03-11-2005, 12:28 PM
came in via email
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The contributions of India: the seer-scientists and the renaissance in India.
by Vasant V. Merchant
The glorious heritage of India has been shaped and fostered from the Vedic and Upanishadic times. The Vedas are the earliest poetry and prose of humanity. The Upanishads have been described as the epic poems of self-knowledge, world-knowledge and God-knowledge. The vast galaxy of seer-scientists, philosopher-poets, savants and sages and the divine incarnations that traversed the paths of temporal knowledge-Apara Vidya and spiritual knowledge-Para Vidya have molded the Indian psyche and spiritual paths and left behind a rich and full history of thought that ranged from science, philosophy, religion and the living arts of man. They blossomed in an environment of respect and freedom of thought and expression and scientific inquiry. No new system of philosophy or spiritual knowledge came about or flourished unless the founder of the new system was thoroughly familiar and had carefully examined all the existing previous philosophies. Thus, the six systems of Indian philosophy-viz. Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankhya, Jaina, Buddhist, Vedanta-dwaita and advaita-dualistic and non-dualistic systems et al developed a mutual harmony, and amity, wholesomeness and integrity in their core.
The renowned Chinese writer, philosopher and philologist (1895-1976 CE) opined, "India was China's teacher in religion and imaginative literature and the world's in trigonometry, quadratic equations, grammar, phonetics, as well as in philosophy she inspired Boccacio, Goethe, Schopenhauer and Emerson."
From the times of Vedic period (8000 BCE), the great culture of India has presented humanity with a gold mine of discoveries and inventions-ranging from aviation technology (800 BCE), to medicine and botanical science (Ayur Veda), (600 BCE), to atomic theory (600 BCE), plastic surgery (600 BCE), to Yoga (200 BCE), to chemistry (100 CE), to astronomy and mathematics (476 CE), to cosmology (3000 BCE), astrology and astronomy (499-587 CE) and the great masters like Swami Vivekananda, Paramhansa Yoga- nanda, Ramakrishrna Paramhansa, Sri Aurobindo, Rabindranath Tagore, Mohandas K. Gandhi and others. The historian Will Durant has said, "Mother India is in many ways, the mother of us all." (The Story of Civilization; Our Oriental Heritage).
Among the seer-scientists and geniuses of India were the pioneers of science and spirit. Their lives were dedicated to peace and piety, acuity and achievements that continue to inspire humanity toward further progress and happiness of human beings inspite of the ravages of time, the fall of empires over the centuries.
Travelers to India may come and go, but there will always be a Krishna, Buddha, Christ, Zoroaster, Confucius, and Lao Tsu and other statuettes and art effects being displayed that bring out the mosaic of Indian peninsula-from Kashmir to Kanyakumari, the multi-racial, multireligious colors, customs and traditions and festivals.
India's priceless heritage is unveiled by Acharya Kapil (3000 BCE), as the founder of Sankhya philosophy. He is believed to have been born in 3000 BCE to the illustrious sage Kardam and wife Devhuti. His pioneer work through the Sankhya School of Thought was to bring light on the nature and principles of the ultimate soul and spirit (Purusha) and primal matter (Prskriti), cosmic nature and creation.
Acharya Kapil's concept of transformation of energy and profound commentaries on the soul (atman), nature, matter and the subtle elements of the cosmos places him in a class by himself, incomparable to the discoveries of other cosmologists. He contended that Prakriti and Purusha are the mother of cosmic creation and all energies. With this he contributed a new chapter in the science of cosmology. His extraordinary and extrasensory perceptions, observations and revelations on the secrets of creation, brought him the recognition as the Father of Cosmology.
Acharya Bharadwaj (800 BCE) was a pioneer of aviation technology. He lived in the holy city of Prayag in a hermitage. An ardent apostle of Ayurveda, he also excelled in mechanical sciences. He authored the "Yantra Sarvasva" which includes discoveries that are not only outstanding but astonishing-e.g.: in space science, aviation science and flying machines. He described three categories of flying machines-viz. 1. that flies on earth from one place to another; 2. that travels from one planet to another; 3. That travels from one universe to another.
His designs, techniques and descriptions are found very impressive even by engineers of today. He describes aviation technology thus:
a. Profound secret: the techniques to make a flying object machine invisible through the application of sunlight and wind force.
b. Living Secret: the technique to make an invisible space machine visible through the application of electrical force.
c. Secret of reconnaissance/eavesdropping: the technique to listen to a conversation in another plane.
d. Visual secrets: the technique to see what is happening inside another plane.
Archarya Bharadwaj's brilliant and innovative discoveries have earned him the distinction of being a pioneer in aviation technology.
