DRDO(defence Research And Development Organization

[Guest]

<b>India carries out anti-missile test</b>

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[ramana]

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Many nuggets in the PTI and Hindu reports. This is a very significant test. They plan on 10 tests before user trials. It will have major impact on TSP first and most PRC IRBMs.

[Guest]

<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin--><b>India unveils new indigenous anti-missile system</b>
11/27/2006 10:58:31 AM EST
BBC MONITORING INTERNATIONAL REPORTS

Text of report by A.K. Dhar
by Indian news agency PTI

New Delhi, 27 November: India Monday [27 November] unveiled an indigenous supersonic anti-missile system with defence scientists saying it had the capability to intercept incoming ballastic missiles thousands of miles away.

<b>Labelled only as AXO (Atmospheric Intercept System), </b>the supersonic missile underwent its baptism when it successfully intercepted a surface-to-surface Prithvi target missile at an altitude of 40 to 50 km over the seas off the interim test range site in Chandipur in the eastern state Orissa.

<b>"It is a new missile and not part of country's Integrated Guided Missile programme," top Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) officials said on the condition of anonymity.</b>

"We have been working on this anti-missile system for years," scientists said and claimed that missile had its own mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and homing capability and its own radar.

"The missile has response time of 30 seconds and once it detects a target it can be launched in 50 seconds," the scientists said.

While, affirming that India would still be observing the US Patriot-III anti missile shield, which Washington is developing, the scientists said that the Indian missile was "in the class of its own".

DRDO did not reveal the contours of the new system developed, hinting that more interception trials could be on the cards.

"It is completely an indigenous missile," DRDO officials said when asked if any foreign help had been sought in it's development.

"The missile has high manoeuvrability, terminal homing with radar seekers and can operate independent of ground radar help," they said adding the missile could be co-related to ground and air based radars.

The missiles which are 10 to 12 metres long have divert thrusters that can generate high lateral acceleration and can undertake critical mission of air defence too, officials said.

DRDO has been working on making the Trishul missiles into an anti-missile system, but the system had failed many critical tests.

DRDO officials did not say whether some of the systems of the Trishul missile had been incorporated into the new yet experimental interceptor missile, but added "the new system has no commonality with the Akash surface-to-air missiles".
<i>
Source: PTI news agency, New Delhi, in English 1506 gmt 27 Nov 06
BBC Monitoring</i>

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[ramana]

It should read Exo-Atmospheric Intercept System (EAIS) and not what the DDM reported based on bad accent.

[Guest]

I had no clue something like this was in the works..

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[Hauma Hamiddha]

Wonder if this announcement is something to do with the looming PRC threats? The biggest danger for us is PRC nuke missile attack.

[Guest]

<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Officials said the target missile interception time was programmed at 170/175 seconds while the missile from Wheeler Islands blasted off roughly 60 seconds later with interception time of 110/117 seconds. The distance between Chandipur, which is on the shoreline, and Wheeler Islands off the Dhamra coast in the Bay of Bengal, is about 72 km.
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I think its because PRC and DRDO want to keep Trishul project going.

<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Though, the Navy has successfully conducted missile interceptions over sea using Israeli Barak missiles, this was for the first time that defence scientists successfully carried out interception of surface-to-surface missile, which could bring some relief as India actively faces a threat from the presence of nuclear capable missile in the neighbourhood.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->
How different its from Barak missile?

[Guest]

All news related to DRDO.

[Guest]

DRDO( Defence Research & Development Organization ) was formed in 1958 from the amalgamation of the then already functioning Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development & Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).

DRDO was then a small organisation with 10 establishments or laboratories. Over the years, it has grown multi-directionally in terms of the variety of subject disciplines, number of laboratories, achievements and stature.

Today, DRDO is a network of 51 laboratories which are deeply engaged in developing defence technologies covering various disciplines, like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, combat vehicles, engineering systems, instrumentation, missiles, advanced computing and simulation, special materials, naval systems, life sciences,training, information systems and agriculture.

Presently, the Organisation is backed by over 5000 scientists and about 25,000 other scientific, technical and supporting personnel.

Several major projects for the development of missiles, armaments, light combat aircrafts, radars, electronic warfare systems etc are on hand and significant achievements have already been made in several such technologies.


Official Websites
http://www.drdo.com/
http://www.drdo.org

DRDO - Vision

Make India prosperous by establishing world class science and technology base and provide our Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.

DRDO - Mission

Design, develop and lead to production state-of-the-art sensors, weapon systems, platforms and allied equipment for our Defence Services.

Provide technological solutions to the Services to optimise combat effectiveness and to promote well-being of the troops.

Develop infrastructure and committed quality manpower and build strong indigenous technology base.

Core Competence

Having developed several advanced defence systems, DRDO has acquired expertise in a wide spectrum of defence technologies. Areas of the core competence of the organisation include: Systems Design and Integration of Complex Sensors, Weapon Systems and Platforms; Development of Complex High-end Software Packages; Development of Functional Materials; Test and Evaluation; Technology Transfer and Absorption. In addition, Expertise and Infrastructure have been built up for carrying out basic/applied research in areas of relevance to Defence Science and Technology, Quality Assurance and Safety, Project and Technology Management.

Human Resource Development

Recruitment

Defence Research & Development Services (DRDS)
Recruitment and selection of right people with desired competencies form the base of building an effective organisation. Defence Research & Development Organisation recruit/select scientists and engineers through an annual competitive examination at national level called Scientist Entry Test (SET) through open advertisement. In addition to this, talent search through campus interviews, scholarship scheme through Aeronautics Research & Development Board (ARDB) and fresh Ph.D scholars under Registration of Students with Scholastic Aptitude (ROSSA) is also launched.

Defence Research Technical Cadre (DRTC)
The members of this cadre form strong skilled manpower base to assist scientists and engineers engaged in research and development work.

Admin & Allied Cadre
The members of Admin & Allied cadre provide administrative/establishment support. Personnel for officer post are recruited through UPSC and non-gazetted personnel are recruited by the laboratories/establishments as per the notified Recruitment Rules.

Training and Development
DRDO has a dynamic training and development policy which is executed through the Continuing Educational Programmes (CEP) for all cadre personnel viz DRDS, DRTC, Admin & Allied. At the entry level in DRDS, the newly recruited scientists undergo a 16 weeks Induction Course at Institute of Armament Technology (IAT), Pune. Under the Research and Training (R&T) scheme the scientists are sponsored for ME/M Tech programmes at IITs/IISc and reputed universities. The fees is also reimbursed by the DRDO where scientists undergo Ph.D programme. In addition to this, the Organisation through its two premier Institutes namely Institute of Technology Management (ITM) and Institute of Armament Technology (IAT) deemed university offer courses for scientists and Armed Forces in the area of Technology Management, R&D Management and Armament. Recently, a training centre at Jodhpur has been established to meet the training needs for Admin & Allied cadre.

In order to attract the futuristic talent, DRDO has Junior Research Fellow (JRF), Senior Research Fellow (SRF) and Research Associate (RA) schemes for young & dynamic personnel & interested in Defence Research and Development.

Flexible Complementing Scheme
In DRDO, under DRDS Rules 1979, as amended from time to time, Flexible Complementing Scheme (FCS) for promotion up to the grade of Scientist ‘G’ from one grade to the next higher grade is in force, w.e.f. 01 Jul 1990. The post held by scientist shall stand upgraded automatically to the next higher grade on Merit-based promotion under the FCS. DRDO operates a fully Flexible Complementing Scheme (FCS) wherein, the post is upgraded automatically upto the grade of Sc ‘G’. FCS operates on the basis of evaluation of Confidential Performance Appraisal Report (C-PAR) and interviews of Scientists in the grades of Scientist ‘B’ to Scientist ‘E’ by Assessment Boards and assessment of Scientist ‘F’ to Scientist ‘G’ by Peer Review.

Research Boards

Life Sciences Research Board (LSRB)

The Life Sciences & Research Board (LSRB) supports research proposals in life sciences on broad topics such as biological and biomedical sciences, psychology and physiology, bio-engineering, specialized high altitude agriculture, food science & technology, etc. The Board has instituted a Grants-in-Aid Scheme to nurture the research talent, in IITs, universities, medical and life science institutions, colleges and other research centres including industries, in the country for promoting research and development programmes in life sciences & allied fields. Under this Scheme, grants are offered to approved research institutions, universities or colleges, departments or laboratories both in the Government and non-Government sectors. The scheme is coordinated through a number of specialist panels duly constituted by the Chairman, LSRB to cover different disciplines.

Objectives of the LSRB are as under:-

Expanding and deepening the knowledge-base of life sciences in the country through strengthening and use of national resources including know-how and expertise.

Catalysing cross-fertilization of ideas and expertise between research scientists for providing support to the soldiers in operations

Enhancing core competence in the field of knowledge germane to development, manufacture and use biomedical and biotechnological products

Create conditions suitable for attracting talent and expertise from overseas locations through collaborations and other academic exchanges.



Naval Research Board (NRB)

The NRB was set up in August 1996 to encourage basic research in the field of marine technologies and to strengthen & deepen the knowledge-base related to the naval environment. The Board has instituted a Grants-in-Aid Scheme to nurture research talent and to create research facilities in IITs, universities, higher technological institutions, engineering colleges and other research centers including industries in the country for promoting basic research, design & development.

The objectives of the NRB are as under:

To encourage and provide funds for basic research in pertinent scientific disciplines of broad relevance to our future Navy by enabling and supporting emerging talent, most particularly in academic institutions.

To create and evolve a knowledge-base potentially applicable to the Navy.

The Board focuses on the generation/enhancement of the applicable knowledge-base through innovative research work leading to the exploitation of the sea for military purpose inter alia benign techniques/related instrumentation, underwater communication, ranging & imaging systems, marine bioactive resources, environmental hazards & operations, generic technology development including design tools and understanding of human factors in the Navy.

The Board supports basic research that will generate new knowledge potentially useful to the Navy and to train young minds to generate and apply that knowledge for Naval purposes. The Board approves research programs for funding based on evaluation and recommendations of specialist panels in various disciplines i.e. composite materials sealth materials, hydrodynamics (including propulsion), sonar & signal behaviour, ocean environment, and scientific computing.



The NRB invites project proposals which are submitted to the Panel Head or the Secretary, NRB through their Institutions with the requisite information as per a specific format. The format may be downloaded from the official NRB website (www.nrbdrdo.res.in).


Aeronautical Research & Development Board (ARDB)

The Aeronautical Research & Development Board(ARDB) was set up by the Government of India to coordinate, provide funds and sensitize futuristic, scientific technological areas having potential applications for aeronautical systems, at academic institutions and national scientific laboratories. For this purpose, Grants-in-Aid of Rs. 5 crore per year has been earmarked. Besides the projects activities, the Board promotes Centre of Excellence in selected areas like computational fluid dynamics, systems design & engineering and composite structures technology; some more centres are under consideration. Intellectual Property developed through ARDB funding is shared with the grantee institution. The Board also promotes seminars, presentation of papers in India & abroad, writing of books, and promoting air mindedness in school children.

Armament Research Board (ARMREB)

The Armament Research Board (ARMREB) was constituted in 1997 to promote innovative research in scientific fields useful for armament discipline. The Board was set up to enhance the intellectual, physical infrastructure and scientific understanding in the field of armaments to meet the future challenge. Armament being a complex multi-disciplinary field involves ballistics and aerodynamics, materials and metallurgy, mechanical and electronic engineering, opto-electronics and computer techniques, explosives and pyrotechnics, modeling, simulation and system analyses, etc. Three research panels covering an entire spectrum of armament discipline are operating under the Board.

