Continued from 141 - final post:
Was looking through the article for occurrences of 'christianism' and here it continues:
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->THE COLONIZATION OF CANADA
[...]
Meanwhile, in British North America, the geo-military importance of the First Nations was quickly being eroded. With the influx of loyalists after the US War for Independence, the European population had grown and was strategically garrisoned in key military areas -- conflicts with the US were predicted. As well as further increasing the European population in the region, the War of 1812 and US policies of moving Natives from the northern frontier had broken up confederacies and greatly diminished the power of the First Nations in the area. After this, British colonial policies changed from essentially forming military alliances to a higher level of colonization through policies of breaking down the collective power of First Nations. <b>Christianization and an overall Europeanization of Native peoples was developed as official policy.</b> By the 1850s, an instrument had been created to this end: "The Gradual Civilization Act of 1857".
<!--QuoteBegin--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->"The Act was based upon the assumption that the full civilization of the tribes could be achieved only when Indians were brought into contact with individualized property... Any Indian...adjudged by a special board of examiners to be educated, free from debt, and of good moral character could on application be awarded twenty hectares of land..." [35].<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Here, the "civilization of the tribes" should be read as the elimination of the basis of Native cultures and de facto the First Nations as nations. The twenty hectares of land was to be taken from the reserve land base, subsequently breaking up the collective and communitarian land practises of Native peoples and replacing these with individual parcels of land; all the easier, from the viewpoint of the colonizer, to achieve the long-term goal of completely <b>eliminating First Nations as nations and leaving nothing but dispersed, acculturated, peoples to be assimilated into European society</b>. The patriarchal dimensions of forced-assimilation were also clear: only males could be so enfranchised[36]. A Commission of Inquiry had further recommended that reserve lands be restricted to a maximum of 25 acres per family, and that Native organization be gradually replaced with a municipal form of government.<!--QuoteEnd--></div><!--QuoteEEnd-->
And the old trick:
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->At the same time, new methods in acquiring land were developed. Beginning on 1850 and continuing into the 20th century, a series of treaties were "negotiated" in which Native nations ceded immense tracts of land in return for reserve land, hunting and fishing rights, education, medical care, and the payment of annuities. The first such treaties were the Robinson treaties, which would be renegotiated in 1871 as Treaties No. 1 and No. 2.
<!--QuoteBegin--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->"<b>The relationship between the immediate requirements of the internal imperialist expansion and the treaties is remarkable. </b>The first of these treaties was sought, according to a 19th century historian's first-hand report, <b>`in consequence of the discovery of minerals on the shores of Lake Huron and Superior'...</b> The prairie treaties were obtained immediately in advance of <b>agricultural settlement</b>, and the treaty which includes parts of the Northwest Territories was negotiated immediately upon the discovery of <b>oil</b> in the Mackenzie Valley" [37].<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
While the colonizers knew what they wanted in proposing the treaties, Native peoples were unprepared for the duplicity and dishonour of the treaty-seekers.<!--QuoteEnd--></div><!--QuoteEEnd-->Makes me wonder what's there in the NE of India other than a strategic position for the US to 'oversee' things in Asia.
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->The Indian Act followed earlier legislation in that the long-term objective was the assimilation of Christianized Natives, gradually removing any "special status" for Native peoples and eliminating reserves and treaty rights; all of which would make the complete exploitation of the land a simple task.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->And nothing has really changed. Christianising people allows for easy exploitation. But Indian christians don't see it - they are made blind upon conversion when they enter the Greatest of all Cons: given a non-existent jeebus and promised a most unrealistic (and unsatisfactory!) afterlife, in return for their loyalty and all they have in this life: land, resources and more.
Tragic. Blood-boiling:
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->EXTERMINATION - ASSIMILATION: TWO METHODS, ONE GOAL
Of course, all this economic restructuring did not occur without growing resistance. With growing movements against imperialism, including peasant unions, students, workers, guerrillas and Indians, a substantial part of the "aid" included military training, weapons, and equipment. US Special Forces troopers were not only in Southeast Asia, they were also quite busy in Central America, training death squads and directing massacres. As part of an overall counter-insurgency campaign, the militarization alone precipitated an upward spiral of violence. In Guatemala alone, between 1966-68, some 8,000 people were slaughtered by Guatemalan soldiers under the direction of US Green Beret advisors; US pilots flew US planes on bombing missions. Paramilitary groups/death squads hunted down "subversives" in collaboration with the government, military, multinationals, and land-owners [43]. The main targets of this campaign, dubbed "Operation Guatemala", were the Mayan peoples.
