Other Natural Religions

[Husky]

Post 1/2



Points 6 and 7 are the most important of this post.



1. Some German book was claiming that Celtic mercenaries in the Carthaginian army (Carthage itself non-IE speaking IIRC) set sail for Americas and formed the "white" Indians called Chachapoyas.



welt.de/geschichte/article115996581/Wie-kamen-blonde-Weisse-vor-Kolumbus-nach-Peru.html



The article title:

Wie kamen blonde Weiße vor Kolumbus nach Peru?

Als die Konquistadoren in die Anden kamen, staunten sie über die hellhäutigen Chachapoya. Nach genetischen Untersuchungen ist sich Hans Giffhorn sicher: Es handelt sich um Nachfahren von Kelten.



means:

"How did blond white people before Columbus get to Peru?

When the Conquistadors came to the Andes, they marvelled at the white-skinned Chachapoya. After genetic investigations, Hans Giffhorn has become certain: we're dealing with descendants of the Celts."



(But are we really? = what this post is about.)



The Chachapoyas and Peruvian mummies regularly get declared "white=European" by white supremacists. So of course the above book would have fed the nonsense.

Example tripe by white supremacist amateur "geneticists" (note that supremacists are the #1 amateur geneticists on the web) at:

genetiker.wordpress.com/2016/04/19/more-proof-of-whites-in-ancient-peru-and-chile/





2. The Chachapoyan culture is tentatively dated around 800 CE and after. (Not BCE)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachapoya_culture

History



Although there is archaeological evidence that people began settling this geographical area as early as 200 CE or before, the Chachapoyas culture is thought to have developed around 750-800 CE. The major urban centers, such as Kuélap and Gran Pajáten, may have developed as a defensive measure against the Huari, a Middle Horizon culture that covered much of the coast and highlands.



In the fifteenth century, the Inca empire expanded to incorporate the Chachapoyas region. Although fortifications such as the citadel at Kuélap may have been an adequate defense against the invading Inca, it is possible that by this time the Chachapoyas settlements had become decentralized and fragmented after the threat of Huari invasion had dissipated. The Chachapoyas were conquered by Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui around AD 1475. The defeat of the Chachapoyas was fairly swift; however, smaller rebellions continued for many years. Using the mitmac system of ethnic dispersion, the Inca attempted to quell these rebellions by forcing large numbers of Chachapoya people to resettle in remote locations of the empire.

3. Googling Chachapoya and clicking on images showed images of archaeology and people. Images pop up of freckled fair people (freckling thought to be early form of people "turning white"), a pic of a very yellow-haired fair girl (taken from the German book discussed in point 1), etc.





4. Then I looked for genetics studies on these people. Things get more interesting.



patagoniamonsters.blogspot.com/2014/08/the-peruvian-chachapoyas-or-white.html



Worth reading the above blog entry in entirety, it is informative. E.g. the PCA plots etc.



Some interesting bits:

Below is a photograph from a book [5] which puts forward the theory that the Carthaginians escaped the destruction brought upon them by Rome after the Punic wars and reached America, and their descendants are... the Chachapoyans! The fair children among the Chachapoyans are known as "gringuitos", diminutive for "gringo" which is the way that Americans (from the U.S.A) are given in Latinamerica. But, wouldn't Carthaginians look like North Africans or Middle Eastern People (darker skinned, dark eyes, dark hair) instead of being blonde?



...



To assume that contemporary fair haired children living in that region as "white" caucasoids with a pre-Columbian origin is an over simplification of complex facts. There may have been considerable European admixture during the Colonial period and later, as the population recovered during the nineteenth and twentyeth centuries. Only by studying the genes of their ancestors may we glean some useful information on their origins.



Fortunately the Chachapoyas mummified their dead, so we have plenty of material with a potential to yield useful genetic sequences.



The Mummies



Samples taken from seven Chachapoyan mummies were sequenced in a genetic study; only three yielded viable mtDNA which were assigned to haplogroups B2, M and D1, the others had insufficient coverage. [2]



The haplogroups B2 and D1 are a clear indication that the maternal lineage was American. Haplogroup M is quite strange because it is not one of the founding lineages of American Natives. It is found in Asia and only one other study mentions haplogroup M in the New World. Perhaps future studies will find more cases of it.