Objectives:
The objectives of ARMREB are as under:-

To foster knowledge-based growth of armament discipline in the country, strengthening and integration of national resources of knowledge, know how, experience, facilities and infrastructure.

To catalyze the needed cross-fertilization of ideas and experiences between defence and non-defence experts in scientific and technical fields that contribute to armament technology.

To launch and coordinate research in specified areas of armament discipline in academic institutions.

To create conditions suitable for attracting talents and experience through research collaborations and other academic exchanges.

To adopt synergic approach towards national needs and priorities in the field of armaments, yet keeping in focus the global advancements, in order to develop competence in key areas.

To help in creating self-sufficiency in critical technologies needed for development of competitive armament stores and put the armament discipline in the fore-front in global scenario.

To lead to technological innovations useful for combat multiplier both for the near term and future.

Charter of Duties

The ARMREB has the following charter of duties:-
To support basic research applicable to armament discipline.
To set principles and practices governing the relationship of DRDO with the academic world.
To consider and approve, by peer evaluation, research proposals submitted to ARMREB.
To set funding pattern and funding methodology for the research panels of ARMREB.
ARMREB will exclude funding of development of system hardware.
Grants-in-Aid Scheme

The ARMREB has instituted a “Grant-in-Aid” Scheme to harness and nurture the research talents available in academic institutions. Under this scheme, grants are offered to research organizations/universities/departments/laboratories/industries for research in basic sciences and engineering, setting up of basic facilities/ infrastructure, organising seminars/symposia/workshops, etc.


Extramural Research/Intellectual Property Right (ER/IPR)

DRDO sponsors new research projects in the area of basic science/applied sciences under DRDO Grants-in-Aid Scheme to various academic institutions and R&D labs outside the boundaries of DRDO. The Directorate of ER/IPR invites project proposals from various academic institutions R&D labs and industries in the prescribed format. The proposal is sent to concerned DRDO labs/academic institutions/other R&D labs for review based on the scientific & technical merits of the proposal. The comments of reviewers are then forwarded to Project Investigator in case any clarification/modification in the proposal is sought by reviewer accordingly, without disclosing the name and address of reviewer. On the basis of favourable comments of reviewers the minutes are prepared and the case is put up to the concerned competent authority for its approval/sanction. The progress of the research work is reviewed by DRDO periodically and progress report is submitted by Project Investigator to the Directorate of ER&IPR along with the minutes of Project Review Committee (PRC). Assets of a capital nature, acquired out of the sanctioned grant, are the property of DRDO.

The accounts audited by external audit authority/statutory auditor, Utilisation Certificate and Closure Report are submitted by Project Investigator at the end of closure of the project. The Intellectual Property arising out of these projects lies with the host institution unlike in the case of CARs projects by DRDO labs where it lies with the laboratory of origin. The Directorate of ER/IPR provides the Grant-in-Aid also to organize the conferences/symposia/workshops/seminars to various academic institutions/R&D labs in the field of science and technology with interest to DRDO/Defence. The Technical Reports received from Project Investigator(s) on closure of the project are circulated to concerned DRDO labs for the their perusal, comments and use.

Partnership with Industries

The DRDO has taken a conscious decision to actively promote participation of Indian Industries in defence production. Interactions with industries take place during different phases of a product cycle, such as:-

Development Phase - Once system/product to be developed is identified and qualitative requirements are established, suitable industrial entities are identified to participate in the activity as ‘developmental partners’.

LSP (Limited Series Production) Phase - Once a lab developed prototype system is successfully evaluated by prospective users, a limited series production order is usually placed by the prospective users. Industry partners are co-opted for execution of this phase of activity.

Bulk Production - Even though traditionally PSUs and Ordnance Factories undertake bulk production of weapon systems and equipment. Primarily, a substantial portion of the work of production of sub-system is being farmed out by them in consultation with the nodal DRDO laboratory to private industries in the civil sector. With the opening up of defence production to industries in the private sector, their involvement is steadily going up.

Spin-offs, Marketing - Private industry is called upon to exploit the civil spin-offs from the defence technology by effecting required repackaging/modification. At times there is a requirement of industry taking up maintenance of the equipment on its sub-systems for a defined period. Scope also exists for industry to seek potential market for these products in India/Abroad with due approvals.

DRDO has been actively promoting private industries participation in its entire gamut of activities. Interactions are organized at regular intervals not only with interested industrial units but also with organizations such as CII, FICCI, ASOCHAM. DRDO has organized several DRDO-Industry meets to appraise industry veterans about opportunities awaiting them in Defence R&D. These initiatives have been highly appreciated by the Indian Industry.

[Guest]

<b>DRDO Laboratories</b>

<b>Aeronautics</b>
Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), Bangalore
Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE), Agra
Centre for Air Borne Systems (CABS), Bangalore
Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), Bangalore
Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE), Bangalore
Center for Military Airworthiness & Certification (CEMILAC), Bangalore

<b>Armaments</b>
Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune
Centre for Fire, Explosive & Environment Safety (CFEES), Delhi
High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune
Proof & Experimental Establishment (PXE), Balasore
Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory( TBRL),Chandigarh

<b>Combat Vehicles & Engineering</b>
Combat Vehicles Research & Development Estt. (CVRDE), Chennai
Vehicle Research & Development Establishment (VRDE), Ahmednagar
Research & Development Establishment (R&DE), Pune
Snow & Avalanche Study Estt (SASE), Chandigarh

<b>Electronics & Computer Sciences</b>
Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group (ANURAG), Hyderabad
Center for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR), Bangalore
DRONA CELL, Delhi
Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL), Dehradun
Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL), Hyderabad
Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL), Delhi
Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre (DESIDOC), Delhi
Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE), Dehradun
Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC), Delhi
Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), Bangalore
Microwave Tube Research & Development Center (MTRDC), Bangalore
Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL), Delhi
Scientific Analysis Group (SAG), Delhi

<b>Human Resource Development</b>
Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (Deemed University), Pune
Institute of Technology Management (ITM), Mussorie

<b>Life Sciences</b>
Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory (DARL), Pithoragarh
Defence Bio-Engineering & Electro Medical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bangalore
Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL), Mysore
Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi
Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR), Delhi
Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Tejpur
Field Research Laboratory (FRL)
Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi
Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior

<b>Materials</b>
Defence Laboratory (DLJ), Jodhpur
Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL), Hyderabad
Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur

<b>Missiles</b>
Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad
Institute of Systems Studies & Analyses (ISSA), Delhi
Integrated Test Range (ITR), Balasore
Research Center Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad

<b>Naval Research & Development</b>
Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath
Naval Physical & Ocenographic Laboratory (NPOL), Cochin
Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Vishakapatnam

<b>Technologies</b>
G-FAST, Delhi

[Guest]

<b>Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE) - Historical Background</b>

Established in 1958, Armament Research & Development Establishment is on the threshold of the fifth decade of its existence, under Defence Research & Development Organisation.

The task of Armament R&D was entrusted to ARDE to achieve the cherished goal of self-sufficiency in the vital field of Armaments. ARDE embarked on its mission in a rudimentary facility within the campus of Ammunition Factory, Kirkee and personnel were drawn from erstwhile Technical Development Establishment (Weapons) located in Jabalpur and Technical Development Establishment (Ammunition) at Kirkee. In 1966, ARDE moved to its present location at Pashan on the out-skirts of Pune City, where its distinguished neighbour is the National Chemical Laboratory, a major CSIR Laboratory. We are indeed fortunate to be located in a city with a very strong Science and Technology culture and to have the resources of several sister R&D Labs/Establishments, Higher Academic Institution, R&D Centers in the Non-Defence Sector, the industries in and around the environs of Pune and Mumbai Metropolis.

The progress of ARDE over the past 40+ years can be viewed as a journey from the "know-what" and "know-how" phase to the "know-why" phase of armament design and development. The capability of ARDE embraces the whole gamut of research, development, prototyping, test and evaluation, and transfer of technology activities, including limited scale pilot-plant production of crucial items in the complex multi-disciplinary field of conventional armament technology.



<b>Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE) –Achievements</b>

7.62 mm SLR

One of the earlier successful venture was the 7.62 mm Ishapore Self-Loading Rifle (SLR) and its ammunition which replaced the venerable 0.303 in. Lee Enfield bolt action Rifle. So far, more than one million rifles have been produced by our Ordnance Factories. This rugged and reliable weapon gave excellent account of itself in the hands of our Jawans in both the 1965 and 1971 wars

In the wake of the 1962 Chinese aggression, for our hardpressed gunners defending our mountain borders, ARDE, jointly with the Ordnance Factories developed and produced 75/24 Pack Howitzer and a whole family of ammunition viz., HE, Smoke and Illuminating. This light weight howitzer could be broken down into smaller units for mule transportation in the mountains or could be carried underslung by helicopter. The weapon system saw action in the 1971 operations. This was the first artillery gun system developed indigenously.

105 mm Indian Field Gun (IFG) which replaced the legendary 25 Pounder of World War-II vintage in our Field Artillery Regiments, was originally developed at ARDE before being handed over to the Gun Development Team at Jabalpur- joint task force with experts drawn from ARDE, Ordnance Factory Board, Directorate General of Quality Assurance and the Users - the Regiment of Artillery. The IFG has been productionised in the Ordnance Factories.

122 mm ROCKET

The awesome fire power of the artillery rocket barrage was demonstrated and exploited to the full by the Soviet Army with its famous `Katyusha' rockets during the World War II. The post war era has brought about further refinements and the free-flight artillery rockets and multi-barrel launcher systems form a powerful adjunct to the field artillery and medium artillery guns. In keeping with this trend Indian Army, too, has inducted Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher Systems in its service. ARDE has successfully developed its SS-20 122mm rocket with HE fragmentation warhead. A battery of six launchers can deliver a salvo of 240 rockets in 20 seconds to a maximum range of 20 km and saturate a target area of the size of a football field with more than four tonnes of steel fragments and high explosives.

Even after the advent of the highly sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles that can defeat main battle tanks (MBTs), it is now generally accepted that the most cost effective weapon to fight and defeat heavily armoured MBTs is the high-velocity K.E. Ammn fired from gun mounted on tanks. This is accomplished in the current generation tank guns by firing Fin Stabilized Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS) ammunition. In principle, it depends upon the high kinetic energy, super-dense, arrow-shaped, penetrator launched at hypersonic velocities to defeat the multilayer armour with which the modern MBTs are protected. The deceptively simple looking design, however involves some of the most demanding design and production technologies. ARDE has successfully developed the 105 mm Fin Stabilised Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS) ammunition for the Vijayanta and Up-Gunned T-55 MBTs. ARDE can justifiably feel proud that with successful productionisation of this advanced ammunition, India has joined the ranks of a few select nations who have the capability of the design, development and production of FSAPDS ammunition and has effected a major saving in the foreign exchange by eliminating the import of technology.

Infantry Platoon Mortars are simple, smooth bore, muzzle loaded weapons that provide the platoon with its own mini-artillery cover by providing effective indirect fire for area effect. Till recently, our infantry was equipped with the World War - II vintage 2 inch mortar. To replace this ARDE has developed 51 mm Light Weight Infantry Platoon Mortar. This is man portable weapon capable of achieving double the range of 2 inch mortar without any increase in weight. Its new HE bomb uses pre-fragmentation technology to achieve vastly improved lethality in comparison with the conventional bomb. Besides, HE, the family of ammunition comprising smoke, illuminating and practice bombs have also been developed. The weapon system is under production at Ordnance Factories.