Acharya Charak (600 BCE) has been called the Father of Medicine. Charak Samhita is his most renowned work-considered the encyclopedia of Ayurveda. Even after two millennia, his principles, diagnoses and cures retain their potency value and truth.
Through his inquiries and investigations, he revealed his innate genius the facts of human anatomy when there was much confusion about science of anatomical theories in Europe. He studied blood circulation, embryology, pharmacology, diseases like diabetes, heart disease, tuberculosis, in addition to the human anatomy. In the `Charak Samhita' he described the functions and the medicinal properties/qualities of 100,000 herbal plants. The influence of diet and nutrition, and activity on the body and the mind are emphasized, and correlation between physical health and spirituality are explored in contributing to diagnostic and curative science as well as mind-body relationships in healing and health. More than two centuries prior to the Hippocratic oath, he prescribed an ethical charter for medical practitioners.
Acharya Charak has made landmark contribution to Ayurveda. In the annals of history, they are etched among the noblest and greatest rishisseer-scientists.
Medical knowledge about the duration, intensity and extensity of pregnancy was known in Ayur Veda. Vedic people were the first to know the exact length of pregnancy with its gestation, incubation and developmental periods from the embryonic and conceptual stages. The grave importance of the psychic factors during pre-natal and other phases of pregnancy-like the importance of the mother's thoughts and also those of the father's in influencing the child with samskaras-psychic impressions was recognized. Awareness of the relationship of the endocrine system to gynecology and obstetrics was appreciated (nadi-grantha sashtra).
In the archaeological findings of the ancient Indian civilization from Harrappa and Mohenjodaro, excavations of carvings, statues and structures were found with figures with acromegaly (disturbance of pituitary gland), dwarfism, scrofulous conditions from thyroid gland and other endocrine disturbances in treatment by the physicians. Patients were lying on a flat platform or surface restrained by side railings from falling and strap like mechanisms for restraining mental patients. Remnants and parts of animal hospitals for treatment of birds and animals were found. Coins with Taurus and Lion Seals were discovered. Presently, the largest bird hospital exists in New Delhi, retirement homes (ranches) for old cows and horses, were provided. About five years ago, old mules and donkeys (retired from the wing of Indian army) were placed in retire. meat facilities in Gujarat in rural communities.
Acharya Kanad (600 BCE) was the founder of atomic theory. He was a genius in philosophy, who founded "Vaisheshika Darshan" system.
He was born in Prabhas Kshetra near Dwarika in Gujarat. He was known as the pioneer expander of the law of causation, realism, and the atomic theory. He classified all the objects of creation into nine elements-viz. earth, water, light, wind, ether, time, space, mind and soul. He has said: "Every object of creation is made of atoms which in turn connects with each other to form molecules." Nearly 2,500 years before John Dalton, Kanad's statement ushered in the Atomic Theory for the first time in the world.
Kanad also described the dimensions and motion of atoms and their chemical reactions with each other. T.N. Colebrook, the eminent historian has succinctly pointed out, "compared to the scientists of Europe, Kanad and other Indian scientists were the global masters in this field."
Acharya Sushrut (600 BCE) was recognized as a genius in medical science. He has written in great de. tails, the first ever surgical procedures in "Sushrut Samhita," a unique encyclopedia of surgery. Achary Sushrut was born to sage Vishwamitra.
Sushrut has been called the father of plastic surgery, and the science of anesthesia. He was known to perform Rhinoplasty-restoration of a damaged nose, and other challenging procedures on the eyes, and operations-when surgery was in its infancy in Europe and the rest of world.
Twelve types of fractures are described by Sushrut in "Sushrut Samhita" and six types of dislocations. His description of human embryology gives details of 125 types of surgical instruments including, scalpels, lancets, needles, catheters and rectal speculums-which were primarily designed from the jaws of birds and animals. Additionally, different stitching methods and the use of horse's hair as thread and fibers of bark are discussed. Three hundred (300) types of operations are included in great detail.
The ancient Indians pioneered cranial surgeries, caesarian and other surgeries, and amputation. Sushrut was a giant in the arena of medical science.
Acharya Patanjali (200 BCE) was called the father of Yoga. One of the most unique contributions of India to the world is the science of Yoga. Contrary to the misconception about Yoga meaning only the physical exercise or certain physical postures, Yoga means in totality, the physical, psychological and spiritual integration of the being to discover and realize the Ultimate Reality through Yogic practices. The word Yoga comes from the word "to yoke"- the lower for the purpose of the higher. True Yoga is transformation of consciousness, as Sri Aurobindo has explained.