Anyway all three haplogroups are of a East Asian origin.**

(** mtDNA M is ancient as we know. And hence see the above person's discussion at patagoniamonsters.blogspot.com/2014/02/ancient-migrants-into-america-hg-m.html

where he doesn't call M mtDNA E-Asian but of ancient Indian origin, as is usually posited. So when the bloghost says the M found in Chachapoya is of E Asian origin, I assume it must refer to a subclade of M that was found in S America that was resolved to have links to E Asia?)



This is ratified by a principal component analysis of SNPs overlapping between modern populations and the Chachapoyans which places them clearly in the "Amerindian" group together with the Aymara and Mayas, far from the Europeans and admixed hispanics (Colombian, Puerto Rico and Mexicans from Los Angeles) and closer to the East Asian groups. These people were definitively not "white" Europeans, they were Native Americans with ties to Eastern Asia. Below is an example of two of the samples that were sequenced:



Chacapoya gene analysis



Of course the alleged European origin is sustented by the fact that some of the mummies exhibit, as one blog states: "... Chachapoyas had curly brown or red Caucasoid hair, and not stiff black Mongoloid Amerindian hair.... the individual had red or reddish-brown Caucasoid hair". Below is a photo and some links to photographs of these mummies, so you can see them and decide for yourself:



Photo 1, Photo 2, Photo 3, Photo 4, Photo 5.



mummy of a Chachapoya



The hair is indeed wavy not straight. The color... well it seems to be brown, not the usual jet-black of the Amerindians. But, does this necessarily imply pre-Columbian European admixture?



The mummies are not dated. Are they older than 1535 or more recent? If older then we can assume that their brown hair is not due to post-discovery admixture. But even then it does not imply European ancestry.



I have posted extensively on Red Haired Native Americans during January 2014 and as I posted in my criticism to the Paracas cone heads, I believe that Neanderthal genes may be responsible for red or brown hair among pre-Hispanic Native Americans.

(There are links in the original page on Red Haired Native Americans etc.

Red hair, fair hair, light skin etc needn't be exclusive to Neanderthals. Could be present in ANE gene pool, since Kalash have lots of ANE, Kalash been genetically isolated for 11,800 as per a 2015 paper and Kalash have these lightening features in their gene pool too. And, as ANE is shared by Native Americans and "Eurasia", red hair could have existed there at some frequency but because of lack of selection - no known advantages for red hair selection apparently - may be rarer.)



Red hair is a feature found in several Native mythical hominins (This post links to several posts on red haired hominins). and the reason for this, I believe is some ancient memory of their interaction with Neanderthals in America.



So maybe Europeans and Chachapoyans share a similar origin for their hair color: a common Neanderthal ancestry.

5. Among the comments, someone claimed that the German who authored the book on Carthaginian Celtic mercenaries sailing to the Americas to supposedly become the Chachapoyas said:

As regards genetics, on page 267 of the abovementioned book, Giffhorn cites the genetics researcher Manfred Kayser claiming that the paternal DNA of the gringuitos ist most likely Western European, while the maternal DNA is predominantly Native American.

Manfred Kayser is an official geneticist apparently, I was able to find his publications (on other stuff) in Nature.



But it turns out that when it came to Chachapoyans, Kayser wasn't working with aDNA but with the DNA of the contemporary Chachapoyan population (how convenient) who have been admixed - forcibly? - by conquistador types.



Didn't find any Kayser genetic publications on Chachapoyan DNA, though. Instead found the following Google snippet:



R1b1c_U106-S21_Haplogroup - Yahoo Groups

groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/R1b1c_U106-S21/.../22855 (groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/R1b1c_U106-S21/conversations/topics/22855)

Apr 2, 2014 - They have R1b Y chromosomes in Chachapoya natives with blond or red ... Manfred Kayser is doing the genetics, and he seems to have his ...



Note the year is 2014. I will get back to this.

For now, the comments from 2014:



groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/R1b1c_U106-S21/conversations/topics/22855

Watched this episode of Secrets of the Dead this evening. Just enough evidence to be intriguing. They have R1b Y chromosomes in Chachapoya natives with blond or red hair and light skin, but no ancient DNA yet, so the source could be post-Columbian. They do have mummies, so maybe they'll find some European DNA in pre-Columbian samples.

www.thirteen.org/13pressroom/press-release/secrets-of-the-dead-carthages-lost-warriors/



...

"I hope they're analyzing more deeply than just R1b."

...