Modern military operations are also conducted during the night and under adverse conditions. Despite the availability of Night Vision devices illuminating ammunition is still required for night warfare, for illuminating the ground both for offensive and defensive actions, for identification and aimed fire. Over the years variety of illuminating ammunition have been developed for the infantry and light artillery. These are in regular production. ARDE has developed 81 mm, 120 mm illuminating bombs and 105 mm illuminating shell for infantry and Artillery. The performance of these bombs is comparable with the best in the world.

For the Armoured Corps, we made a significant contribution by the successful development of Up-Gunning kit for the T-55 MBT. The original 100 mm gun of this tank was retrofitted with 105 mm of the Vijayanta which greatly enhanced the fire power of the tank. Standardization of the gun and ammunition for both the tanks has brought about a major reduction in the logistic burden. With the combination of a rugged chassis and turret with a high performance gun and ammunition system, the upgunned T-55 compared well with the T-72s and Vijayantas.

Adrushy - The intellligent A/T Mine is our answer to the increasing threat caused by the MBTs of the nineties. With the introduction of this mine with shaped charge and magnetic or seismic cum magnetic influence fuze a new dimension has been given to the mine warfare. Sophistication, simplicity in handling and indomitable kill capacity makes the mine invisible and user friendly. This is under production at OFs since 1997.

Proximity fuzes are used with artillery projectiles to obtain air burst at an optimum height for maximum effectiveness particularly against troops in trenches. These are also used in anti-aircraft and anti-missile roles in which "near-misses" are converted into "kills" resulting in enhanced overall performance of the weapon system. ARDE in association with other sister labs has developed a family of proximity fuzes which are under production in Public Sector Undertakings and Ordnance Factories . The fuzes contain sophisticated electronic devices and circuits which must withstand several thousands of `G' force during launch of the projectile.

Training of our troops in peace ensures the effectiveness of the "man-machine" system in war. Keeping this in view ARDE has developed several training devices for the Army:

Mortar training device for 81 mm Mortar for the Infantry

Mortar training device for 120 mm Mortar for the Artillery.

0.50 inch Subcalibre training device for 105 mm Vijayanta tank gun.

These devices impart realistic operational training to the crew at a fraction of the cost of the parent-weapon ammunition. This also eliminated the need for full scale firing ranges. These training systems provide intensive and cost-effective training to the troops.

One of the most prestigious and ambitious weapon system project undertaken at ARDE is the 120mm Main Armament and Ammunition system for the ARJUN MBT. This is a high-technology program involving a number of disciplines. ARDE has developed a super velocity gun and a family of ammunition with FSAPDS as the primary kinetic energy kill mechanism. It can be confidently stated that the fire power of ARJUN would be comparable with the contemporary MBTs available in the world. It may be noted that only four gun systems in this performance class have been developed abroad namely in UK, Federal Republic of Germany, France and Russia. Even the US and Japan have opted to adopt and licence produce the German 120mm Rheinmetall gun. Our Scientists and engineers, therefore, are justifiably proud to have joined this exclusive `club' with totally indigenous technology. The armament and ammunition system are under current production at OFB.

In the modern war, the stress on the Infantry soldier is enormous. Consequently, there is a constant and urgent need to optimize the designs of the infantry weapons by reducing their weight and size especially in the case of small arms. The 7.62 mm Rifle and Light Machine Gun (LMG) have been largely replaced by smaller, lighter and optimally more effective 5.56 mm and 5.45 mm weapons throughout the NATO and East European countries. The reduction of calibre may seem paradoxical to the lay person, but from external and wound ballistics, weapon design and tactical considerations, the 5.56 mm calibre has been conclusively proved to be the optimum solution. Besides reducing the fatigue with the lighter weapon load, the small 5.56 mm ammunition enables the soldier to carry more ammunition; due to low recoil, the stress on the soldier is also less during firing, thus improving accuracy.

In keeping with this trend ARDE had undertaken one of the most important programs in its history, drawing heavily on its past experience with 7.62mm SLR, namely the 5.56 mm Indian Small Arms System (INSAS). The infantry was earlier equipped with three types of small arms firing two types of ammunition, viz. 7.62 mm Ishapore SLR, LMG and 9 mm carbine. The INSAS family which is replacing all the three weapons consists of Assault Rifle : fixed & foldable butt version, LMG : fixed & foldable butt version having 70% commonality of parts and all firing the same ammunition. By 1999, both rifles & LMG have been introduced into service and weapons are in the hands of soldiers. RFI and SAF of OFB are the production agencies with AFK for Ammunition.

Over the years the Army has felt the need for a weapon system, which could neutralize targets at ranges exceeding 30 km. To meet this demand, development of the surface-to-surface Pinaka MBRLS has been undertaken. The system will comprise a free-flight artillery rocket with different types of warhead & fuzes, a multi-tube launcher vehicle, a replenishment-cum-loader vehicle, a replenishment vehicle and a command post vehicle. There are two pods containing 6 rockets each, capable of firing in salvo mode within 48 sec neutralizing an area of 700 x 500 m. The MBRS will be effective for the destruction of troops in the open, "B" vehicles, softening of enemy objective, engagement of enemy formation HQs etc. This is a major multi-discipline program involving several DRDO Labs, Public and Private Sector Firms. ARDE is the system integrator and is also responsible for the flight vehicle, warheads, fuzes and launcher systems. The system has undergone pre-induction trials successfully and the Army is expected to place production orders shortly.

ARMS AND MUNITIONS FOR NAVY

In the past because of their specialized design and very limited requirements generated by a relatively small fleet of combat ships and vessels, most of Indian Navy's requirements of Naval Armament stores were met by import. This picture is now changing: the country is emerging as a major maritime power with a "blue water" Navy capable of power projection much beyond its immediate shores. ARDE, in a modest way, is expanding its activity in this sophisticated and demanding area dominated by a handful of nations with long Naval traditions.

SSE CARTRIDGES

Submerged Signal Ejector Cartridges (SSE) are fired from submarines for signalling to ships and aircraft/helicopters during Naval exercises and in times of distress. ARDE has developed this important store for the Navy.

LIMPET MINE

ARDE has developed a Limpet Mine for the Indian Navy. These Mines are attached to the hull of the target vessels by the naval divers for underwater sabotage of the naval or merchant vessels in enemy waters. Initial operational requirement was met by ARDE and now it is in series production at OFs.

SHORT RANGE A/S ROCKET

In the field of anti-submarine warfare, a short range anti-submarine rocket with HE and practice warheads - has been developed and productionized. These rockets can be launched singly or in salvo from multi-barrel rocket launchers on-board ships.

Sea Mines

The Iran-Iraq Gulf conflict clearly demonstrated the strategic importance of sea mines in Naval Warfare and control of coastal and international water-ways which can have a dramatic influence on the outcome of any modern war. Sea mines are essentially weapons of stealth. Moored or laid on the sea-bed, these mines lie passively waiting for the unwary enemy ship to come within their zone of action and then explode to cause crippling damage or even sink the ship. ARDE has embarked on the development of the Indian Sea Mine which is capable of being deployed against submarines as well as surface vessels, combining the state-of-the-art technologies in sensors and electronic signal processing for target identification and initiation. The item has been developed.

<b>MRECM AND 76.2 mm PF SHELL

The Falklands war as well as the Iran-Iraq Gulf War conclusively demonstrated the effectiveness of surface skimming long - range anti-ship missiles (ASMs) against surface vessels and now have emerged as the most serious threat. To encounter this threat ARDE has developed Short and Medium Range ECM rockets which are fired in the direction of the incoming missile. The chaff cloud of aluminium foil generated by these rockets decoy the homing missile away from the target ship by producing a false radar echo. In addition, ARDE has also evolved 76.2 mm PFHE shell for the Navy as an active counter measure against the anti-ship missiles. This shell is prefragmented and is provided with a proximity fuze. Thus the large number of high energy fragments are delivered in the vicinity of the target and destruction of target is ensured.</b>

Howsoever sophisticated a modern combat aircraft as a weapon delivery platform may be with advanced propulsion, aerodynamics, avionics etc. its mission effectiveness will ultimately depend on the armament payload viz., bombs, rockets, missiles or guns which it carries.

Design and development of airborne armament stores for combat aircraft is a demanding and painstaking area of ARDE's activities. Before any airborne equipment is awarded operational airworthiness for type-approval, it is subjected to extremely rigorous tests and flight trials. The enormous cost of modern combat aircraft and the value of the life of a trained combat pilot impose these rigorous requirements on the designer.

Retarder Tail Unit

Low-level bombing attack has become inescapable in order to evade detection by the enemy radar and consequent missile and AD gun fire. With conventional free-fall gravity bombs, however, the mother aircraft is still in the danger zone when the bomb impacts. Retarder Tail Unit (RTU) and fuze system developed by ARDE for the 450 kg (1000 lb) bomb enables high-speed low-level release of this bomb by our strike aircrafts. The fall-velocity of the bomb is retarded by a drogue parachute and the aircraft flies ahead of the danger zone before the bomb impacts. A sophisticated fuze provides the necessary safeties. Our front-line strike aircraft are now equipped with RTU fitted with 450 kg bomb.

68 mm Rockets

One of the early air armament projects successfully carried out by us was the 68 mm 'Arrow' Rocket. These low calibre rockets are launched from a multi-tube rocket pod carried on underwing hard-points of strike/fighter ground-attack aircraft, and capable of performing in the dual air-to-surface and air-to-air roles. Three versions of the rocket- HE, Practice and HEAT are being produced in large numbers at OFs for the Airforce and Navy.

Cluster weapon System

Conflicts of 70's have shown that in order to evade early detection/identification by surveillance radars of air defence weapon system in the field, air-to-ground attacks must be made at very low level in the close support role. Dive bombing or rocket attacks are likely to involve an unacceptable attrition rate and thus reduce the overall strike effectiveness. Furthermore, the element of surprise inherent in the very low level attack will be lost. Current and future strike aircraft have been designed to penetrate enemy air defence systems by virtue of these high-speed low level capabilities. Cluster weapon concept is based essentially on the shot gun principle of compensating for aiming errors by covering the target areas with a suitable pattern of sub-munitions. This imparts considerable improvement in terms of cost-effectiveness over existing weapons in the close support role. The weapon dispenses a large number of bomblets (HEAT and incendiary) when it is delivered by a strike aircraft in the high speed lay-down mode of attack. This weapon will enhance the fire power of several of the ground attack aircraft in IAF and IN service. It is found to be effective against tank, APC and ICV columns, parked enemy aircraft's and other hard and soft targets. The weapon is under production.

450 kg High Speed Low Drag (HSLD) Bomb

The existing 1000 lb (450 kg) bomb in IAF service is based on the design evolved during World War II and therefore, not optimized for use with the current generation of high speed combat aircraft. This bomb imposes excessive drag penalty in the high speed laydown mode, adversely affecting aircraft performance in general and radius of action in particular. A 450 kg high speed low drag (HSLD) bomb was developed by ARDE. The bomb is now under regular production.

PRACTICE BOMBS

Training of combat pilots in bombing missions with full-scale live bombs is both prohibitively expensive and also constrained from range safety considerations. In order to overcome these problems, ARDE has developed a low weight retarder practice bomb for use on all types of fighter, strike and trainer aircraft in the IAF and Indian Naval Service. The bomb can simulate the trajectories of different types of bombs by substitution of different drag plates. The bomb has a fibre reinforced plastic body and is now under regular production.

ESCAPE-AID CARTRIDGE

The most important asset in the inventory of any modern Airforce is its combat pilots. It takes enormous amount of time, efforts and money to groom a pilot to the required level of proficiency. Their lives are extremely precious and require to be protected under all adverse circumstances. All combat aircrafts are, therefore, provided with crew escape aid systems which demand the highest degree of operational reliability.