Acharya Patanjali hailed from the district of Ganda (Ganard) in Uttar Pradesh. He prescribed the control of prana shakti- life force, vital breath, for regulation and control of the body, mind and soul, conducive to good health and happiness. Acharya Patanjail expostulates 84 yogic postures which are aimed at effectively enhancing the efficiency of circulatory, respiratory, central nervous system, digestive and endocrine systems and several other organs of the physique. Patanjali speaks of eight (8) limbs of Yoga, which are instrumental in the attainment of ultimate bliss, in integrated state of consciousness--i.e. Samadhi. This can be attained through certain disciplines-viz. Yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratvahara, dhyana, dharana, the ultimate stage being Samadhi. Popularity of Yoga is based on its scientific approach and benefits that are perceived to be medical, physical, psychological and spiritual.
Acharya Patanjali will always enjoy a pride of place since Yoga is honored as one of the six main systems of Indian philosophy, and will be remembered for his teachings of self-discipline and self-realization leading to self bliss.
Nagarjuna (100CE) was an extraordinary wizard of science. He was born in the unknown, nondescript village of Baluka in Madhya Pradesh. He produced many discoveries and innovations after twelve (12) years of dedicated research in the fields of metallurgy and chemistry. His master works were used as texts. They are "Rasa Ratnakar," "Rashrudaya," and "Rasendramangal" are his renowned contributions to the science of chemistry. In comparison to the medieval chemists/scientists in England who failed in their alchemical efforts Nagarjuna had discovered the secret of transmuting base metals into gold. As an alchemist, he also had a spiritual dimension-that of transmuting lower consciousness into the higher consciousness.
He is the author of medical books like "Arogyamanjari" and "Yogasar." His writings are prolific and versatile. He wrote twenty-four (24) books. His knowledge is profoundly scholarly. He was appointed the Chancellor of the famous University of Nalanda. His discoveries are a milestone that continue to astonish the scientists of today.
Aryabhatt (476 CE) a master astronomer and mathmatician was born in 476 CE Kusumpur, Bihar. Aryabhatt's intellectual brilliance remapped the boundaries of mathematics and astronomy. At the age of 23, in 499 CE, he wrote a text on astronomy and an unparalleled treatise on mathematics called "Aryabhatiyam." In this text, he formulated the process of calculating the motion of the planets and the time of eclipses. Aryabhatt was the first to proclaim that the earth is round, it rotates on its axis, orbits the sun and is suspended in space- 1000 years before Copernicus published his heliocentric theory. He is also acknowledged for calculating [pi] to four decimal places: 3.1416 and the sine [pi] table in trigonometry. Centuries later, the Arab mathematician, Mohammed Pon Mussa in 825 CE credited the value of Pi to the Indians, and said: "This value has been given to the Hindus." Aryabhatt's most spectacular contributions is the concept of zero (0), which reached the Mediterranean, and Europe through the Arabs and travelers across the seven oceans. Without the concept of zero, modern technology would have been non-existent. Metaphysically also the zero has played a significant role in Sunyavada in Hinduism and Buddhism and the importance of zero principle as vacuum (sunyata) in physics-mathematics in the creative process.
Aryabhatt is rightly reputed as the colossus of mathematics.
Varahamihir (499-587 CE), an eminent astrologer and astronomer was honored in the court of King Vikramaditya in Avanti, Ujjain as one of the nine gems. The author of the book Panchasiddhanta Varahamir holds a prominent place in the realm of astronomy. Varahamihir in India and Ptolemy in Egypt (100 CE?-165 CE?) were both scientists par excellence and showed that the genus of astronomy was astrology. In the book, "Bruhad Samhita" and "Bruhad Jatak," Varahamihir delineates the path of the moon and the planets and notes that their luster is not because of their own light but due to the light of the sun. He reveals his discoveries in the domains of geography, and geological sciences, botany, constellation science and zoology concerning animal science.
Varahamihir's treatises deal with plant pathology, preventative and curative measures for various disease afflictions of trees and plants. His knowledge and unique contributions to astronomy and astrology still survive even to this day.
Bhaskaracharya II (1114-1183 CE) was a genius in Algebra. He was born in the village of Vijjadit-Jalagaon, in Maharashtra. His distinguished work in Algebra, geometry and arithmetic catapulted him into name and fame. "Lilavati" and "Bijaganita"--two of his works are among the most important and unparalleled and a tribute to his profound intelligence. These have been translated into different languages of the world. In "Siddhanta Shiromani"--his noted treatise, he deals with planetary positions, eclipses, cosmography, astronomy equipment and mathematical techniques. His book "Surya Siddhanta" highlights the force of gravity, which he has explained thus: objects fall on earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. Therefore, the earth, planets, constellations, moon and the sun are held in orbit due to this attraction.
