08-06-2008, 05:11 AM
Indian Conservatives Struggle to Build Alternate Media
They are watching the Indian media which they have screwed up without even Indians figuring it out.
http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->McLuhan's work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory. McLuhan is known for coining the expressions "the medium is the message" and the "global village."
McLuhan was a fixture in media discourse from the late 1960s to his death and he continues to be an influential and controversial figure. More than ten years after his death he was named the "patron saint" of Wired magazine.
Major works
During his years at Saint Louis University (1937-1944), McLuhan worked concurrently on two projects: his doctoral dissertation and the manuscript that was eventually published in 1951 as the book The Mechanical Bride, which included only a representative selection of the materials that McLuhan had prepared for it.
McLuhan's 1942 Cambridge University doctoral dissertation surveys the history of the verbal arts (grammar, dialectic and logic, and rhetoric -- collectively known as the trivium from the time of Cicero down to the time of Thomas Nashe.[21] In his later publications, McLuhan at times uses the Latin concept of the trivium to outline an orderly and systematic picture of certain periods in the history of Western culture. <b>McLuhan suggests that the Middle Ages, for instance, was characterized by the heavy emphasis on the formal study of logic. The key development that led to the Renaissance was not the rediscovery of ancient texts but a shift in emphasis from the formal study of logic to rhetoric and language. Modern life is characterized by the reemergence of grammar as its most salient feature -- a trend McLuhan felt was exemplified by the New Criticism of Richards and Leavis.[22]</b>
In The Mechanical Bride, McLuhan turned his attention to analyzing and commenting on numerous examples of persuasion in contemporary popular culture. This followed naturally from his earlier work as both dialectic and rhetoric in the classical trivium aimed at persuasion. At this point his focus shifted dramatically, turning inward to study the influence of communication media independent of their content. His famous slogan, "the medium is the message" (elaborated in his 1964 book, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man) calls attention to this intrinsic effect of communications media. [23]
Understanding Media (1964)
McLuhan's most widely known work, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964), is also a pioneering study in media ecology. In it McLuhan proposed that media themselves, not the content they carry, should be the focus of study â- popularly quoted as "the medium is the message." <span style='color:#800080'>McLuhan's theory was that a medium affects the society in which it plays a role not by the content delivered over the medium, but by the characteristics of the medium itself.</span> McLuhan pointed to the light bulb as a clear demonstration of this concept. A light bulb does not have content in the way that a newspaper has articles or a television has programs, yet it is a medium that has a social effect; that is, a light bulb enables people to create spaces during nighttime that would otherwise be enveloped by darkness. He describes the light bulb as a medium without any content. McLuhan states that "a light bulb creates an environment by its mere presence."[38] More controversially, he postulated that content had little effect on society â- in other words, it did not matter if television broadcasts children's shows or violent programming, to illustrate one example -â the effect of television on society would be identical. He noted that all media have characteristics that engage the viewer in different ways; for instance, a passage in a book could be reread at will, but a movie had to be screened again in its entirety to study any individual part of it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding_Media
<b>
McLuhan argues that media are languages, with their own structures and systems of grammar, and that they can be studied as such. He believed that media have effects in that they continually shape and re-shape the ways in which individuals, societies, and cultures perceive and understand the world. </b>In his view, the purpose of media studies is to make visible what is invisible: the effects of media technologies themselves, rather than simply the messages they convey. Media studies therefore, ideally, seeks to identify patterns within a medium and in its interactions with other media. Based on his studies in New Criticism, McLuhan argued that technologies are to words as the surrounding culture is to a poem: the former derive their meaning from the context formed by the latter. Like Harold Innis, McLuhan looked to the broader culture and society within which a medium conveys its messages to identify patterns of the medium's effects.[7]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Academy..._%26_Television
Political communication and political economy
From the beginning, media studies are closely related to politics and wars (Guo & Wu, 2005, p. 276) such as campaign research and war propaganda. Political communication mainly studies the connections among politicians, voters and media. It focused on the media effects. There are four main media effects theories: magic bullet, two-step flow of communications (Lazarsfeld, 1948), limited effects (Lang & Lang, 1953), and the spiral of silence (Noelle-Neumann, 1984). Also, many scholars studied the technique of political communication such as rhetoric, symbolism and etc. Much of this research has been developed in journals of mass communication and public opinion scholarship.