Escape Aid Cartridges are fitted in the ejection seat system of the aircraft and enable the pilot to eject safely in emergency. Similarly, power cartridges are used to operate a number of other functions like fire extinguisher, canopy ejection, weapon ejection, stores release system etc. So far 52 types of escape aid and power cartridges have been developed for a variety of aircraft used by the IAF, Navy. In view of the extremely high degree reliability, their low installed life and small quantity requirements at a time, the Users insist on their production and supply by ARDE itself. Hence a pilot plant has been established for this purpose. Lives of a number of pilots have been saved by the use of ARDE produced power cartridges. The strategic importance of these could therefore be appreciated in view of the fact that combat aircraft, singly or in squadrons, could get grounded for want of these critical cartridges and thus affect their operational readiness. We have thus not only eliminated our dependence on foreign supply but have also saved considerable amount of foreign exchange.

PIEZO ELECTRIC CRYSTALS

Development of sophisticated technology for Lead Zirconate Titanate piezo-electric material, commonly known as PZT, has been a major break through at ARDE. This material finds extensive application in the armament fuzing of several HEAT ammunition. Due to the impact momentum of the shell against the hard target, PZT crystals produce a high voltage pulse to initiate the hollow charge warhead. In order to meet the production needs of various armament projects, PZT is produced in the Pilot Plant at ARDE. The production technology has also been transferred to CEL, Sahidabad to cater for the bulk needs of the OFs. Now our PZT crystals are in demand not only to meet the critical sonar systems in sophisticated ASW applications but also some special applications by BARC, ISRO and other agencies. With the indigenisation of this strategic material substantial FE has been saved and dependence on foreign sources has altogether been eliminated. Considering growth potential of the piezo ceramic technology and existing facilities and expertise available at ARDE, R&D HQrs has sanctioned DRDO Centre for Piezoceramics and Devices under the management of ARDE. With this it will be possible to achieve self sufficiency in this highly potential and strategic field of smart and very smart sensor materials, actuators and transducers, also demonstrate the technology at pre-commercial level, undertake limited production and establish product applications.

[Guest]

<b>Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) - Historical Background </b>

Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) was formed in April 1982 by bringing together the Aero Bioengineering Unit (ABEU) located in ADE campus and the Electromedical Instrumentation Division (EMID) of LRDE located at LRDE campus. The laboratory started functioning from its own independent premises located at the ADE campus with effect from 17 June 1994. Today DEBEL is one of the few DRDO laboratories dedicated to both R & D work for the Services and also spin off use to the civilian population.


<b>Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) - Achievements</b>

Flying Clothing,
Protective Equipment for Aircrew.
Automatic Inflatable Life Jacket and Garter leg restraint specially developed for LCA.
FR Overalls,
Integrated Helmet,
Pressure Breathing Oxygen Mask,
Gloves Mk III developed earlier also used by LCA pilots.
These were used in the Technology Demonstration Flights.

Other items developed during the last twenty years in this area include:-
Outer Protective Helmet Mk II,
Pressure Breathing Oxygen Mask Mk I and Mk II,
Anti-G-Suit Mk II (Cutaway type for MiG 21 a/c),
Anti-G-Suit Mk III for Sea Harrier a/c,
Gloves Flying Mk II,
Overalls Flying Mk II,
High Altitude Pressure Suit for Russian a/c,
High Altitude Pressure Socks for Russian a/c,
High Altitude Pressure Gloves for Russian a/c,
Helmet for Parachute Jumping Instructors (PJI),
Overalls PJI,
Gloves PJI,
Boots PJI,
Anti-G-Suit Mk IV for LCA, Jaguar, Mirage and MiG 27.
The automatic inflatable life jacket meets the requirements for Vajra, (also accepted by Navy for Sea Harrier a/c and in production)

NBC Equipment comprising Resuscitator, Integrated Hood Mask and Respiratory Mask in Bulk Production.

(i) Resuscitator is an important medical equipment used for the first aid treatment of Soldiers with respiratory failure in case of chemical warfare agent’s attack.

(ii) Integrated Hood Mask provides protection against chemical and biological warfare agents, and is specially intended for soldiers with facial injuries, cuts, bruises, etc. and soldiers with parka on their head.

(iii) NBC Respiratory Mask offers protection to respiratory tract and face against chemical and biological warfare agents.

HAPO Chamber

One man HAPO chamber designed by DEBEL is a portable first aid device that provides emergency treatment for varying degrees of Acute Mountain Sickness including High Altitude Pulmonary Oedema.

It works on a simple but effective principle of increasing the atmospheric pressure around the patient thereby simulating descent in altitude.

The patient is kept inside the chamber which can be inflated to a maximum pressure of 130 mm Hg there by simulating a descent of about 8000 feet without involving any physical movement.

Recently, a new, high volume, fully automatic HAPO chamber has been designed, developed and high altitude user trials conducted to the satisfaction of user.

The Automatic Power Control (APC) unit is provided with an AC powered compressor which can inflate and maintain the required pressure on AC power supply.

In case AC power is not available, the Chamber can still be automatically operated for more than two hours with the help of a battery and inverter unit. HAPO Chamber can also be used by mountaineers.

[Guest]

<b>Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL)-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND</b>

The Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) came into being on 28th December 1961 under the aegis of Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India, at Mysore especially to cater to the varied food challenges of Indian Army, Navy, Airforce and other paramilitary forces.

Our troops often operate in far-flung inhospitable treacherous terrains under inclement and hostile weather conditions. In such operational situations, not only are they deprived of the fresh produce needed to sustain life processes, even normal regime of cooking becomes extremely cumbersome and difficult for them.

The R & D efforts at DFRL are aimed at designing and engineering lightweight, convenience pack rations for Army, Navy, Air Force and other paramilitary forces. These pack rations do not require any elaborate cooking or preparation at the consumer’s end and remain shelf-stable under varying climatic conditions for periods ranging from 6 months to 1 year when packed properly. This is the only Laboratory, which is exclusively engaged in Research and Development in the field of Food Science and Technology for Defence Forces. Prior to the inception of DFRL, the laboratory functioned as a Food Group within the precincts of Defence Science Laboratory, Delhi.

DFRL, through the dedicated efforts of its scientists and technologists, over the last four decades, has been able to conserve, preserve, stabilize, design, fabricate and engineer a vast array of food products of Indian dietary which are not only shelf stable under all weather conditions but also deliver adequate nutrition and energy to keep the morale of our Service personnel high at all times.

Many of the DFRL foods, born out of innovative state-of-the-art technologies, lend themselves eminently suitable to industrial scale commercial exploitation by enterprising entrepreneurs of different genre.

VISION
To be technological leader of excellence in food research and product development

MISSION
Design, develop and evaluate; safe, nutritious and convenience food to meet the needs of Services and spin off to civil application.

CORE COMPETENCE
Development of Convenience and Ready to Eat Food Products, Implementation of Packaging Systems and Processing Technologies for Fresh and Processed Food, Testing and Evaluation of Food.

<b>Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) - ACHIEVEMENTS</b>

Regime of Technologies Developed

The various technologies, which have been developed through the sustained and dedicated efforts of scientists at DFRL, encompass the following:

Retort Processing of Food in Flexible Pouches
Food Additives Technology
Cold Shock Dehydration Technology
Accelerated Freeze Dehydration Technology
High Temperature Short Time (HTST) dehydration Technology
Pneumatic Drying Technology
Flaking Technology
Fluidized Beds Drying of Cereals, Pulses and Vegetables
Spray Drying
Technology of Hurdle Processing and Preservation
Intermediate Moisture (IM) Foods Technology
Microencapsulation Technology
HTST Extrusion Technology
Compressed Foods' Technology
Thermal Processing of Foods in Aluminium Containers
Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Ultrafilteration (UF) Technology
Combination Dehydration Technology
Stack Encapsulation Technologies
Technology for the Extension of Shelf-Life (SL) of Fresh Fruits & Vegetables
Ready To Eat Foods
Short Term Preserved Chapaties.
Preserved and Flavoured Chapaties.
Spiced Potato Parathas.
Besan Burfi.
Stabilised Chikki.
Fruit Bar.
Compressed Cereal Bar.
Nutri Food Bar.
High Protein Snacks
Sorgham flakes
Sorgham snacks
Canned upama
Canned Avial
Coconut burfee
Composite Breakfast Cereal
Emergency / Survival Bar.
Hurdle Technology Preserved Fruits.
Various Retort Pouch Processed Food Products.
Intermediate Moisture (IM) Fruits.
Vegetable Halwa.
Fruit Juice (Preserved)
Preserved Tender Coconut Water.
Egg Biscuits.
Seabuckthorn based products
Fiber rich biscuits
Quick Cooking Foods
Insta Nutro Cereal Mix (Bisibele Bath).
Pre-Cooked Dehydrated (PD) Pulav Mix.
PD Khichdi Mix.
PD Dhal Curries.
PD Rice.
Dehydrated Potato-Peas Curry.
Dehydrated Cauliflower-Potato / Peas Curry Mix.
Dehydrated Avial Mix.
Vermicelli Kheer Mix.
Vermicelli Upma Mix.
Rava Idli Mix.
Dehydrated Spiced Mutton Keema.
Dehydrated Mutton Pulav.
Instantised Foods
Instant Curried Dhals.
Instant Pulav Mix.
Instant Khichidi Mix.
Instant Basmati Rice.
Instant Whole Legumes.
Instant Kadhi Mix.
Instant Halwa Mix.
Instant Upma Mix.
Instant Coconut Chutney Mix.
Omelette and Scrambled Egg Mix powder.
Instant Carrot Halwa Mix.
Instant Green Leafy Vegetable Dhal Curry Mixes.
Instant Germinated Pulses.
Hurdle Technology Stabilised Cooked Vegetables (French Beans, Capsicum).
Curry Paste Concentrate.
Fruits based milk and lassi beverage mixes.
Instant Mutton Soup Powder.
Instant Chicken soup Powder.
Freeze Dried (FD) Foods and Drinks
Freeze Dried Fruit Juice Powders.
Freeze Dried Shrimp.
Freeze Dried Mushroom Soup Powder.
Freeze Dried Chicken Pulav.
Freeze Dried Meat (Mutton & Chicken).
Freeze Dried Fruit Slices and bits (Mango, Banana, Apple)
Novel Innovations and Technologies
Minimally processed vegetables in precut and packaged form.
Additive Treatment for Dehydrated Vegetables.
Orange Drink Mix.
Fungistatic Wrapper.
Stayfresh Chemicals for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.
Micro-Encapsulated Flavours.
Keep Fresh Salt.
Stack Encapsulation Technique.
Leg Operated Chapati Rolling Machine.
Cold shock Drying Technology.

Self Heating system for RTE food in flexible pouches
Automatic Chapthi making Machine.
Ration Packs
Compo Pack Ration.
Supplementary Compo Pack Ration.
Emergency Flying Ration
Survival Ration
MBT Ration
Convenience Mixes
Appetizer drinks and munches
Convenience mixes based on rice as well as ragi

Patents Granted - 12
A process for preparation of instant cooking rice.
A process for the preparation of a composition used for detection of storage degradation in foods.
A process for the preparation of instant cooking pulses and whole legumes.
A process for the preparation of an extract from curry leaves (Muraya Koenigi)
A process for the preparation of antioxygenic salt.
A process for the preparation of instant cooking pulses flakes.
A process for the preparation of conditioned dry extruded food products.
Gas absorbing blanket for storage of fruits and vegetables.
A process technique for the preservation of Tender Coconut Water.
A process for preparation of Instant cooking Bisibele Bath.
A process for the preparation of fruit pulps and fruit juice powders.
A process for the preparation of shelf stable pre cooked dal in the form of soft small granules/noodles.

