
Mother great and free!
translated by Sri Aurobindo
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/ Notes Vande
Matarm was in the second position, among the world's top ten songs;
Listen to it:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/featu...audio/vande.ram
'A
patriotic Hindi song, the lyrics from a very famous poem written by
Bankim Chandra Chatarji. Regarded by many as India's national song.
Performed in the 50's film "Anand Math". '
The Congress Working Committee, which met in Calcutta on October 26,
1937, under the presidentship of Nehru, adopted a long statement on
the subject.6 It asked that the song should "be considered apart from
the book." Recalling its use in the preceding 30 years, the resolution
said:
"The song and the words thus became symbols of national resistance to
British Imperialism in Bengal especially, and generally in other parts
of India. The words 'Bande Mataram' became a slogan of power which
inspired our people and a greeting which ever remind us of our
struggle for national freedom.
"Gradually the use of the first two stanzas of the song spread to
other provinces and a certain national significance began to attach to
them. The rest of the song was very seldom used, and is even now known
by few persons. These two stanzas described in tender language the
beauty of (the) motherland and the abundance of her gifts. There was
absolutely nothing in them to which objection could be from the
religious or any other point of view... The other stanzas of the song
are little known and hardly ever sung. They contain certain allusions
and a religious ideology which may not be in keeping with the ideology
of other religious groups in India.
"The Committee recognise the validity of the objection raised by
Muslim friends to certain parts of the song. While the Committee have
taken note of such objection insofar as it has intrinsic value, the
Committee wish to point out that the modern evolution of the use of
the song as part of National life is of infinitely greater importance
than its setting in a historical novel before the national movement
had taken shape. Taking all things into consideration, therefore, the
Committee recommend that, wherever Bande Mataram is sung at national
gatherings, only the first two stanzas should be sung, with perfect
freedom to the organisers to sing any other song of an unobjectionable
character, in addition to, or in the place of, the Bande Mataram
song."
'National' songs do not need political surgery; the songs which do, do
not win national acceptance. Against this was the fact of history
that, however ill-advised, the song had come to be associated with the
struggle for freedom. Gandhi advised Muslims to appreciate its
historic association but counselled against any imposition. "No doubt,
every act... must be purely voluntary on the part of either partner,"
he said at Alipore on August 23, 1947.
THE Government of India acquired this emotion-charged legacy. Its
stand was defined in a statement by Prime Minister Nehru to the
Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on August 25, 1948:7 Nehru said:
"The question of having a national anthem tune, to be played by
orchestras and bands became an urgent one for us immediately after
15th August 1947. It was as important as that of having a national
flag. The 'Jana Gana Mana' tune, slightly varied, had been adopted as
a national anthem by the Indian National Army in South-East Asia, and
had subsequently attained a degree of popularity in India also... I
wrote to all the provincial Governors and asked their views about our
adopting 'Jana Gana Mana' or any other song as the national anthem. I
asked them to consult their Premiers before replying... Every one of
these Governors, except one (the Governor of the Central Provinces),
signified their approval of 'Jana Gana Mana'. Thereupon the Cabinet
considered the matter and came to the decision that provisionally
'Jana Gana Mana' should be used as the tune for the national anthem,
till such time as the Constituent Assembly came to a final decision.
Instructions were issued accordingly to the provincial governments...
''It is unfortunate that some kind of argument has arisen as between
'Vande Mataram' and 'Jana Gana Mana'. 'Vande Mataram' is obviously and
indisputably the premier national song of India, with a great
historical tradition, and intimately connected with our struggle for
freedom. That position it is bound to retain and no other song can
displace it. It represents the position and poignancy of that
struggle, but perhaps not so much the culmination of it. In regard to
the national anthem tune, it was felt that the tune was more important
than the words... It seemed therefore that while 'Vande Mataram'
should continue to be the national song par excellence in India, the
national anthem tune should be that of 'Jana Gana Mana', the wording
of 'Jana Gana Mana' to be suitably altered to fit in with the existing
circumstances.