I'm sure they are, but this program wasn't directed at us DNA types, and that's all they said. Manfred Kayser is doing the genetics, and he seems to have his finger in a lot of genetic pies, including the recent paper on selection of pigmentation alleles in Europeans that used ancient DNA. Most of the evidence discussed was archeological and cultural. They have a beautiful Celtic looking bronze alloy axe head with a carved animal head on it that doesn't resemble any animal in S. America (looks like something with antlers.) That was supposedly found in a river in the interior of S. America. Bronze technology is supposedly unknown in the pre-Columbian Americas. There are number of bits of evidence that suggest Carthagenian seafarers went to Atlantic Iberia after Carthage fell to the Romans and the idea is that together with some Iberian Celts some of them they rode the tradewinds and currents to Brazil on a one way trip. Nothing really nails it yet, but it would cool if ancient DNA or some other evidence clinched it. There are natives deep in S. America who have no tradition that they ever got any Europeans in their lineage, but they have red or blond hair, fair skin, and they have been shown to have European variants at one of these pigmentation genes, but of course they didn't say which one. I couldn't find that any of this has been published. Apparently publication by TV program. Maybe a good way to drum up some money to continue it.

(But is it a "European" pigmentation variant if others have it??? What if Chachapoyans are proven ancient native Americans? Is it still a "European" pigmentation variant then?)





6. In the comments section at patagoniamonsters.blogspot.com/2014/08/the-peruvian-chachapoyas-or-white.html

found a link a genetics paper.



The summary at the link which makes things more clear:



a. core.tdar.org/document/395959/assessing-the-genetic-diversity-in-the-extant-chachapoya-population-from-northeastern-peru-using-uniparental-dna-markers-mtdna-and-y-chromosome

Assessing the genetic diversity in the extant Chachapoya population from northeastern Peru using uniparental DNA markers (mtDNA and Y-chromosome)



Author(s): Antti Sajantila ; Evelyn Guevara ; Sonia Guillén ; Jukka Palo



Year: 2015



Summary



The aim of the study is to elucidate the origin and population history of the human communities from northeastern Peru, with both contemporary and ancient DNA data. For the first phase of the study, contemporary Y-chromosomal (23 STRs) and mitochondrial (HVR1 and HVR2 sequences) data from four populations (Chachapoya=276; Jivaro=47; Huancas=21 and Cajamarca=34) distributed in the northeastern region of Amazonas (Peru), was assessed.



At haplogroup level, the markers showed differential proportions of non-native genetic contribution (mtDNA=11%; Y-Chromosome=43%). This reflects the history of European colonization that took place during the 16th century, which favored male-mediated European gene flow into the native gene pool.** However, even though the Chachapoya area shares a common history of European colonization with several other populations in the Americas, the levels and nature of genetic diversity suggest that the Chachapoya has had a distinctive demographic history, shaped by their geographical position between highlands and jungle. For instance, the Chachapoya population shows a pattern of population expansion seen only in few other South American populations. Another interesting feature is that the Chachapoya assumes a basal position in mtDNA phylogenetic trees within South American populations, which may suggest an early origin for this singular people.

(1. A la how the Kalash assume a basal position in Eurasia because of their high "ANE" - where ANE is defined by one single aDNA sample... Mal'ta boy or something. Can't remember.

2. ** Hence the R1b that Manfred Kayser observed in the Chachapoyan gene pool and which led to Giffhorn's delirious "Celtic mercenaries in Carthaginian forces ended up in Perooooooo".)



SAA 2015 abstracts made available in tDAR courtesy of the Society for American Archaeology and Center for Digital Antiquity Collaborative Program to improve digital data in archaeology. If you are the author of this presentation you may upload your paper, poster, presentation, or associated data (up to 3 files/30MB) for free. Please visit www.tdar.org/SAA2015 for instructions and more information.