Bhaskaracharya was the first to discover gravity. It was 500 years before Sir Isaac Newton's discovery. A champion among the mathematicians of ancient and medieval India, Persian and European scholars were inspired to do further research on the works of Bhaskarcharya and earned fame and popularity. Kahlil Gibran, (1883-1931), from Lebanon (author of "The Prophet"), a philosophical-literary savant wrote: "The heights of heavens attract me but the force of gravitation pulls me down," speaking about the paradox of life.
Bhagwan Swami Maharaj (1781-1830 CE) born in Gujarat inspired a moral and spiritual message in the 19th century. He employed the method of dialogue and interaction with his aspirants in his book; "Shikshsapatri," and his sacred text "Vachanamrutam."
Pramukh Swami Maharaj (1921-), born in Chansad, Gujarat, has applied India's ancient wisdom to create architectual and spiritual marvels like Akshardham and the Shree Swaminarayan Mandir in London. He has emphasized that (Vedic) rishis (seers) were great scientists who gifted society with discoveries that brought peace and progress to humanity. Today, however, he cautions, scientific discoveries and inventions have to be tempered with Vivek, power of discretion to use for what is good and beneficial for humankind.
The Renaissance in India
A historical look at India from the last thousand or even hundred years, one cannot help but notice the phenomena of saints, sages and spiritual personages, in addition to the intellectual, literary, artistic, scientific and spiritual geniuses that have contributed to the Renaissance of India. This range includes Vivekananda, ka Tirtha, Ramakrishna, Sri Aurobindo, Ramana Maharshi, Anandmayi Ma, Shivananda, Neem Karoli Baba, Nityananda--to mention only a few--among great individuals. In this galaxy of stalwarts, these individuals are not necessarily the products of any one organization or any school, nor are they "clones of one another."
In the words of Dr. David Frawley in his book: Arise Arjuna in "The Value of Hindu Culture for the World" (pp:203-204) he clearly points out that "if we look at the West or the Islamic world over the last thousand years, it is difficult to find such a number of people of spiritual realization. Without a cultural support such a great assembly could not arise or would not be appreciated. While these sages are the fruit, the culture is the field that nourishes the trees (teachings) on which they grow." The Vedas are the roots, the source from which these personages have derived their inspiration and nourishment.
Dr. David Frawley continues in his penetrating analysis of Indian culture, and points out, "the worship of the Gods and Goddesses, Hindu devotional meditations, pujas and rituals are little known or understood in the West. Many Western followers of Hindu Yoga have never entered a Hindu temple or seen a puja performed, except as a curiosity." Their acquaintance with Yoga is only though Hatha yoga-physical postures-asanas, and their understanding only surfacial of the real meaning of Yoga, as alluded in the early part of this article. Dr. Frawley reiterates that "Ayur Veda," the medical system is only now getting some recognition in the West. Vedic astrology is just beginning to surface and looks like it will become quite popular at least in astrological circles. Hindu music has made quite a mark of its own from the Beatles to Ravishankar, its rhythms and melodies have brought joy and unity. Sanskrit poetry, drama and aesthetics, the most extensive, intricate, profound and spiritual in the world, are little known or appreciated. Even the poets of the Western world who aim at a symbolic or mystical approach do not have an idea as to how extensively this realm had already been explored in India with such figures as Kalidasa. The Vedas and Upanishads, the great fountainheads under these multiple currents are largely unknown by those who teach and preach, including in the academia.
A new trend in India is now to introduce Vedic science, Sanskrit, and Vedic studies from an Indian point of view--with a new historical reorientation in schools and universities. The Vedic worldview is universal in its outlook, and its horizons are far and wide reaching. India must not revel in its past glory and grandeur and rest on its past laurels. She must re-think and re-evaluate the direction of her growth and progress in the light of the roots of her indigenous culture to give birth to the possibilities of new freedom of thought and action commensurate with her ethical and spiritual values. She must weed out the deadwood, dross and debris with the spiritual passion of Shiva to destroy ignorance and evil and the ills of society. She must keep the genius of her identity and synthesize the ancient with the modern, overcome the inadequacies, negativities and limitations of the past and preserve, nourish and create new changes in the present and the future with the persistence and powers of Vishnu to unite and integrate to regenerate and recreate with the powers of Shiva.
The challenge is indeed clear for it holds the potential, power and promise to fulfill the work of galvanization with gigantic energy, valor, self-discipline, self-sacrifice, and dynamism. She must foster individual and collective responsibility.
As Sri Aurobindo says: "true knowledge is that which unites." It must educate, awaken and transform the consciousness. That is the mission of the scholar--teacher: Peace through integral development.