In the last quarter century, political economy has played a major part in media studies literature. The theory gained notoriety in media studies particularly with the publication of Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomskyâs Manufacturing Consent, published in 1988. In the book, the authors discuss a theory of how the United Statesâ media industry operates, which they term a âpropaganda model.â The model describes a âdecentralized and non-conspiratorial market system of control and processing, although at times the government or one or more private actors may take initiatives and mobilize co-ordinated elite handling of an issue." [2]
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Communication technology impact on Western Culture. Print Culture generates the most socially revolutionary and eversive forces, while electric media makes people more reactionary
<img src='http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/95/SummaryDiagramVertical.png' border='0' alt='user posted image' />
http://www.apa.org/divisions/div46/
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Media Psychology
Division 46 - Media Psychology focuses on the roles psychologists play in various aspects of the media, including, but not limited to, radio, television, film, video, newsprint, magazines, and newer technologies. It seeks to promote research into the impact of media on human behavior; to facilitate interaction between psychology and media representatives; to enrich the teaching, training, and practice of media psychology; and to prepare psychologists to interpret psychological research to the lay public and to other professionals. The Division has liaisons with the APA Education, Practice, Science, and Public Interest Directorates.
The purpose of our site is to disseminate accurate and research-based information to professionals and the public regarding psychological issues in mass media. The objectives of Division 46 are to:
Assist psychologists to use the media more effectively for informing the public about the science and profession of psychology.
Develop a set of theoretical frameworks for the study and practice of media psychology.
Support research on the effects of media on the public, and the effectiveness of media in transmitting psychological information.
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
http://www.apa.org/divisions/div46/images/MEDIADEF.pdf
<b>
Arguably, the field of media psychology may be the study of a religion. The forces of
media create the celebrity gods we both adore and hate. They create the means by which we
come to understand ourselves and evaluate others. They provide the intellectual, spiritual and
hedonic manna that fills our senses and alternately crystallize or cloud our thoughts. They
inspire the dreams of our ambitions and the demons of our nightmares.</b>
The media business and creative elements, whether they fully appreciate it or not,
constitute a priest class that has the power to move us and to shake us. They create the songs to
be sung, the instruments on which they are composed and performed, and designate who are to
be the performer demigods of the moment.
They are watching the Indian media which they have screwed up without even Indians figuring it out.
http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->McLuhan's work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory. McLuhan is known for coining the expressions "the medium is the message" and the "global village."
McLuhan was a fixture in media discourse from the late 1960s to his death and he continues to be an influential and controversial figure. More than ten years after his death he was named the "patron saint" of Wired magazine.
Major works
During his years at Saint Louis University (1937-1944), McLuhan worked concurrently on two projects: his doctoral dissertation and the manuscript that was eventually published in 1951 as the book The Mechanical Bride, which included only a representative selection of the materials that McLuhan had prepared for it.
McLuhan's 1942 Cambridge University doctoral dissertation surveys the history of the verbal arts (grammar, dialectic and logic, and rhetoric -- collectively known as the trivium from the time of Cicero down to the time of Thomas Nashe.[21] In his later publications, McLuhan at times uses the Latin concept of the trivium to outline an orderly and systematic picture of certain periods in the history of Western culture. <b>McLuhan suggests that the Middle Ages, for instance, was characterized by the heavy emphasis on the formal study of logic. The key development that led to the Renaissance was not the rediscovery of ancient texts but a shift in emphasis from the formal study of logic to rhetoric and language. Modern life is characterized by the reemergence of grammar as its most salient feature -- a trend McLuhan felt was exemplified by the New Criticism of Richards and Leavis.[22]</b>
In The Mechanical Bride, McLuhan turned his attention to analyzing and commenting on numerous examples of persuasion in contemporary popular culture. This followed naturally from his earlier work as both dialectic and rhetoric in the classical trivium aimed at persuasion. At this point his focus shifted dramatically, turning inward to study the influence of communication media independent of their content. His famous slogan, "the medium is the message" (elaborated in his 1964 book, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man) calls attention to this intrinsic effect of communications media. [23]
Understanding Media (1964)