<b>Another aspect of the counter-insurgency plans was that of population control.</b> Primarily the focus of US state-funding, the Agency for International Development <b>(AID)</b> was established in 1961. <b>Using the false pretext of an "over-population problem" being the cause of mass poverty and starvation -- instead of imperialism</b> -- population control came to be championed as the most important dilemma facing the "modern world". Under the guise of "family planning", AID began funding for a wide-range of public and private organizations, foundations, <b>and churches who provided training, equipment, and clinics for birth control programs.</b> Between 1968 and 1972, "funds earmarked for population programs through legislation and obligated by AID amounted to more than $250 million" [44]. South America received the largest percentage of this funding. Besides educational material, birth control pills, IUDs, and other pharmaceuticals developed by a profitable gene and biotechnology industry in the imperialist centres, <b>the main thrust of population control remains sterilization.</b>
(And sterilisation is what the Baptist missionaries are doing now to a large number of the Akha women of Thailand.)
<b>Between 1965-71, an estimated 1 million women in Brazil had been sterilized [45]. In Puerto Rico, 34% of all women of child-bearing age had been sterilized by 1965 [46]. Between 1963-65, more than 40,000 women in Colombia had been sterilized [47]. In contrast to these programs in the "Third World", the imperialist centres see restrictions on abortion and struggles for women's reproductive choice. But even here there is a double standard for non-European women:</b>
<!--QuoteBegin--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->"Lee Brightman, United Native Americans President, estimates that of the Native population of 800,000 (in the US), as many as 42% of the women of childbearing age and 10% of the men...have been sterilized... The first official inquiry into the sterilization of Native women...by Dr. Connie Uri...reported that 25,000 Indian women had been permanently sterilized within Indian Health Services facilities alone through 1975...
"According to a 1970 fertilization study, 20% of married Black women had been sterilized, almost three times the percentage of white married women. There was a 180% rise in the number of sterilizations performed during 1972-73 in New York City municipal hospitals which serve predominantly Puerto Rican neighbourhoods" [48].<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
<b>Similar results were found in Inuit communities in the Northwest Territories. Clearly, "overpopulation" is not an issue in North America, nor is it in South or Central America. Rather, it is a method for reducing specific portions of the population who would organize against their oppression</b> and who have no place in the schemes of capital. In other words, "It is more effective to kill guerrillas in the womb".
Of all the South American countries that underwent massive industrialization after World War 2, Brazil is probably the most well known. Following a 1964 coup backed by the US, IMF and multinationals, foreign investment rose steadily. Between 1964-71, over $4 billion had been pumped into Brazil through the World Bank, AID, IDB, and others [49].
<b>Between 1900-57, the Indigenous population of Brazil had declined from over 1 million to less than 200,000 [50], through the rubber boom, ranching, and mining industries.</b> Following the 1964 coup and the rise in foreign investment, the penetration of the Amazon region in particular was increased. As these industries invaded even more Indian lands, a renewed campaign of extermination accompanied them. <b>Indians were hunted down by death squads, their communities bombed and massacred, and disease epidemics purposely spread through injections and infected blankets.</b> In the 1960s alone,
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->"Of the 19,000 Monducurus believed to have existed in the 30s, only 1200 were left. The strength of the Guaranis had been reduced from 5,000 to 300. There were 400 Carajas left out of 4,000. Of the Cintas Largas, who had been attacked from the air and driven into the mountains, possibly 500 had survived out of 10,000... Some like the Tapaiunas -- in this case from a gift of sugar laced with arsenic -- had disappeared altogether" [51].<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
<b>All these atrocities were part of a "pacification" campaign aimed at eliminating the Indians, who here too were seen as obstacles to "development".</b><!--QuoteEnd--></div><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Remaining sections are called (don't have time to read it now):
THE PEOPLE AIM FOR FREEDOM
THE STRUGGLE FOR LAND
IN TOTAL RESISTANCE
FOOTNOTES
Was looking through the article for occurrences of 'christianism' and here it continues:
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->THE COLONIZATION OF CANADA
[...]