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The contributions of India: the seer-scientists and the renaissance in India.
by Vasant V. Merchant
The glorious heritage of India has been shaped and fostered from the Vedic and Upanishadic times. The Vedas are the earliest poetry and prose of humanity. The Upanishads have been described as the epic poems of self-knowledge, world-knowledge and God-knowledge. The vast galaxy of seer-scientists, philosopher-poets, savants and sages and the divine incarnations that traversed the paths of temporal knowledge-Apara Vidya and spiritual knowledge-Para Vidya have molded the Indian psyche and spiritual paths and left behind a rich and full history of thought that ranged from science, philosophy, religion and the living arts of man. They blossomed in an environment of respect and freedom of thought and expression and scientific inquiry. No new system of philosophy or spiritual knowledge came about or flourished unless the founder of the new system was thoroughly familiar and had carefully examined all the existing previous philosophies. Thus, the six systems of Indian philosophy-viz. Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankhya, Jaina, Buddhist, Vedanta-dwaita and advaita-dualistic and non-dualistic systems et al developed a mutual harmony, and amity, wholesomeness and integrity in their core.
The renowned Chinese writer, philosopher and philologist (1895-1976 CE) opined, "India was China's teacher in religion and imaginative literature and the world's in trigonometry, quadratic equations, grammar, phonetics, as well as in philosophy she inspired Boccacio, Goethe, Schopenhauer and Emerson."
From the times of Vedic period (8000 BCE), the great culture of India has presented humanity with a gold mine of discoveries and inventions-ranging from aviation technology (800 BCE), to medicine and botanical science (Ayur Veda), (600 BCE), to atomic theory (600 BCE), plastic surgery (600 BCE), to Yoga (200 BCE), to chemistry (100 CE), to astronomy and mathematics (476 CE), to cosmology (3000 BCE), astrology and astronomy (499-587 CE) and the great masters like Swami Vivekananda, Paramhansa Yoga- nanda, Ramakrishrna Paramhansa, Sri Aurobindo, Rabindranath Tagore, Mohandas K. Gandhi and others. The historian Will Durant has said, "Mother India is in many ways, the mother of us all." (The Story of Civilization; Our Oriental Heritage).
Among the seer-scientists and geniuses of India were the pioneers of science and spirit. Their lives were dedicated to peace and piety, acuity and achievements that continue to inspire humanity toward further progress and happiness of human beings inspite of the ravages of time, the fall of empires over the centuries.
Travelers to India may come and go, but there will always be a Krishna, Buddha, Christ, Zoroaster, Confucius, and Lao Tsu and other statuettes and art effects being displayed that bring out the mosaic of Indian peninsula-from Kashmir to Kanyakumari, the multi-racial, multireligious colors, customs and traditions and festivals.
India's priceless heritage is unveiled by Acharya Kapil (3000 BCE), as the founder of Sankhya philosophy. He is believed to have been born in 3000 BCE to the illustrious sage Kardam and wife Devhuti. His pioneer work through the Sankhya School of Thought was to bring light on the nature and principles of the ultimate soul and spirit (Purusha) and primal matter (Prskriti), cosmic nature and creation.
Acharya Kapil's concept of transformation of energy and profound commentaries on the soul (atman), nature, matter and the subtle elements of the cosmos places him in a class by himself, incomparable to the discoveries of other cosmologists. He contended that Prakriti and Purusha are the mother of cosmic creation and all energies. With this he contributed a new chapter in the science of cosmology. His extraordinary and extrasensory perceptions, observations and revelations on the secrets of creation, brought him the recognition as the Father of Cosmology.
Acharya Bharadwaj (800 BCE) was a pioneer of aviation technology. He lived in the holy city of Prayag in a hermitage. An ardent apostle of Ayurveda, he also excelled in mechanical sciences. He authored the "Yantra Sarvasva" which includes discoveries that are not only outstanding but astonishing-e.g.: in space science, aviation science and flying machines. He described three categories of flying machines-viz. 1. that flies on earth from one place to another; 2. that travels from one planet to another; 3. That travels from one universe to another.
His designs, techniques and descriptions are found very impressive even by engineers of today. He describes aviation technology thus:
a. Profound secret: the techniques to make a flying object machine invisible through the application of sunlight and wind force.
b. Living Secret: the technique to make an invisible space machine visible through the application of electrical force.
c. Secret of reconnaissance/eavesdropping: the technique to listen to a conversation in another plane.
d. Visual secrets: the technique to see what is happening inside another plane.
Archarya Bharadwaj's brilliant and innovative discoveries have earned him the distinction of being a pioneer in aviation technology.