Patents Filed : 70
Patents Granted : 12

Recent Developments
Automatic Chapati Making Machine (4’x 4’ x 6’) with capacity of making 1200 chapaties per hour in collaboration with M/s K M Enterprises New Delhi
Milk based sweet dish (Rabdi) using freeze drying technology
Ready to serve beverages
Palmyra based Fruit bar and jam
Six types of new menu based on Ready to Eat products for MRE rations
Improved chapaties with better texture and taste
Natural anti oxidant rich biscuits
Rhodiola rosea based coffee
A process for preserving fresh meat up to 4-6 days using natural plant/seed extracts.

[Guest]

<b>Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group(ANURAG) - Historical Background</b>

ANURAG was established on May 2nd 1988 to execute specific, time-bound projects/programmes leading to the development of custom designed computing systems and software packages for numerical analysis and other applications.

To design and develop advanced computing systems, especially those based on state-of-the art concepts like parallel architectures as well as associated systems and sub-systems. To develop systems and application software packages for mission oriented tasks to build-up technology in these areas.

To undertake forward-looking research and development in futuristic concepts and to create an environment and infrastructure which fosters such advanced research leading to the application of advanced computing concepts and technologies.

<b>Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group(ANURAG) – ACHIEVEMENTS</b>

Parallel Processing Technology
Parallel processing technology has been widely used to develop High Performance Computers. ANURAG has used this technology to develop parallel computers. These systems have been built using VME-bus based Pentium processor boards, ATM switches and Reflective Memory communication hardware. Configurations up to 128-nodes have been developed. Such system can be used to solve computation of intensive applications such as Aircraft design, Weather forecasting, Molecular biology etc. A 128-node PACE++ system, built using Pentium processor based VME boards installed at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore was dedicated to the nation by his Excellency, the President of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in January 2004. The performance of this system is 50 Gigaflops (sustained performance). At present work is in progress on parallel processing system based on Linux clusters targetted to deliver 1 Tera FLOPS performance.

General Purpose Microprocessors
ANURAG has designed and developed general-purpose microprocessors. ANUPAMA is a 32-bit RISC processor. ANUPAMA works at 33 MHz clock speed. The complete software development tool kit consisting of C compiler, assembler, linker, loader, debugger etc is available for application development. A single-board computer based on ANUPAMA is available for evaluation and software development. ANUPAMA is also available as an IP core.

ABACUS is a 32-bit processor for multi-tasking applications with virtual memory support. It is designed around ANUPAMA core with additions like MMU, two levels of cache, double precision FPU, SDRAM controller. The IP core of ABACUS is available in Verilog RTL code. This processor is suited for desktop applications. Complete software platform is available for ABACUS processor and a single board computer with ABACUS is implemented. Linux Kernel is ported.


DSP Processors And Arithmetic IP Cores
ANURAG has designed a 16-bit DSP processor. This processor is available as an IP core and the design is packaged in 120-pin CPGA. The other arithmetic cores that are designed and available with ANURAG include

A floating-point co-processor that supports both 64 and 32-bit arithmetic operations.

Multi channel Multiplier and Accumulator with user programmable 132 channels

Fast Multiplier Accumulator with 5-stage pipeline and 36-bit accumulator. It offers 16X16 multiplication

Polar to Cartesian and vice-versa conversion using CORDIC processor

A Complex Multiplier that allows the multiplication of complex numbers.

All these are available as IP cores in and in chip form for use.


1- µ CMOS Fabrication Technology
Facility is available to fabricate designs targeted to 1µ technology with following features:-

Cell based designs upto 1,00,000 gates

Design support option

Full contract design stating from functional description to physical design

Full 'customer' design [upto GDS II tape stage]

Die sizes upto 14 mm x 14 mm

ANAMICA (ANURAG's Medical Imaging and Characterization Aid)
ANAMICA is a DICOM compliant three-dimensional medical visualization software for data obtained from any medical imaging system like MRI, CT and Ultrasound. The software has two-dimensional and three-dimensional visualisation techniques to visualize the images in various ways. Many three-dimensional visualisation techniques like Iso-Value surface, Cutout View, Arbitrary Planar Section etc. are available for the doctor for visualizing the medical data in three-dimension.

The sequence of images obtained from any imaging system by scanning of a single patient is packed to form a three-dimensional grid. It is also equipped with a rich set of image processing and image manipulation techniques. Contrast and Edge Enhancement, Image Algebra, Pseudo Coloring, Spatial Editing are some of the two dimensional options provided in the software. The software is also modified for accepting data from Industrial CT systems.

[Guest]

<b>Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) – Historical Background</b>
LRDE has its genesis in the Inspectorate of Scientific Stores created in 1939 at Rawalpindi which was redesignated as Technical Development Establishment (Instruments and Electronics) in 1946 and located at Dehradun.

In the year 1958 with bifurcation of electronics activity into inspection and R&D, the Electronics Research and Development Establishment was formed at Bangalore with men and material inherited from TDE (I&E). The establishment was renamed in 1962 as Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) and dedicated to the design and development of Radar and Communication equipment.

A number of DRDO laboratories have originated from this mother Establishment. In 1986, LRDE moved from High Grounds, Bangalore to its present location spread over 60 acres at CV Raman Nagar, Bangalore amidst calm and serene surroundings. In 2000, the communication projects were merged with Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR). Presently, LRDE’s charter is to develop radar systems and technologies.

Vision
To create a centre of excellence in design and development of radars and related Technologies.
Mission
Develop Radar systems and related technologies to cater to the needs of Services. Enhance the infrastructure, knowledge base and technologies for achieving self reliance.
Quality Policy
LRDE is committed to the indigenous development of modern radar systems through an effective Quality Management System.
Core Competencies
Radar System Engineering for Ground based, Ship borne and Air borne systems
Design and Development of major sub-systems - Mechanical and Electronic Scanning Antennas, High Performance Transmitters, Exciters, Receivers, T/R Modules, Digital Signal & Data Processors, Mechanical Engineering
Radar System Integration and Evaluation
Radar Networking and Data Fusion
Environmental engineering including EMI/EMC

<b>Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) – Achievements</b>

Radar Systems
Indian Doppler Radar (INDRA-I): INDRA is a 2D mobile surveillance radar for low level target detection. The radar is housed in two wheeled vehicles. Some of the main features are automated Track While Scan (TWS), integrated IFF and high scan rate for high speed target detection. The radar is produced by M/s BEL and inducted into Service.

Indra-II PC Radar: It is a variant of INDRA radar for ground controlled interception of targets. The radar uses pulse compression for detection of low flying aircrafts in heavy ground clutter with high range resolution. Radar has good ECCM capabilities. The radar has been produced by M/s BEL and is used by Indian Air Force and Army.

Rajendra Radar: Rajendra, multifunction phased array radar, is the primary sensor at battery level for Akash SAM system - an air defence system for the Indian Army as part of Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). The radar has the capability to perform extensive search, track multiple targets and missiles, and to command and guide own multiple missile concurrently. The radar system, mounted on two tracked vehicles – Battery Level Radar (BLR) and Battery Control Center (BCC), is available to tactical forces for all types of operations with matching mobility. The radar has the flexibility to work in Group or Autonomous mode, and it has UHF communication facility to support Group mode of operation.

3-Dimensional Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR): This is a medium range surveillance radar for Akash at Group level, with high mobility and excellent high and low level coverage. The radar provides range, azimuth and height information of the targets, enabling better designation of targets for follow up actions. This radar is designed to function in multiple roles with potential to meet the surveillance needs of all the three Services. The radar is packaged in a KOLOS TATRA two-vehicle configuration with a third vehicle carrying diesel generator sets. The vehicle housing the antenna and most of the sensor subsystems is called the Radar Sensor Vehicle (RSV). The second vehicle called the Data Center Vehicle (DCV) houses the radar consoles, data processor unit and communication unit. Variants of the radar have been developed for Army Air Defence, Air Force and Navy for air space surveillance applications.

Battle Field Surveillance Radar – Short Range (BFSR-SR): The Battle Field Surveillance Radar - Short Range (BFSR-SR) is a man portable, battery operated Surveillance Radar. The system has capability to detect, track and classify variety of moving ground surface targets. BFSR-SR is a reliable sensor for all weather, and day and night operation. The radar can be carried in three man-packs.

The radar is a simple, easy to use and user friendly surveillance e-sensor, in that an Infantry soldier can install and effectively put the radar into operation within five minutes. It has been built to be a reliable surveillance and tracking radar to search a specific sector to detect and perform track while scan for multiple targets like crawling man, single / group of walking men and light / heavy vehicle. Audio and visual aids help identify and classify a target decisively.

The radar has a facility to operate from a distance of more than 100 meters, using field cable to help a soldier to operate the radar from the safety of bunkers or trenches, and deploy the radar at a suitable spot to meet technical and tactical requirements.

BFSR-SR has built-in networking facility, which offers significant wide area surveillance with integrated surveillance picture available centrally at an identified location. All radars can be controlled from the central location. BFSR-SR with co-mounted IR sensor for enhanced target information is also available. The radar has been productionised by M/s BEL and inducted into Army.

Super Vision Maritime Patrol Radar (SV-2000 MPAR): This Radar is designed and developed for Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) and has capability to detect and track airborne targets, sea surface targets like boats, ships and frigates and sea skimmer missiles under sea clutter. The radar is suited for other platforms such as KAMOV helicopter Dornier aircraft. ISAR feature is available for classification of sea surface targets.

Avalanche Victim Detector (AVD): It is a life saving device for use by soldiers operating in the snow-bound avalanche prone areas to detect victims buried under an avalanche debris. AVD is a transmitter-cum-direction finding receiver with a built in directional antenna. The equipment consists of fully surface mounted device electronic circuitry enclosed in a sealed light-weight container of glass filled nylon. The system has been manufactured by private industry in large numbers and is being used effectively by Services.

[Guest]

<b>Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) - Historical Background</b>
Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) was set up in 1969 near Manali to combat the hazards of snow and avalanches not only to help the Armed Forces to fight and live in the mountains but also to accelerate the pace of socio-economic growth of the inaccessible snowbound hill regions. SASE was initially assigned the task of studying snow and avalanche problems along certain mountain highways in snowbound belt of Indian Himalayas. This was subsequently extended to encompass various other roads too.

The mid-seventies witnessed the introduction of experimental avalanche forecasting. This was followed by a complete reorientation in early eighties when a number of competence building projects were initiated. Today SASE’s Research and Development Centre (RDC) is also functioning from HIM PARISAR, Sector 37-A, Chandigarh.

<b>Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) - Achievements</b>

Avalanche Mapping
A number of highways and lateral road axes in J&K, HP and Uttaranchal have been studied for identification and registration of snow avalanche paths, snow drift deposition and ice formation sites; frequency and severity of avalanche activity; and the extent of highway affected.

Avalanche Atlas
Published atlases comprising terrain data, frequency of occurrence of avalanches, magnitude of damage, proposed control measures etc.

Automatic Weather Stations
A Network of stand alone Automatic Weather Stations has been established in high altitude regions of J&K, HP and Uttaranchal for acquiring uninterrupted snow and meteorological data. The data of all the stations are received at RDC SASE, Chandigarh by a state of the art digital Earth Receiving Station.

Observatory Network
For acquiring snow and meteorological data which aid in avalanche forecasting, high altitude manned observatories have been set up in J&K, HP and Uttaranchal .