No exact DNA Hgs mentioned in the summary and not sure where the full version of the paper is published.





b. Not on DNA but also on Chachapoyas at the core.tdar site:



core.tdar.org/collection/29551/what-was-chachapoyas-towards-a-cultural-geography-of-the-northeastern-peruvian-andes

What was Chachapoyas?: Towards a cultural geography of the northeastern Peruvian Andes

Part of: Society for American Archaeology 2015 Conference





7. Finally found something more concrete on Chacapoyan DNA. An paper co-authored by Allentoft, note:



ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3824117/

Am J Hum Genet. 2013 Nov 7; 93(5): 852–864.

doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.002



Pulling out the 1%: Whole-Genome Capture for the Targeted Enrichment of Ancient DNA Sequencing Libraries

Meredith L. Carpenter,1 Jason D. Buenrostro,1,14 Cristina Valdiosera,2,3,14 Hannes Schroeder,2 Morten E. Allentoft,2 Martin Sikora,1 Morten Rasmussen,2 Simon Gravel,4 Sonia Guillén,5 Georgi Nekhrizov,6 Krasimir Leshtakov,7 Diana Dimitrova,6 Nikola Theodossiev,7 Davide Pettener,8 Donata Luiselli,8 Karla Sandoval,1 Andrés Moreno-Estrada,1 Yingrui Li,9 Jun Wang,9,10,11,12 M. Thomas P. Gilbert,2,13 Eske Willerslev,2,15 William J. Greenleaf,1,15,∗ and Carlos D. Bustamante1,15,∗∗





With the advent of next-generation sequencing techniques and the rapidly declining cost of sequencing, the field of hominin paleogenetics has begun to transition from focusing on PCR-amplified mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal markers to shotgun sequencing of the whole genome.1–8 The use of autosomal DNA is advantageous because it provides information about the genome as a whole, whereas the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome, as nonrecombining markers, represent only a single maternal or paternal lineage. Whole-genome sequencing of single ancient genomes, including Neandertals,1 Denisovan,7,9 a Paleo-Eskimo,2 the Tyrolean Iceman,4 and an Australian Aborigine,3 have transformed our understanding of human migrations and revealed previously unknown admixture among ancient populations.



(Note that their PCA plots therefore show the whole genomic affiliations of the Peruvian mummies. And what this shows - see below - is that the Peruvian mummies are very suitably ancestral to native American heathens and have zip in common with Europeans: the Chachapoyan show no Euro-admixture. Boohoo for eurocentrists. Yay for native American heathens and all nativist heathens.)



...

Samples NA39-50 were obtained from pre-Columbian Chachapoyan and Chachapoya-Inca remains dating between 1000 and 1500 AD. They were recovered from the site Laguna de los Condores in northeastern Peru.20 Bone samples were used for DNA analysis.

...



PCAs with only the European populations in 1000 Genomes further resolve the placement of some of these samples after capture (Figure S3). For the Peruvian mummies, we also included 10 Native American individuals from Central and South America in the PCA (Figures 3E and 3F). Interestingly, all of the mummies fell between the Native American populations (KAR, MAY, AYM) and East Asian populations (JPT, CHS, CHB), as would be expected for a nonadmixed Native American individual (Figures 3E, 3F, and S2). These mummies belonged to the pre-Columbian Chachapoya culture, who, by some accounts, were unusually fair-skinned,39 suggesting a potential for pre-Columbian European admixture. However, based on our preliminary results, these individuals appear to have been ancestrally Native American.

...

The three Peruvian mummies fell into haplogroups B2, M (an ancestor of D), and D1, all derived from founder Native American lineages and previously observed in both pre-Columbian and modern populations from Peru.42

So what is that nonsense the R1b yahoo group in 2014 saying that aDNA had not been obtained? In 2013 the above article was published and found all the Chachapoyan aDNA samples were native American specific.

Natives=heathenism wins again. Good.



So sad too bad for the "Celtic mercenaries from Carthage" theory. More eurocentrist white supremacist crap dead.

What was that about "a beautiful Celtic looking bronze alloy axe head with a carved animal head on it that doesn't resemble any animal in S. America".

Guess it's not a copyrighted Celtic look after all???? (No idea where the imputation of it being bronze is from. But maybe it looked bronze, the way it looked "Celtic"? Else if it is bronze and made by Chacapoyans, then native S Americans did have bronze. Right?)





While all the eurocentrist white supremacists nonsense should have died then and there with the genetics results such as the above, am not surprised that said supremacists should turn out to actually be the Undead/Nosferatu and that - in 2016 - try still to remain quiet about the genetics data in order to keep their debile white supremacist followers blind to the reality, while they still keep peddling "white=European" nonsense stories:



genetiker.wordpress.com/2016/02/03/statuettes-of-the-white-gods/

---

Genetiker says:

February 4, 2016 at 7:59 pm



Thanks for sharing my work.