"The question has to be considered by the Constituent Assembly, and it
is open to that Assembly to decide as it chooses. It may decide on a
completely new song or tune, if such is available."
A MORE definitive statement was made by the President of the
Constituent Assembly, Rajendra Prasad, on January 24, 1950. He said:
"There is one matter which has been pending for discussion, namely,
the question of the national anthem. At one time it was thought that
the matter might be brought up before the House, and a decision taken
by the House by way of a resolution. But it has been felt that,
instead of taking a formal decision by means of a resolution, it is
better if I make a statement with regard to the national anthem.
Accordingly, I make this statement... The composition consisting of
the words and music known as 'Jana Gana Mana' is the national anthem
of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government
may authorise as occasion arises; and the song 'Vande Mataram', which
has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall
be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status
with it. (Applause) I hope that will satisfy the Members."8
6. Indian Annual Register, 1937, Volume II, p. 327.
7. Official Report on "Constituent Assembly Debates"; Third session,
Part I, Volume VI, August 9-31, 1948.
8. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume XII; January 24, 1950.
http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1601/16010940.htm
`Vande Mataram': BJP wants Arjun to explain
Special Correspondent
Centenary of the song is being celebrated this year
NEW DELHI: A statement reported to be made by Human Resource
Development Minister Arjun Singh that singing of the national song
Vande Mataram in every school in the country was not mandatory has
started a political controversy, with the Bharatiya Janata Party
demanding an explanation from the Prime Minister.
This year September 7 is being celebrated as the national song year
with the centenary of Vande Mataram falling on that date. Congress
spokesperson Abhishek Singhvi said the song had played a role in the
freedom movement by infusing energy into the struggle. An order was
passed by the Government that in every school the national song should
be sung at 11 a.m.
However, in view of ``certain objections'' from ``some quarters,'' Mr.
Singh has now clarified that singing Vande Mataram was ``not
mandatory," Mr. Singhvi said, while preferring not to disagree with
the Minister.
Bharatiya Janata Party spokesperson V.K. Malhotra said it was highly
objectionable that some `ulemas' had issued a `fatwa' against the
singing of Vande Mataram. This, he said, was an insult to the national
song. ``Those who object to its singing can go,'' he said, meaning
they were free to leave the country.
He felt that on September 7 the centenary should be observed in the
manner in which the anniversary of the Salt Satyagraha was celebrated.
Vande Mataram was one of the symbols of the freedom struggle and
adopted as the national song through a parliamentary resolution.
Criticising Mr. Singh for surrendering to the ``fundamentalists," Mr.
Malhotra said only those who believed in the two-nation theory â that
Hindus and Muslims constitute two separate nations â can give such
`fatwas.'
Mr. Malhotra added that the BJP would make this an election issue in
the polls in Uttar Pradesh due in February 2007.
http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/22/stories/...451000.htm
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA - VOLUME XII
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tuesday, the 24th January 1950
The Constituent Assembly met in the Constitution Hall, New Delhi, at
Eleven of the Clock, Mr. President (The Honourable Dr. Rajendra
Prasad), in the Chair.
TAKING THE PLEDGE AND SIGNING THE REGISTER
The following Members took the Pledge and signed the Register :-
Shri Ratnappa Bharmappa Kurnbhar (Bombay States).
Dr. Y. S. Parmar (Himachal Pradesh).
STATEMENT RE: NATIONAL ANTHEM
Mr. President: There is one matter which has been pending for
discussion, namely the question of the National Anthem. At one time it
was thought that the matter might be brought up before the House and a
decision taken by the House by way of a resolution. But it has been
felt that, instead of taking a formal decision by means of a
resolution, it is better if I make a statement with regard to the
National Anthem. Accordingly I make this statement.
The composition consisting of the words and music known as Jana Gana
Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in
the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the
song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle
for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and
shall have equal status with it. (Applause). I hope this will satisfy
the Members.
http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->