Avalanche Forecasting
For forecasting the probability of avalanche occurrence.
This includes :
a) Avalanche Warning Bulletins
For generating awareness amongst the users and reduce casualty rate, issued bulletins for selected regions of J&K, HP and Uttaranchal and to news media and also broadcast on AIR.
b) Snow-Meteorological Data bank
Created Data bank of snow-meteorological parameters of various high-altitude observatories in J&K, HP and Uttaranchal for future research work.

Avalanche Control Structures
Designed and executed avalanche control structures in all the three zones of avalanche at difficult sites. These include formation zone structures like snow rakes, snow bridges and snow nets; middle zone control structures like diversion dams; and retarding structures like mounds and catch dams in the runout zone. Snow Gallery has also been designed to control one of the avalanche site in Middle Zone in HP.

Artificial Triggering of Avalanche
Experiments have been carried out to artificially trigger avalanches by different methods.

De-icing of Roads
Experiments have been conducted and methodology evolved for different de-icing techniques.

Snow Hydrology
Carried out snow melt run-off prediction based on point energy balance method for sub-catchments of Beas Basin.

Instrumentation
Developed automatic weather stations for use in remote areas, capable of working upto –40oC. The recording and transmission of data was successfully tried out.

[Guest]

<b>Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (VRDE) - Historical Background</b>
The history of Vehicles Research & Development Establishment dates back to 1929, with the inception of ‘Chief Inspectorate of Mechanical Transport (CIMT) at Chaklala (now in Pakistan) in 1947, the Estt was shifted to Ahmednagar and was renamed as Technical Development Establishment [Vehicles], popularly known as TDE [V].

In 1962, the Engineering Wing was separated with the establishment of an independent establishment at Pune, named as R&DE (Engrs). Further in 1965, the activities were bifurcated between ‘R&D’ and ‘Inspection’ and two separate establishments viz. Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (VRDE) and Controllerate of Inspection Vehicles (CIV), (now known as Controllerate of Quality Assurance Vehicles (CQAV), came into existence.

A detachment of VRDE was created at Avadi, Madras in 1966, to assist in a production of tanks at Heavy Vehicle Factory, Avadi and to undertake new task of design and development of ‘A’ vehicles. In Dec 1971 the bifurcation of activities of VRDE to deal exclusively in the area of tracked and wheeled vehicles to place with the portion at Avadi, assuming the name of CVRDE to deal with the ‘A’ vehicles and portion at Ahmednagar retained the existing name of VRDE to deal with wheeled vehicles.

Starting with simple task of design modification and technical evaluation of vehicle, VRDE has graduated over the years for undertaking innovative development of total vehicles like 0.5 t 4X4, 2.5 t 4X4, 5/ 7 t 6X6/ 6X4 GS vehicles, incorporating latest technologies. During the years most modern test facilities and infrastructure comprising of a test tracks and system laboratories for testing and evaluation of both Army and Civilian vehicles were created.

In the year 1985 VRDE was also assigned the task of dealing with the design and development of light tracked vehicles up to 25 t GVW. The vehicle testing facility known as NCAT (National Centre for Automotive Testing) has also been graduated to testing of vehicles as per national and international standard.

Today VRDE is capable to design and develop light wheeled & tracked vehicles indigenously along with system design. The NCAT has various supporting infrastructure to provide a one-stop solution to the requirements of Indian Automotive Industry and Defence Forces to test and evaluate the vehicles.

Vision Statement
VRDE will get transformed into a Centre of Excellence in the area of Light Tracked, Wheeled & Specialist Vehicles to provide indigenous solutions to Armed Forces for the Mobility of their Weapons & Equipment. Make the NCAT, “National Centre for Automotive Testing” a World Class test facility to provide Total Solution to Defence & Automotive Industry for all their homologation & developmental testing needs.

Mission Statement
Design, development & productionisation of Futuristic Infantry Combat vehicle.
Design and development of basic Light Armoured Wheeled platform and family of such vehicles for different missions.
Design & development of high specific output light weight engines (reciprocating and rotary) for RPVs.
Development of remotely piloted and autonomous mobile platforms.
Design, development & productionisation of smart mobile expandable and self-deployable shelters.
Competence in following technologies: -
- Thermal management of engines
- Independent suspension
- Hybrid drives
- Automotive controls and instrumentation
- Multi-axle drives and steering
Continuous improvements and augmentation of test facilities and testing techniques at National Centre for Automotive Testing.

<b>Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (VRDE) - Achievements</b>

<b>Equipments Developed</b>
Containerised Operation Theatre & Wards on Wheels
Armoured Engineering Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV)
Armoured Amphibious Dozer (AAD)
Mobile Decontamination System
Riot Control Vehicle
Bullet Proof Vehicle
Specialists Vehicles & Trailers for various tactical weapon systems
- Transporting System
- Mobile Isolate Shelter
- Safety Vehicle
- Transport-cum-loader- vehicle (TLV)
Vehicle Platform for Bridge laying system
Shelter for Project Samyukta
Specialist Vehicle for MBRS

ISO Certification
Recognised as an ISO 9001: 2000 establishment by Det Norske Veritas (DNV) with effect from 31 Jul 2004

Containerised Operation Theatre [OT Complex] & Wards on Wheels
A mobile container based, “Operation Theatre Complex” has been designed anddeveloped by VRDE for medical services at forward areas and for disaster management. Each set of OT Complex consists of 11 vehicles like operation theatre container, pre-operative container, post-operative container, sterilization and stores container, ward container, generator vehicle. Two sets have been productionised and handed over to Army.

Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV) on BMP-II
AERV has been designed and developed jointly with R&DE(E), a sister DRDO establishment, as an engineer support vehicle for Corps of Engineer to facilitate land and water recce. Development and user trials have been completed. Ordnance Factory, Medak and BEL, Pune are the production agencies. Production of these vehicles is in progress.

Armoured Amphibious Dozer (AAD) on BMP-II
AAD has been designed and developed jointly with R&DE(E), a sister DRDO establishment, for Engineers of mechanized formations to facilitate battlefield-engineering tasks. Development and user trials have been completed. Army has placed Limited Series Production (LSP) order. Ordnance Factory, Medak is the production agency.

Mobile Decontamination System (MDS)
The system developed on Tatra chassis enables decontamination of personnel, clothing, equipment, vehicles & terrain during war. System accepted by Army, productionisation of MDS through trade is under progress. VRDE will be interim AHSP for the pilot sample.

Riot Control Vehicle ‘Vajra’
Designed and developed for security forces with adequate protection and equipment for carrying out riot control duties effectively. So far 290 Vajra vehicles have been manufactured and supplied to Para Military Forces and Police Organisations under RDR.

Bullet Proof Vehicles
VRDE has designed and developed Bullet Proof Vehicles on Maruti Gypsy, Tata LCV, Mahindra & Mahindra Jeep, Car Ambassador and tractor Swaraj Mazda for use in anti terrorist role by para military forces. These vehicles have been productionised through Indian Industries.

Specialists Vehicles & Trailers For various tactical weapon systems

Various types of Specialist Vehicles designed and developed by VRDE. Some of the vehicles are as follows:
Crane
Mechanical Workshop Vehicle
War head Workshop Vehicle
Transport-cum-loader- vehicle
Battery Carrier Vehicle
Auto Crane
Launch Control Vehicle

Vehicle Platform for Bridge Laying Vehicle
Re-engineered Tatra 8x8 vehicle has been modified with dual controls, for mounting of 15 m bridge, LSP is under progress for manufacturing of five sets (25 vehicles).

Shelter for Project Samyukta
Vehicles and shelters were designed and developed as part of Integrated Electronic Warfare Programme (IEWP) for the Army. All the shelters were realised and handed over to DRDL, Hyderabad. The following systems developed on VRDE’s design.

Specialists vehicle for MBRS
Multi Barrel Rocket System (MBRS) is a multi disciplinary project to provide an area weapon to cover long ranges. Loader cum Replenishment Vehicle. (LCRV) and Replenishment Vehicle (RV) are design and developed by VRDE. TOT is under progress.

[Guest]

<b>Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) - Historical Background</b>
Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) was established in Oct 1986.Its research focus was initially in the areas of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics, and Control systems. In November 2000, R & D groups working in the areas of Command Control Communication and Intelligence (C3I) systems, Communication and Networking, and Communication Secrecy in Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) were merged with CAIR. With this, CAIR has become the premier laboratory for R&D in different areas in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as applicable to Defence.
Today, CAIR boasts of an organisational strength of over 300 personnel including over 150 well qualified scientists.

<b>Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) - Achievements</b>
Over the years, CAIR has developed and delivered to its users, a number of Information Systems, Communication Systems and Security Solutions. While doing this, CAIR has also done high quality R&D work in Intelligent Systems technologies.

Information Systems
Today’s battlefield is characterized by fast tempo and high degree of movement of men and material on a wide front. This demands rapid acquisition, dissemination, collation and fusion of information amongst field commanders involved in tactical planning and battlefield operations. In this scenario, decision making is a time-sensitive and complex operation due to the need for processing multiple streams of high rate data (which could be representing any combination of text, audio and video) originating from various geographically separated sources. This scenario exists even during peacetime operations also, perhaps with less stringent requirements. Command Control Communication (C3I) System consisting of networked computers in the tactical battle area facilitates comprehensive situation awareness by the commanders and timely and optimum decision-making.

CAIR is the developing a series of C3I systems for the different branches of Indian Army.

Communication and Networking
CAIR is engaged in developing technologies needed for futuristic tactical communication network for the Indian Army. The lab is assisting the user in specifying the system architecture and the subsystem specifications for their futuristic “Tactical Communication System” (TCS). Preliminary R&D activity has been launched in anticipation of the Government of India sanction of a major program for the development of TCS.

Some of the recent Communication Networking products designed and developed by CAIR include

Wireless Message Transfer Unit (WMTU) that enables transmission of IP packets over wired and wireless media using Mil Std 188-220 A protocol. It provides connectivity to mobile clients for accessing network resources

Programmable Communication Interface Unit (PCIU) that provides interconnectivity between a formation HQ LAN and a battlefield-wide WAN. It provides facilities for interfacing to Fibre optic modems, HDSL modems and Synchronous/Asynchronous modems

Information Security
Information security aims at securing confidentiality and integrity of the data stored in computers and communicated over networks.

CAIR has been working on the following areas in this field:
Secure Communication
Authentication (including speech biometrics)
Network access control
Traffic analysis and intrusion detection systems

CAIR has brought out a number of specific products/ solutions in the above areas and has successfully delivered to the different user communities. These include High speed traffic analysis software, Secure e-mail, Information security gateway, IP security, Network and Host Intrusion Detection Systems, On-line disk encryption (Secure Storage), Smart card based authentication, Multi-layer network Firewall, Personal (host) firewall, etc.

Communication Security
Communication Security products developed by CAIR include devices for link encryption, subscriber end voice encryption, and voice scrambler for HF radio. Recent developments include WAN encryptors, Satellite link encryptors, Wire line encryptors, and Voice/Fax/Data encryption devices for voice band circuits. Proprietary algorithms have been developed for IP security and file/message encryption. All these devices are implemented on trusted platforms developed in-house and built using reconfigurable hardware. All associated device drivers and firmware have been developed in-house.

Intelligent Systems
Intelligent Systems technologies development at CAIR is primarily helps it in keeping abreast of technological advances in the fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Neural Networks (NN), Computer Vision (CV), Signal Processing, Robotics, and Virtual Reality.