McLuhan's most widely known work, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964), is also a pioneering study in media ecology. In it McLuhan proposed that media themselves, not the content they carry, should be the focus of study â- popularly quoted as "the medium is the message." <span style='color:#800080'>McLuhan's theory was that a medium affects the society in which it plays a role not by the content delivered over the medium, but by the characteristics of the medium itself.</span> McLuhan pointed to the light bulb as a clear demonstration of this concept. A light bulb does not have content in the way that a newspaper has articles or a television has programs, yet it is a medium that has a social effect; that is, a light bulb enables people to create spaces during nighttime that would otherwise be enveloped by darkness. He describes the light bulb as a medium without any content. McLuhan states that "a light bulb creates an environment by its mere presence."[38] More controversially, he postulated that content had little effect on society â- in other words, it did not matter if television broadcasts children's shows or violent programming, to illustrate one example -â the effect of television on society would be identical. He noted that all media have characteristics that engage the viewer in different ways; for instance, a passage in a book could be reread at will, but a movie had to be screened again in its entirety to study any individual part of it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding_Media
<b>
McLuhan argues that media are languages, with their own structures and systems of grammar, and that they can be studied as such. He believed that media have effects in that they continually shape and re-shape the ways in which individuals, societies, and cultures perceive and understand the world. </b>In his view, the purpose of media studies is to make visible what is invisible: the effects of media technologies themselves, rather than simply the messages they convey. Media studies therefore, ideally, seeks to identify patterns within a medium and in its interactions with other media. Based on his studies in New Criticism, McLuhan argued that technologies are to words as the surrounding culture is to a poem: the former derive their meaning from the context formed by the latter. Like Harold Innis, McLuhan looked to the broader culture and society within which a medium conveys its messages to identify patterns of the medium's effects.[7]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Academy..._%26_Television
Political communication and political economy
From the beginning, media studies are closely related to politics and wars (Guo & Wu, 2005, p. 276) such as campaign research and war propaganda. Political communication mainly studies the connections among politicians, voters and media. It focused on the media effects. There are four main media effects theories: magic bullet, two-step flow of communications (Lazarsfeld, 1948), limited effects (Lang & Lang, 1953), and the spiral of silence (Noelle-Neumann, 1984). Also, many scholars studied the technique of political communication such as rhetoric, symbolism and etc. Much of this research has been developed in journals of mass communication and public opinion scholarship.
In the last quarter century, political economy has played a major part in media studies literature. The theory gained notoriety in media studies particularly with the publication of Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomskyâs Manufacturing Consent, published in 1988. In the book, the authors discuss a theory of how the United Statesâ media industry operates, which they term a âpropaganda model.â The model describes a âdecentralized and non-conspiratorial market system of control and processing, although at times the government or one or more private actors may take initiatives and mobilize co-ordinated elite handling of an issue." [2]
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
Communication technology impact on Western Culture. Print Culture generates the most socially revolutionary and eversive forces, while electric media makes people more reactionary
<img src='http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/95/SummaryDiagramVertical.png' border='0' alt='user posted image' />
http://www.apa.org/divisions/div46/
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Media Psychology
Division 46 - Media Psychology focuses on the roles psychologists play in various aspects of the media, including, but not limited to, radio, television, film, video, newsprint, magazines, and newer technologies. It seeks to promote research into the impact of media on human behavior; to facilitate interaction between psychology and media representatives; to enrich the teaching, training, and practice of media psychology; and to prepare psychologists to interpret psychological research to the lay public and to other professionals. The Division has liaisons with the APA Education, Practice, Science, and Public Interest Directorates.
The purpose of our site is to disseminate accurate and research-based information to professionals and the public regarding psychological issues in mass media. The objectives of Division 46 are to:
Assist psychologists to use the media more effectively for informing the public about the science and profession of psychology.
Develop a set of theoretical frameworks for the study and practice of media psychology.
Support research on the effects of media on the public, and the effectiveness of media in transmitting psychological information.
<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
http://www.apa.org/divisions/div46/images/MEDIADEF.pdf
<b>
Arguably, the field of media psychology may be the study of a religion. The forces of
media create the celebrity gods we both adore and hate. They create the means by which we
come to understand ourselves and evaluate others. They provide the intellectual, spiritual and
hedonic manna that fills our senses and alternately crystallize or cloud our thoughts. They
inspire the dreams of our ambitions and the demons of our nightmares.</b>
The media business and creative elements, whether they fully appreciate it or not,
constitute a priest class that has the power to move us and to shake us. They create the songs to
be sung, the instruments on which they are composed and performed, and designate who are to
be the performer demigods of the moment.