The remains themselves expose the mainstream academic history of the Americas as being a colossal lie. They’re obviously European. No DNA is necessary to make that determination.

---



Said "Genetiker" who's all Ra-Ra about genetics otherwise.





8. Someone's blog entry from 2014.

Apparently PBS was spinning the German book's nonsense in 2014 even after ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3824117/

published an Allentoft paper in Nov 2013 on how the Chachapoya aDNA was just pure native American.





Some sympathetic western blogger sounds angry at the eurocentrist crap:



jasoncolavito.com/blog/pbs-chachapoya-of-peru-are-probably-carthaginians-and-celts-who-fled-from-rome-in-146-bce

PBS: Chachapoya of Peru Are Probably Carthaginians and Celts Who Fled from Rome in 146 BCE



4/4/2014



87 Comments



Holy crap! PBS has become America Unearthed. In an episode of the PBS series Secrets of the Dead running on local PBS stations this week and available online for streaming, the venerable public broadcasting channel asserts that blonde-haired, blue-eyed Celts and also some incidental Carthaginians discovered the Americas in Antiquity. (The blue eyes don’t make the show but show up on the show’s web page.) “Carthage’s Lost Warriors” was produced by ZDF, a German television production company associated with the long-running series Terra-X, which traffics in all manner of fringe theories, and the large number of dubbed German interviews testifies to the recycling of a German program. Archaeologist K. Krist Hurst called the show “baloney.”



The show opens with a “Celtic-style bronze axed” found “deep in the Amazon” and the narrator, Jay O. Sanders, asks if—heaven help us!—the Chachapoya are truly the blond, Caucasian descendants of prehistoric superhero warriors (martial prowess specified explicitly) who crossed the Atlantic at some unspecified date to penetrate the continent with their manly thrusts until they fertilized Peru with the glory of Old World culture.

(Reminiscent of the stories about the Tarim Mummies spun by Mair and fellow supremacists. Turns out there's nothing "Celtic" about Chachapoyan material culture. Must burn the white supremacists.)

...



Rather than put this down to indigenous genetic diversity (which the show briefly acknowledges as possible), the show suggests that this is due to Old World contact. The Carthaginians not being known to be blondes, I guess this is why Griffhorn proposes Celts, whose presumed red hair he wants to equate with reports of fair hair. German geneticist Manfred Kayser tests some Chachapoya hair and finds that the living individuals have some European ancestry tracing back to the Celtic areas of northern Spain, but at this point—500 years after Contact—it’s not possible to determine when the genes mixed. The homeland of the Celtic people Griffhorn fingers is the same as that of the Spanish who traveled to Peru in the 1500s; the Celts didn’t simply vanish after the Roman conquest of Spain (218 BCE to 19 BCE) but contributed to the gene pool of medieval and modern Spain, though the language and culture died out around the fifth century CE. No ancient Chachapoyan mummies were tested, which is a major omission.



(Confirming what was seen in point 5: that Kayser worked with modern Chachapoyan DNA alone.)



The show concludes that there is no “smoking gun,” only suggestive indications that the Chachapoya are not really Native Americans on the same stripe as the brown ones but owe their culture, their art, their religion, and their very genes to a boatload of Carthaginians and Celts who sailed up the Amazon in 146 BCE and, by dint of their superior European prowess, took over to such an extent that their potent DNA still rules the region 1,868 years later, largely undiluted by the intervening centuries.



I guess this means that they’re all inbred, but the show doesn’t go there.



This was really terrible, and the only significant difference between this show and America Unearthed in terms of quality of evidence and the desire to find hidden white people in the Americas is that this show searched South America rather than North America, and its hero never claimed that there was a conspiracy trying to suppress his work.

Have not read all the comments (have not tried either), but one that caught my eye:

---

Joe

12/29/2015 00:23:01



My wife is from Chachapoyas. I didn't believe her until we went to meet her family. But they were all blond haired grey eyed people just like her with B blood type. DNA says American Indian....



---



The above comment reminds me of the following comment at patagoniamonsters.blogspot.com/2014/08/the-peruvian-chachapoyas-or-white.html

---

UnknownDecember 29, 2015 at 1:24 AM



My Wife is from Chachapoya. Here family has a pretty good record of family history going back many hundreds of years.It is possible that sometime in the past some european was involved but her entire family is White as can be. Brown/blond hair and grey eyes. DNA shows typical Amerindian DNA. She comes from a village down river from Chachapoyas about 50 or 60 miles. I went there after we got married to meet the family and many many people there looked European. But they werent.