AI & NN
CAIR is currently developing a number of Data Mining tools using Artificial Intelligence & Neural Networks and is building software libraries to create a Data miner’s toolbox.

Semantic Web is a new paradigm proposed to make the World Wide Web (WWW) more machine tractable so as to establish a foundation for Agent based technologies. The large amount of information contained in languages used by humans necessitate development of technologies to process the information automatically. Human language processing technologies are being implemented using Commercial off- the- shelf (COTS) computers with huge memories and high processing speeds. CAIR has so far been developing technologies for processing human language inputs namely, information extraction, shallow Natural Language Processing (NLP), Semantic Web tools and techniques, and Semantic Web as a knowledge representation structure for human languages.

Decision Support System Shell architecture named AADARSHA that makes use of Object Oriented concepts has been developed by CAIR. It meets several objectives such as lean and thin shell for easy maintenance, universal interface, easy incorporation of new algorithms into inference engine etc.

Computer Vision
In the area of computer vision, CAIR has developed some prototype products for specific problem solving. Work is ongoing in the area of image registration using 2D, 1D and point features, progressive transmission and compression of images, content based image retrieval and multi-sensor image fusion. Research focus of CAIR in this area has been in registration of multi-sensor images, super-resolution image generation from low resolution images, automatic characterisation of image quality, and characterisation of shapes in grey scale and colour images.

Another important application that is being looked into is the build a mosaic of images taken from various angles. This is for the generation of panoramic and large scale image piecing together many small images seamlessly.

Robotics
CAIR has developed a variety of controllers and manipulators for Gantry, SCARA and other types of robots. These were supplied to Public Sector Units such as HAL and sister DRDO labs. CAIR has gone on to develop a prototype Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) with the aim of attaining autonomous capability. This involved in-house construction of mobile robot platforms, integration of infrared sensors with the vehicle, and the development and integration of path planning software. An useful offshoot of this work was the development of an intelligent wheelchair that would help physically challenged people both in hospitals and homes. One version of the wheelchair could be operated using human voice commands. Another was equipped with a camera system to get information about the surrounding space for its path planning.

Other robots developed by CAIR are for Non-destructive testing, Ammunition loading, and Hot slug manipulation. Both wheeled and legged miniature mobile robots have been developed.

Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality (VR) is an emerging technology with wide applications in product design, operator training, design review etc. The objective of VR is to provide the user with the sensory experience of being in an environment that is not physically present. CAIR has acquired considerable expertise and infrastructure in VR, which could be utilised to develop advanced virtual reality applications.

CAIR has competence in the development of drivers for VR accessories (like flock-of-birds position tracking system, cyber glove, serial ports and stereo drivers for IRIS Performer) expertise in Multigen and Paradigm Vega for modelling and simulating 3D virtual environments, expertise in OpenGL, VRML programming, development of terrain visualisation and flythrough system.

The research on advanced virtual reality applications requires good knowledge in virtual reality modelling and simulation software and programming skill in VR toolkits like OpenGL, IRIS Performer, VRML etc. which have been sufficiently acquired and developed by the scientists of CAIR

A virtual reality theatre consisting of stereo projectors, high-end workstation, 3D glasses and a head mounted display device and other accessories has been installed. Using this facility and other tools such as MultiGen modelling software, a system for simulating terrain flythrough has been developed.

Signal Processing
Signal processing is an important activity at CAIR, with emphasis on speech and image processing.

In the area of speech coding, a Linear Predictive Coder (LPC) based voice coder that encodes 4 kHz band limited telephone quality analogue speech into a 2.4 kbps digital stream has been developed.

In the area of speech recognition, speaker independent speech recognition and language independent speaker identification are active areas of work.

[Guest]

<b>Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory (DARL) - Historical Background </b>
The importance of high altitude agricultural research was realized when the troops had to be deployed in high altitude and snow-bound areas. The first Prime Minister of India, Late Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru wrote to the renowned botanist, Late Prof. Boshi Sen, the then Director, Vivekanand Laboratory, Almora in January 1960.

“At my suggestion, our Minister for Food and Agriculture has asked the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to place a sum of rupees ten thousand at your disposal . This is to enable you to carry out some research work about growing suitable crops etc. in the Ladakh region. The first step would, I imagine, be for you to send some competent person to Ladakh to find out what the state of affairs there is. He should go first to Leh and discuss matter with the Deputy Commissioner and others there. Later, he should go by an Army plane to forward areas and find out the conditions there. He can then report to you. It might be desirable to have a small research centre at Leh itself under your supervision. The sooner such action is taken, the better……”

Following his directives, a survey of Ladakh region was undertaken to find out the possibilities of setting up an Agricultural Research Station, in the high altitude area of the Himalaya. The work on the project was originally initiated in April 1960 under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, by establishing a research unit in Leh with opening of a detachment in Almora (UA). It was definitely the beginning of high altitude agricultural research in India. However, owing to logistic problems, the project was transferred to Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in July 1962, thereby heralding a new approach in the Defence Strategy of DRDO. The Detachment at Almora was upgraded to an independent Agricultural Research Unit (ARU) in January 1970.

Realizing the indispensability of encompassing the diversified agro-ecological zones of Central Himalayas, field stations were opened in the remote border areas at Auli (3142 m) and Pithoragarh (1524m) in April 1972, with the controlling office at Almora (1530 m). Another detachment was established at Harsil (3243 m) in May 1973 and transit base at Haldwani (333 m) in June 1981 to provide logistic support for undertaking research work in difficult areas. The Agricultural Research Unit (ARU) was upgraded to the status of a Laboratory and re-designated as Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory (DARL) in 1984. The training center at GRTU Raiwala (340 m), Dehradun district, opened in January 1990, is actively engaged to execute various ongoing programmes.

At the instance of the then Chief of Army Staff, Gen S.F. Rodrigues, PVSM, VSM, ADC, the research and development work on vegetable cultivation and broiler production was undertaken in cold desert of 36 sector (Himachal Pradesh) in 1991 to solve the logistics of supplies with respect to fresh vegetables and broiler chickens to armed forces. The laboratory was shifted to Haldwani (333 m) in August 1991 and subsequently to Pithoragarh (1524 m) in September 1996. The R&D work was extended to Araba in Barmer (Rajasthan) in 1998 to screen salt tolerant vegetable cultivars utilizing brackish water released from ED plant. In August 2001, integrated approach of agro-animal husbandry practices had been applied and the developed technologies were demonstrated in Deemapur district of Nagaland for socio-economic upliftment of rural masses.

Multidisciplinary approach on natural bio-resources was taken up besides agricultural research, with a view to bring all round improvement in the inhospitable high altitude areas of Central Himalayas by developing and introducing technologies through research and development efforts. DARL has actively participated in five Indian Antarctic Expeditions viz., ix, x, xi, xv and xvi organised by Department of Ocean Development. The laboratory has successfully introduced hydroponics and established greenhouse cultivation of vegetables and flowers in polar region for the first time ever in the history of Indian Antarctic Expeditions.

<b>Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory (DARL) – Achievements</b>

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Genetic engineering Osmotin transformed tomato under testing in T4 generation.
Regenerated tomato plants transformed with osmotin gene.
Capsicum transformed with CBF1 gene is under analysis in T1 generation.
Regenerated and confirmed CBF1 transformed plants in cucumber, tomato, snake gourd, long melon.
Cloned and sequenced partial fragment of DREB and GPAT genes from Seabuckthorn.
Differentially expressed genes from winter wheat under cold stress identified, cloning & sequencing in progress.
Generated subtracted cDNA from Lepidium. Construction of library and sequencing in progress.

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Fingerprinting Technique
• Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

A set of 99 common bean germplasm, collected from central Himalaya, was investigated for their genetic variability using RAPD markers. Ten oligonucleotide primers, selected from 60 initially screened ones, generated 123 amplicon products. Of these, two amplicons were shared by all the accessions whereas, 112 were polymorphic at least in two pair wise comparison. Nine unique bands identified, were as low as 0.32 kb MW to as high as 3.5 kb and were confined to eight accessions. The primer OPF-17 was found to be the most powerful and efficient as it generated a total of 17 bands of which, 15 were polymorphic.

Statistical analysis of RAPD markers data revealed the similarity coefficient from 0.19 to 0.91. Grouping analysis revealed the categorization of 99 accessions into 12 major branches with different levels of similarity. Three branches, namely, branch 2, 3 and 5 out of 12 had only one accession. Branch 1, which consisted of three accessions, was the most divergent as revealed by Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. Branching pattern of these accessions did not show any correlation with morphological data or altitudinal alignment of the accessions. Based on similarity coefficients and grouping analysis, accessions 49, 8, 22, 56 and 84 were found to be very distinct and these can be used for desirable characteristics in breeding programmes for common bean improvement.

• Okra [(Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]
Variability at molecular level in okra has been studied very little so far. In an attempt to fingerprint the known varieties and account for its genetic variability, RAPD analysis in okra was initiated. Leaves of this vegetable have high mucilaginous content which is acidic polysaccharide, composed of galacturonic and glucuronic acids associated with minerals and do not serve as good explants for DNA extraction. As an alternative, DNA was extracted from seeds and the protocol for DNA extraction using the Cetyle Tri-methyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) buffer and a high salt buffer has been standardized. A total of 60 primers were screened of which, 21showed polymorphism. Analysis was carried out on 1.5 % agarose gels and polymorphism detected on the basis of presence or absence of bands.

• Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)
Fenugreek collected from central Himalaya, was targeted to assess the genetic diversity using molecular tools. Genomic DNA was isolated using CTAB method. 100 Operon 10-mer random primers were screened after standardization of PCR conditions against the genomic DNA of fenugreek as template. 22 primers found to generate clear and sufficient polymorphism were used and RAPD profiles of 54 fenugreek accessions were generated.

• Tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill.]
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was employed to measure the genetic variability and the relationship among 54 genotypes of tomato. The protocol for DNA extraction from young leaves was standardized and DNA was extracted using Cetyle Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide method. The DNA of all the 54 genotypes was purified using Ammonium Acetate method. The quantification of DNA of all the genotypes was done using UV spectrophotometer. Primer screening and PCR are being carried out.

• Varieties/hybrid development
Varieties/hybrids recommended for release at National level

The following vegetable varieties/hybrids were recommended for release in 21st Group meeting on vegetable research (All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Programme) held at Anand (Gujarat) from 25 to 28 May, 2003.

Capsicum hybrid DARL-202 having dark green fruits, early maturity, possessing field resistant to Fusarium Wilt with average yield potential of 340 q/ha in open field and 420 q/ha under protected condition.

Garlic variety DARL-52 with average plant height 72.20 cm, maturity 210 days, bulb white creamy, having on an average 20 cloves with average yield of 150 q/ha. The variety is useful for making pickle and sauce.
Hybrids released by State Variety Release Committee

During the State Variety Release Committee Meeting held on 7 March, 2003 at Dehradun(Uttaranchal), the following vegetable hybrids were recommended for release.

Cucumber Hybrid DARL-101 with average plant height 155-160 cm, plant vine type, highly branched with broad leaves, monoecious, fruits cylindrical green, maturity within 50 days, possess field resistance to Powdery Mildew, cold tolerant with average yield 396 q/ha in open field and 522 q/ha in protected condition.

Tomato Hybrid DARL-304 with plant semi-determinate, height 70-75 cm, round oval fruit, dark red after ripening with thick pericarp, maturity within 75 days of transplanting with yield potential of 375 q/ha in open field and 800 q/ha under protected condition.