Acharya Charak (600 BCE) has been called the Father of Medicine. Charak Samhita is his most renowned work-considered the encyclopedia of Ayurveda. Even after two millennia, his principles, diagnoses and cures retain their potency value and truth.
Through his inquiries and investigations, he revealed his innate genius the facts of human anatomy when there was much confusion about science of anatomical theories in Europe. He studied blood circulation, embryology, pharmacology, diseases like diabetes, heart disease, tuberculosis, in addition to the human anatomy. In the `Charak Samhita' he described the functions and the medicinal properties/qualities of 100,000 herbal plants. The influence of diet and nutrition, and activity on the body and the mind are emphasized, and correlation between physical health and spirituality are explored in contributing to diagnostic and curative science as well as mind-body relationships in healing and health. More than two centuries prior to the Hippocratic oath, he prescribed an ethical charter for medical practitioners.
Acharya Charak has made landmark contribution to Ayurveda. In the annals of history, they are etched among the noblest and greatest rishisseer-scientists.
Medical knowledge about the duration, intensity and extensity of pregnancy was known in Ayur Veda. Vedic people were the first to know the exact length of pregnancy with its gestation, incubation and developmental periods from the embryonic and conceptual stages. The grave importance of the psychic factors during pre-natal and other phases of pregnancy-like the importance of the mother's thoughts and also those of the father's in influencing the child with samskaras-psychic impressions was recognized. Awareness of the relationship of the endocrine system to gynecology and obstetrics was appreciated (nadi-grantha sashtra).
In the archaeological findings of the ancient Indian civilization from Harrappa and Mohenjodaro, excavations of carvings, statues and structures were found with figures with acromegaly (disturbance of pituitary gland), dwarfism, scrofulous conditions from thyroid gland and other endocrine disturbances in treatment by the physicians. Patients were lying on a flat platform or surface restrained by side railings from falling and strap like mechanisms for restraining mental patients. Remnants and parts of animal hospitals for treatment of birds and animals were found. Coins with Taurus and Lion Seals were discovered. Presently, the largest bird hospital exists in New Delhi, retirement homes (ranches) for old cows and horses, were provided. About five years ago, old mules and donkeys (retired from the wing of Indian army) were placed in retire. meat facilities in Gujarat in rural communities.
Acharya Kanad (600 BCE) was the founder of atomic theory. He was a genius in philosophy, who founded "Vaisheshika Darshan" system.
He was born in Prabhas Kshetra near Dwarika in Gujarat. He was known as the pioneer expander of the law of causation, realism, and the atomic theory. He classified all the objects of creation into nine elements-viz. earth, water, light, wind, ether, time, space, mind and soul. He has said: "Every object of creation is made of atoms which in turn connects with each other to form molecules." Nearly 2,500 years before John Dalton, Kanad's statement ushered in the Atomic Theory for the first time in the world.
Kanad also described the dimensions and motion of atoms and their chemical reactions with each other. T.N. Colebrook, the eminent historian has succinctly pointed out, "compared to the scientists of Europe, Kanad and other Indian scientists were the global masters in this field."
Acharya Sushrut (600 BCE) was recognized as a genius in medical science. He has written in great de. tails, the first ever surgical procedures in "Sushrut Samhita," a unique encyclopedia of surgery. Achary Sushrut was born to sage Vishwamitra.
Sushrut has been called the father of plastic surgery, and the science of anesthesia. He was known to perform Rhinoplasty-restoration of a damaged nose, and other challenging procedures on the eyes, and operations-when surgery was in its infancy in Europe and the rest of world.
Twelve types of fractures are described by Sushrut in "Sushrut Samhita" and six types of dislocations. His description of human embryology gives details of 125 types of surgical instruments including, scalpels, lancets, needles, catheters and rectal speculums-which were primarily designed from the jaws of birds and animals. Additionally, different stitching methods and the use of horse's hair as thread and fibers of bark are discussed. Three hundred (300) types of operations are included in great detail.
The ancient Indians pioneered cranial surgeries, caesarian and other surgeries, and amputation. Sushrut was a giant in the arena of medical science.
Acharya Patanjali (200 BCE) was called the father of Yoga. One of the most unique contributions of India to the world is the science of Yoga. Contrary to the misconception about Yoga meaning only the physical exercise or certain physical postures, Yoga means in totality, the physical, psychological and spiritual integration of the being to discover and realize the Ultimate Reality through Yogic practices. The word Yoga comes from the word "to yoke"- the lower for the purpose of the higher. True Yoga is transformation of consciousness, as Sri Aurobindo has explained.