Reply



---



Anyway, it may be that fair and red hair, and light skin colours may be rather ancient. Considering that Kalash are high in ANE and have been found to have been genetically isolated for 11,800.* So lightness of hair and skin may not be a "European" (let alone IE) innovation after all, but something that is ancient and had travelled about the globe long ago.



*But note that Kalash are high in "ASI", which sort of goes against Moorjani 2011 and Moorjani, Reich et al 2013.





9. In 2015 (and probably this year too), there are still christian white supremacist eurocentrists in total denial (or in ignorance) of the aDNA results by Allentoft and by Sajantila showing on Chacapoyans were totally native American and ancient too.



E.g. a lunatic christo-white-supremacist comment at

patagoniamonsters.blogspot.com/2014/08/the-peruvian-chachapoyas-or-white.html

steven laughs August 28, 2015 at 3:37 AM



Incas, other Peruvians, and the Spanish when they arrived, all talked about the "hair" color, AND "SKIN" color of these people, who were also VERY much taller than the Inca.



Their culture also resembles Celtic & Nordic cultures, their style of buildings for example, as well as their practice of cremation, which was unknown to native Americans..



White people with blond & red hair are also mentioned by numerous other Native American tribes. The Paiute tell of red haired "giants", that they considered evil, constantly murdering, and possibly cannibalizing the Paiutes' ancestors. Their oral history states that they banded together, cornered the white people in a cave, smoked them out and sent a volley of spears & arrows into them.

This cave was discovered by Guano miners over a hundred years ago, "Lovelock Cave" in Nevada.

[...]

...and as for your neanderthal theory, I don't prescribe to Darwinism. The only explanation for the large skulls, and bones found, that I need, comes from the Bible, the Book of Enoch, and the oral history of basically EVERY ancient people from across the world - Giants. Real giants, not the crap Hollywood doles out. People that were from 8 ft tall, to a little taller.





The blue-eyes gene, has also been found to be non-existent in mankinds' oldest DNA, it wasn't introduced into our DNA until much later.

(Either way, the allele/mutation for blue eyes has been around since at least 10,000 years or so. A timeframe that doesn't fit biblical the biblical timeline: gawd made the world at "4000 BCE" was it?)



[...]



Personally when I think about the word "gentile", that even Jesus used to distinguish between the gentiles, and Jewish people,..and that He commented on 'whether they were able to receive salvation, or not', makes me think the 'Gentiles' of the Bible, were the watered down descendants of the Giants(Nephilim). ..That after so many offspring with normal women, after so many generations, the ancient DNA that caused the deformations like gigantism, had been replaced with more normal Dna, hence their souls were purer and able to receive the "salvation" Christ talked about. Mind you obviously I'm a Christian, but also one with a speculative mind and interest in ancient, antedeluvian history.

Look at that, a christian white supremacist eurocentrist pretending to have a genuine interest in history. Never seen that before arcasm:



Also what a lie by the above christian eurocentrist supremacist (<- what a combination, isn't that overkill):

"their practice of cremation, which was unknown to native Americans.."



But, as can be seen in the previous post:



blog.sevenponds.com/cultural-perspectives/tolkotin-native-americans-rituals-for-the-end-of-life-and-burial

Tolkotin Native Americans: Rituals for the End of Life and Burial

Why Native American traditions for death and dying captivated early explorers.

... what anthropologists and historians know today: that the Native cremation burials he observed were one of the most pervasive traditions amongst the otherwise diverse Native American tribes of the Northwest.

We don't have to still pretend that the late Andronovo steppe kultur at 1500 BCE invented cremation, right? IEists can believe that. It's their thing.

Meanwhile, when cremation can be natively derived among N American Native American heathens - since ancient times - why can't it be natively-derived among S American native American heathens too?







Anyway, Chachapoyan mummies' aDNA shows them to be have been totally native American. So the score is:

- native American heathens/heathenism: 1,

- alien demons (IEist, predictably): 0.



Points 6 and 7 are the most important of this post.

Summary:

- aDNA of Chachapoyan mummies of Peru turn out to be entirely native South American not Euro at all. As per Allentoft & co. (2013) themselves.

- moreover the aDNA mtDNA of the Peruvian Mummies is basal native S American. As per Antti Sajantila & co. (2015)