Meanwhile, in British North America, the geo-military importance of the First Nations was quickly being eroded. With the influx of loyalists after the US War for Independence, the European population had grown and was strategically garrisoned in key military areas -- conflicts with the US were predicted. As well as further increasing the European population in the region, the War of 1812 and US policies of moving Natives from the northern frontier had broken up confederacies and greatly diminished the power of the First Nations in the area. After this, British colonial policies changed from essentially forming military alliances to a higher level of colonization through policies of breaking down the collective power of First Nations. <b>Christianization and an overall Europeanization of Native peoples was developed as official policy.</b> By the 1850s, an instrument had been created to this end: "The Gradual Civilization Act of 1857".
<!--QuoteBegin--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->"The Act was based upon the assumption that the full civilization of the tribes could be achieved only when Indians were brought into contact with individualized property... Any Indian...adjudged by a special board of examiners to be educated, free from debt, and of good moral character could on application be awarded twenty hectares of land..." [35].<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Here, the "civilization of the tribes" should be read as the elimination of the basis of Native cultures and de facto the First Nations as nations. The twenty hectares of land was to be taken from the reserve land base, subsequently breaking up the collective and communitarian land practises of Native peoples and replacing these with individual parcels of land; all the easier, from the viewpoint of the colonizer, to achieve the long-term goal of completely <b>eliminating First Nations as nations and leaving nothing but dispersed, acculturated, peoples to be assimilated into European society</b>. The patriarchal dimensions of forced-assimilation were also clear: only males could be so enfranchised[36]. A Commission of Inquiry had further recommended that reserve lands be restricted to a maximum of 25 acres per family, and that Native organization be gradually replaced with a municipal form of government.<!--QuoteEnd--></div><!--QuoteEEnd-->
And the old trick:
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->At the same time, new methods in acquiring land were developed. Beginning on 1850 and continuing into the 20th century, a series of treaties were "negotiated" in which Native nations ceded immense tracts of land in return for reserve land, hunting and fishing rights, education, medical care, and the payment of annuities. The first such treaties were the Robinson treaties, which would be renegotiated in 1871 as Treaties No. 1 and No. 2.
<!--QuoteBegin--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->"<b>The relationship between the immediate requirements of the internal imperialist expansion and the treaties is remarkable. </b>The first of these treaties was sought, according to a 19th century historian's first-hand report, <b>`in consequence of the discovery of minerals on the shores of Lake Huron and Superior'...</b> The prairie treaties were obtained immediately in advance of <b>agricultural settlement</b>, and the treaty which includes parts of the Northwest Territories was negotiated immediately upon the discovery of <b>oil</b> in the Mackenzie Valley" [37].<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
While the colonizers knew what they wanted in proposing the treaties, Native peoples were unprepared for the duplicity and dishonour of the treaty-seekers.<!--QuoteEnd--></div><!--QuoteEEnd-->Makes me wonder what's there in the NE of India other than a strategic position for the US to 'oversee' things in Asia.
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->The Indian Act followed earlier legislation in that the long-term objective was the assimilation of Christianized Natives, gradually removing any "special status" for Native peoples and eliminating reserves and treaty rights; all of which would make the complete exploitation of the land a simple task.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->And nothing has really changed. Christianising people allows for easy exploitation. But Indian christians don't see it - they are made blind upon conversion when they enter the Greatest of all Cons: given a non-existent jeebus and promised a most unrealistic (and unsatisfactory!) afterlife, in return for their loyalty and all they have in this life: land, resources and more.
Tragic. Blood-boiling:
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->EXTERMINATION - ASSIMILATION: TWO METHODS, ONE GOAL
Of course, all this economic restructuring did not occur without growing resistance. With growing movements against imperialism, including peasant unions, students, workers, guerrillas and Indians, a substantial part of the "aid" included military training, weapons, and equipment. US Special Forces troopers were not only in Southeast Asia, they were also quite busy in Central America, training death squads and directing massacres. As part of an overall counter-insurgency campaign, the militarization alone precipitated an upward spiral of violence. In Guatemala alone, between 1966-68, some 8,000 people were slaughtered by Guatemalan soldiers under the direction of US Green Beret advisors; US pilots flew US planes on bombing missions. Paramilitary groups/death squads hunted down "subversives" in collaboration with the government, military, multinationals, and land-owners [43]. The main targets of this campaign, dubbed "Operation Guatemala", were the Mayan peoples.