Acharya Patanjali hailed from the district of Ganda (Ganard) in Uttar Pradesh. He prescribed the control of prana shakti- life force, vital breath, for regulation and control of the body, mind and soul, conducive to good health and happiness. Acharya Patanjail expostulates 84 yogic postures which are aimed at effectively enhancing the efficiency of circulatory, respiratory, central nervous system, digestive and endocrine systems and several other organs of the physique. Patanjali speaks of eight (8) limbs of Yoga, which are instrumental in the attainment of ultimate bliss, in integrated state of consciousness--i.e. Samadhi. This can be attained through certain disciplines-viz. Yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratvahara, dhyana, dharana, the ultimate stage being Samadhi. Popularity of Yoga is based on its scientific approach and benefits that are perceived to be medical, physical, psychological and spiritual.
Acharya Patanjali will always enjoy a pride of place since Yoga is honored as one of the six main systems of Indian philosophy, and will be remembered for his teachings of self-discipline and self-realization leading to self bliss.
Nagarjuna (100CE) was an extraordinary wizard of science. He was born in the unknown, nondescript village of Baluka in Madhya Pradesh. He produced many discoveries and innovations after twelve (12) years of dedicated research in the fields of metallurgy and chemistry. His master works were used as texts. They are "Rasa Ratnakar," "Rashrudaya," and "Rasendramangal" are his renowned contributions to the science of chemistry. In comparison to the medieval chemists/scientists in England who failed in their alchemical efforts Nagarjuna had discovered the secret of transmuting base metals into gold. As an alchemist, he also had a spiritual dimension-that of transmuting lower consciousness into the higher consciousness.
He is the author of medical books like "Arogyamanjari" and "Yogasar." His writings are prolific and versatile. He wrote twenty-four (24) books. His knowledge is profoundly scholarly. He was appointed the Chancellor of the famous University of Nalanda. His discoveries are a milestone that continue to astonish the scientists of today.
Aryabhatt (476 CE) a master astronomer and mathmatician was born in 476 CE Kusumpur, Bihar. Aryabhatt's intellectual brilliance remapped the boundaries of mathematics and astronomy. At the age of 23, in 499 CE, he wrote a text on astronomy and an unparalleled treatise on mathematics called "Aryabhatiyam." In this text, he formulated the process of calculating the motion of the planets and the time of eclipses. Aryabhatt was the first to proclaim that the earth is round, it rotates on its axis, orbits the sun and is suspended in space- 1000 years before Copernicus published his heliocentric theory. He is also acknowledged for calculating [pi] to four decimal places: 3.1416 and the sine [pi] table in trigonometry. Centuries later, the Arab mathematician, Mohammed Pon Mussa in 825 CE credited the value of Pi to the Indians, and said: "This value has been given to the Hindus." Aryabhatt's most spectacular contributions is the concept of zero (0), which reached the Mediterranean, and Europe through the Arabs and travelers across the seven oceans. Without the concept of zero, modern technology would have been non-existent. Metaphysically also the zero has played a significant role in Sunyavada in Hinduism and Buddhism and the importance of zero principle as vacuum (sunyata) in physics-mathematics in the creative process.
Aryabhatt is rightly reputed as the colossus of mathematics.
Varahamihir (499-587 CE), an eminent astrologer and astronomer was honored in the court of King Vikramaditya in Avanti, Ujjain as one of the nine gems. The author of the book Panchasiddhanta Varahamir holds a prominent place in the realm of astronomy. Varahamihir in India and Ptolemy in Egypt (100 CE?-165 CE?) were both scientists par excellence and showed that the genus of astronomy was astrology. In the book, "Bruhad Samhita" and "Bruhad Jatak," Varahamihir delineates the path of the moon and the planets and notes that their luster is not because of their own light but due to the light of the sun. He reveals his discoveries in the domains of geography, and geological sciences, botany, constellation science and zoology concerning animal science.
Varahamihir's treatises deal with plant pathology, preventative and curative measures for various disease afflictions of trees and plants. His knowledge and unique contributions to astronomy and astrology still survive even to this day.
Bhaskaracharya II (1114-1183 CE) was a genius in Algebra. He was born in the village of Vijjadit-Jalagaon, in Maharashtra. His distinguished work in Algebra, geometry and arithmetic catapulted him into name and fame. "Lilavati" and "Bijaganita"--two of his works are among the most important and unparalleled and a tribute to his profound intelligence. These have been translated into different languages of the world. In "Siddhanta Shiromani"--his noted treatise, he deals with planetary positions, eclipses, cosmography, astronomy equipment and mathematical techniques. His book "Surya Siddhanta" highlights the force of gravity, which he has explained thus: objects fall on earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. Therefore, the earth, planets, constellations, moon and the sun are held in orbit due to this attraction.