<b>Another aspect of the counter-insurgency plans was that of population control.</b> Primarily the focus of US state-funding, the Agency for International Development <b>(AID)</b> was established in 1961. <b>Using the false pretext of an "over-population problem" being the cause of mass poverty and starvation -- instead of imperialism</b> -- population control came to be championed as the most important dilemma facing the "modern world". Under the guise of "family planning", AID began funding for a wide-range of public and private organizations, foundations, <b>and churches who provided training, equipment, and clinics for birth control programs.</b> Between 1968 and 1972, "funds earmarked for population programs through legislation and obligated by AID amounted to more than $250 million" [44]. South America received the largest percentage of this funding. Besides educational material, birth control pills, IUDs, and other pharmaceuticals developed by a profitable gene and biotechnology industry in the imperialist centres, <b>the main thrust of population control remains sterilization.</b>
(And sterilisation is what the Baptist missionaries are doing now to a large number of the Akha women of Thailand.)
<b>Between 1965-71, an estimated 1 million women in Brazil had been sterilized [45]. In Puerto Rico, 34% of all women of child-bearing age had been sterilized by 1965 [46]. Between 1963-65, more than 40,000 women in Colombia had been sterilized [47]. In contrast to these programs in the "Third World", the imperialist centres see restrictions on abortion and struggles for women's reproductive choice. But even here there is a double standard for non-European women:</b>
<!--QuoteBegin--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->"Lee Brightman, United Native Americans President, estimates that of the Native population of 800,000 (in the US), as many as 42% of the women of childbearing age and 10% of the men...have been sterilized... The first official inquiry into the sterilization of Native women...by Dr. Connie Uri...reported that 25,000 Indian women had been permanently sterilized within Indian Health Services facilities alone through 1975...
"According to a 1970 fertilization study, 20% of married Black women had been sterilized, almost three times the percentage of white married women. There was a 180% rise in the number of sterilizations performed during 1972-73 in New York City municipal hospitals which serve predominantly Puerto Rican neighbourhoods" [48].<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
<b>Similar results were found in Inuit communities in the Northwest Territories. Clearly, "overpopulation" is not an issue in North America, nor is it in South or Central America. Rather, it is a method for reducing specific portions of the population who would organize against their oppression</b> and who have no place in the schemes of capital. In other words, "It is more effective to kill guerrillas in the womb".
Of all the South American countries that underwent massive industrialization after World War 2, Brazil is probably the most well known. Following a 1964 coup backed by the US, IMF and multinationals, foreign investment rose steadily. Between 1964-71, over $4 billion had been pumped into Brazil through the World Bank, AID, IDB, and others [49].
<b>Between 1900-57, the Indigenous population of Brazil had declined from over 1 million to less than 200,000 [50], through the rubber boom, ranching, and mining industries.</b> Following the 1964 coup and the rise in foreign investment, the penetration of the Amazon region in particular was increased. As these industries invaded even more Indian lands, a renewed campaign of extermination accompanied them. <b>Indians were hunted down by death squads, their communities bombed and massacred, and disease epidemics purposely spread through injections and infected blankets.</b> In the 1960s alone,
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->"Of the 19,000 Monducurus believed to have existed in the 30s, only 1200 were left. The strength of the Guaranis had been reduced from 5,000 to 300. There were 400 Carajas left out of 4,000. Of the Cintas Largas, who had been attacked from the air and driven into the mountains, possibly 500 had survived out of 10,000... Some like the Tapaiunas -- in this case from a gift of sugar laced with arsenic -- had disappeared altogether" [51].<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
<b>All these atrocities were part of a "pacification" campaign aimed at eliminating the Indians, who here too were seen as obstacles to "development".</b><!--QuoteEnd--></div><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Remaining sections are called (don't have time to read it now):
THE PEOPLE AIM FOR FREEDOM
THE STRUGGLE FOR LAND
IN TOTAL RESISTANCE
FOOTNOTES