Bhaskaracharya was the first to discover gravity. It was 500 years before Sir Isaac Newton's discovery. A champion among the mathematicians of ancient and medieval India, Persian and European scholars were inspired to do further research on the works of Bhaskarcharya and earned fame and popularity. Kahlil Gibran, (1883-1931), from Lebanon (author of "The Prophet"), a philosophical-literary savant wrote: "The heights of heavens attract me but the force of gravitation pulls me down," speaking about the paradox of life.
Bhagwan Swami Maharaj (1781-1830 CE) born in Gujarat inspired a moral and spiritual message in the 19th century. He employed the method of dialogue and interaction with his aspirants in his book; "Shikshsapatri," and his sacred text "Vachanamrutam."
Pramukh Swami Maharaj (1921-), born in Chansad, Gujarat, has applied India's ancient wisdom to create architectual and spiritual marvels like Akshardham and the Shree Swaminarayan Mandir in London. He has emphasized that (Vedic) rishis (seers) were great scientists who gifted society with discoveries that brought peace and progress to humanity. Today, however, he cautions, scientific discoveries and inventions have to be tempered with Vivek, power of discretion to use for what is good and beneficial for humankind.
The Renaissance in India
A historical look at India from the last thousand or even hundred years, one cannot help but notice the phenomena of saints, sages and spiritual personages, in addition to the intellectual, literary, artistic, scientific and spiritual geniuses that have contributed to the Renaissance of India. This range includes Vivekananda, ka Tirtha, Ramakrishna, Sri Aurobindo, Ramana Maharshi, Anandmayi Ma, Shivananda, Neem Karoli Baba, Nityananda--to mention only a few--among great individuals. In this galaxy of stalwarts, these individuals are not necessarily the products of any one organization or any school, nor are they "clones of one another."
In the words of Dr. David Frawley in his book: Arise Arjuna in "The Value of Hindu Culture for the World" (pp:203-204) he clearly points out that "if we look at the West or the Islamic world over the last thousand years, it is difficult to find such a number of people of spiritual realization. Without a cultural support such a great assembly could not arise or would not be appreciated. While these sages are the fruit, the culture is the field that nourishes the trees (teachings) on which they grow." The Vedas are the roots, the source from which these personages have derived their inspiration and nourishment.
Dr. David Frawley continues in his penetrating analysis of Indian culture, and points out, "the worship of the Gods and Goddesses, Hindu devotional meditations, pujas and rituals are little known or understood in the West. Many Western followers of Hindu Yoga have never entered a Hindu temple or seen a puja performed, except as a curiosity." Their acquaintance with Yoga is only though Hatha yoga-physical postures-asanas, and their understanding only surfacial of the real meaning of Yoga, as alluded in the early part of this article. Dr. Frawley reiterates that "Ayur Veda," the medical system is only now getting some recognition in the West. Vedic astrology is just beginning to surface and looks like it will become quite popular at least in astrological circles. Hindu music has made quite a mark of its own from the Beatles to Ravishankar, its rhythms and melodies have brought joy and unity. Sanskrit poetry, drama and aesthetics, the most extensive, intricate, profound and spiritual in the world, are little known or appreciated. Even the poets of the Western world who aim at a symbolic or mystical approach do not have an idea as to how extensively this realm had already been explored in India with such figures as Kalidasa. The Vedas and Upanishads, the great fountainheads under these multiple currents are largely unknown by those who teach and preach, including in the academia.
A new trend in India is now to introduce Vedic science, Sanskrit, and Vedic studies from an Indian point of view--with a new historical reorientation in schools and universities. The Vedic worldview is universal in its outlook, and its horizons are far and wide reaching. India must not revel in its past glory and grandeur and rest on its past laurels. She must re-think and re-evaluate the direction of her growth and progress in the light of the roots of her indigenous culture to give birth to the possibilities of new freedom of thought and action commensurate with her ethical and spiritual values. She must weed out the deadwood, dross and debris with the spiritual passion of Shiva to destroy ignorance and evil and the ills of society. She must keep the genius of her identity and synthesize the ancient with the modern, overcome the inadequacies, negativities and limitations of the past and preserve, nourish and create new changes in the present and the future with the persistence and powers of Vishnu to unite and integrate to regenerate and recreate with the powers of Shiva.
The challenge is indeed clear for it holds the potential, power and promise to fulfill the work of galvanization with gigantic energy, valor, self-discipline, self-sacrifice, and dynamism. She must foster individual and collective responsibility.
As Sri Aurobindo says: "true knowledge is that which unites." It must educate, awaken and transform the consciousness. That is the mission of the scholar--teacher: Peace through integral development.