Hybrid Identified
Cucumber Hybrid DARL-102 with plant height 155-160 cm, vine type, plant highly branched with broad leaves, monoecious, fruits cylindrical, maturity within 55 days, possess field resistance to Powdery and Downy Mildew, cold tolerant with average yield 415 q/ha in open field and 665 q/ha under protected condition. Identified in SVT meeting held at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar on 17.04.2003.

Pea DARL-401
The variety is ofmedium duration, plants are dwarf and much branched with 6-7 seeds per pod. The variety possesses field resistance to Powdery Mildew. The green pod is 135.0 q/ha, while dry seed yield is 15.0 q/ha. Nutritionally, the green edible pea contains 73.5% water, 7.0 g protein, 0.9 g minerals, 9.0 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g fresh weight with TSS of 23.80%.

• Enrichment of Germplasm
2958 accessions of different plant species have been collected from central Himalayan regions. The collected germplasm is under evaluation to identify promising lines for inclusion in crop improvement programme of the laboratory.

Crop production • Biodegradation of Noxious Waste Materials
Congress grass (Parthenium hysterophorus) and Pine (Pinus roxburghii) needles are obnoxious bio-waste materials posing severe environmental menace. Experiments are being conducted for utilization of these bio-wastes as vermi-compost through bio-dynamics. A multitier vermi-technology has been developed for recycling of bio-wastes in association with cowdung using exotic species of earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Pine needles treated with 4% to 6% urea solution, have been decomposed to develop vermi-compost using exotic species of earthworm.

• Bio-control of Pests in Vegetable Crops
Studies were carried out to develop Trichocards for the control of Lepidopterous pests of cole crops in hills. Corcyra cephalonica which is the host of Trichogramma, was successfully reared under laboratory conditions on maize grains supplemented with Protinex. On this laboratory, reared host bio-agent (Trichogramma) was developed and Trichocards were prepared.

• Mushroom Production Technology
Mushrooms have relatively higher quality proteins containing all the essential amino acids exclusively rich in Lysine which is deficient in cereals. In Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), the quantities of amino acids range from 0.9 to 9.1 percent of available crude protein whereas in Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.), it ranges from 1.2 to 7.0 percent of crude protein.

DARL has developed suitable technology for production of mushrooms in the hills. Experimental techniques of spawning in saw dust, wheat straw, leaf straw, grains of barley and wheat have been standardised. One strain each of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sapius and Pleurotus flabellatus has been selected for further improvement

Insect mushroom (Cordyceps sinensis) was collected from high altitude areas of Dharchula (Pithoragarh) in July, 2002. Attempts are being made to develop culture technique of Cordyceps sinensis under laboratory conditions. Various types of the culture media have been used for the mycelial growth of this fungus under controlled conditions. In order to obtain the master culture of Cordyceps sinensis, the tissue culture technique has been applied by taking the inoculums from various parts of the fungus.

Medicinal and aromatic plants • TOT of Herbal Products
Polyherbal products for leucoderma, eczema and toothache have been transferred to trade (M/S AIMIL Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi) under TOT programme of DRDO.

Anti-leucoderma ointment and oral dose The polyherbal formulation was developed in the form of ointment and liquid oral dose, taking into consideration the social stigma, limitation of existing therapies and etiology of disease. The product was evaluated on 100 patients with leucoderma (Localista), on the basis of body part affected, sex wise recovery and recovery according to the age of ailment. Maximum recovery was recorded in thorax-hip affected patients while sex wise recovery was better in females below 40 years of age. Patients with minimum age of ailment showed best recovery.

Anti- eczema ointment A polyherbal product for the treatment of eczema or atopic dermatitis was formulated and tried on 50 patients with different clinical features and extent of disease. All the patients under observation recovered within 5 to 70 days, depending on the severity and extent of disease.

Anti-toothache herbal solution (Dardhar) A polyherbal solution to check and treat toothache caused by inflammation of the dental nerves was formulated and evaluated for clinical efficacy at District Hospital and Military Hospital, Pithoragarh. The medication was observed to relieve pain within 5 to 10 minutes.

Formulation of New Herbal Products
Cold and anti-sunburn cream:
A herbal product for cold and anti- sunburn has been formulated for use in high altitude areas, where persons face the problem of severe cold, high wind velocity and high intensity of ultra violet radiation. The cumulative effect of these abiotic stresses results in drying of skin, development of cracks and fissures and dark scale formation on the exposed part of body, particularly the hands and face. The snow further aggravates the condition due to reflected normal and UV light.

Keeping the above in view, an attempt has been made to formulate a herbal cream which can give relief from cold and sunburn. In formulation, the plants have been selected on the basis of literature and folklore information having the properties of protective action against cold and sunburn. The cream is a poly- component product, in which 11 plant ingredients encoded as ACS-1 to ACS-11 have been taken.

The product was evaluated for acute and sub-acute dermal toxicity, mucous membrane irritation test and skin sensitization test. The product did not show any toxic sign for above tests upto a limit test dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. The preliminary clinical efficacy of the product has been evaluated through 25 ITBP Jawans posted at 9,000' and 35 local inhabitants of Mukhwa village (Uttarkashi) located at 10,000'. Feedback information revealed that 90% users found the cream effective against dryness and cracks due to cold and 85% reported it to be effective against sunburn.

Herbal Honey
A polyherbal honey having cardio-protective, hepato-protective, CNS stimulant and protection against throat and mouth apathies has been formulated by conversion of sucrose into fructose (honey sugar). The product is under different stages of standardization and quality evaluation.

Namkeen herbal tea
A polyherbal namkeen tea has been prepared from extracts of 6 plant species. According to the folklore information, these plant extracts have various medicinal properties i.e. protection from cold, cough, digestive disorders; diuretic, anti-spasmodic, anti-cancerous and anthelmintic. The product is under different stages of standardization and quality control. Since this tea does not contain sugar, it can be taken by diabetic patients.

Hridyamrit
Hypertension is a common health problem of masses now-a-days. Changing food habits and lifestyle of modern man has aggravated this problem to a considerable level. Keeping this in mind, the laboratory has formulated a medicated beverage out of the high value medicinal plants growing widely in the hills. This beverage is found highly beneficial in relaxing hypertension, nerve soothing and as an energizer, refresher and health tonic.

Herbal health drink
Health drink has been prepared from Aloe juice from Aloe vera gel which contains lignin, saponins, anthroquinones, mono and poly saccharides, essential and secondary amino acids, minerals, vitamins and enzymes.

Aloe gel is obtained from freshly harvested mature leaves and stabilized to protect its essential nutritional contents. It is mixed in a definite proportion with concentrated sugar solution enriched with ingredients of 03 herbs and then diluted with water for drink. Aloe health drink, as per reported literature, is anti-inflammatory, effectively balances and enhances proper immune system function, rebuilds the intestinal protective lining, promotes and accelerates the tissue healing process, increases phagocytosis to ingest foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, creates tumor necrosis factor which restricts the blood supply to tumors. It is an extremely effective intracellular antioxidant and freeradical scavenger. It is useful in cardiac disorders, respiratory and snow -bite problems, besides being memory enhancer and appetizer.


ANIMAL SCIENCES
• Adapted germplasm of dairy cattle for wholesome milk
Adapted germplasm of crossbred dairy cattle with Holstein Friesian blood level 62.50% and Sahiwal blood level 37.50 % is being maintained to provide high pedigree germplasm (Cow calves, heifers and breeding bulls) to local farmers and ex-servicemen in order to raise high yielding animals and upgrading the local cattle for better production and returns.

Studies on minerals profiling and soil-plant-animal relationship are being carried out to develop a warning system about the occurrence of production diseases in order to improve production and reproduction efficiency of dairy cattle in hills.

• Germplasm Centre of German Angora Rabbit
DARL has established a germplasm centre (GPC) of German Angora rabbit under United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) implemented through Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India. Dam and Sire lines with proper breeding records are being maintained in order to reduce inbreeding depression in the stock.

Elite germplasm has been provided to 110 farmers of Munsyari block, a border area of Pithoragarh district. This programme has revolutionized Angora -rabbit keeping in the area. The people of the region have understood the favourable economics and livelihood potential of Angora rabbit farming as the farmers are obtaining about 800-1000 g wool/adult rabbit/year besides 12-14 kits/dam/year. Farmers are processing wool for preparation of woolens like shawls, pullovers, caps etc, which fetch high prices in market. In addition, the germplasm has also been provided to Govt. and Non Govt. organizations.


Development Of Gray Coat Angora Rabbit
Gray coat Angora rabbit (Soviet Chinchila x German Angora) has been developed and BC2 (F2 x German Angora) have been obtained. The fiber diameter in F1, BC1 and BC2 has been to be 15.3µ, 13.0µ and 13.61µ respectively as compared to 12.60µ of German Angora whereas the guard hair percentage has been recorded to be 3.01%, 1.66% and 1.23% respectively in crossbreds as against 1.14 % in German Angora rabbit wool. The wool yield per rabbit per year in crossbred BC2 has been recorded 700-800 g as against 800-1000 g in German Angora. Crossbred Angora rabbit shows better survivability. Further, crossing is being done to enhance wool yield.


•Pisciculture Technology for Central Himalayas
Cantonment fishery
Cantonments of Pithoragarh, Raiwala and Joshimath combining 1.8 ha ponds, are undergoing fresh water pond fishery of exotic species for the welfare of soldiers.

Polyculture fish farming
Technology for composite fish culture have been developed and standardized by the laboratory. Three species, namely, Silver carp, Grass carp and Common carp cultured in the ratio of 30:30:40, have been found suitable, so as to utilize the feeding materials available in all the niches of the pond for maximum productivity. Maximum fish production by the laboratory has been achieved to the tune of 3500 to 4000 kg /ha/year under this system of farming.

AGRO-HORTICULTURAL ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN 8 MOUNTAIN DIVISION ARMY LOCATIONS
Established open and protected vegetable cultivation in Army locations.
Plantation of willow and seabuckthorn carried out.
Developed floriculture for increasing aesthetic environment.
FRP and polycarbonate greenhouse facilities created for off-season vegetable cultivation.

Sadbhavana Programme
Kachan and Chanigund villages adopted by 8 Mountain Division and 8 Maratha LI, were taken up for training and demonstration on crop diversification and adoption of vegetable crops by providing vegetable seeds.

Establishment of popcorn centers at HQ 14 Corps and ‘L’ Sector

Established popcorn centers at Leh HQ 14 Corps, Siachen base camp, Karu (3 Inf Div), Drass (56 Mtn Bde), Biamah (192 Mtn Bde), Fire & Fury complex, Leh, Chumathang (70 Inf. Bde), Khumbathang (8 Mtn Div).
Provided 16.5 q of popcorn, 6 popcorn machine, 6 sealing machines and poly- bags for use of troops during 2005-06.


JATROPHA CURCAS – A PLANT FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION
Rising prices of fossil fuels, dwindling oil reserves and stiff regulations is exhaust emission have reconsidered the substitution of fossil fuel with less polluting and easily available renewable fuel for strategic energy self reliance. Over the recent years, emphasis has been given to biofuels as an alternative source of energy. Recently, DARL has taken initiative in this direction with the following aim.

Collection of elite germplasms (Seed/ Seedling) of J. curcas.
Soil reclamation in Military Farm, Secunderabad.
Nursery raising of J. curcas.
Planting of seedlings/cuttings.
Direct seed sowing.
Jatropha production
Agro-technology for higher yield (SOPs}
Extraction of oil
Mechanical extraction
Up scaling of oil extraction process
Trans-esterification
-Up scaling of trans-esterification process.
-Saponification process for higher fat contents (up to 5% FFA)
-Two stage trans-esterification process (beyond 5% FFA)
Chemical analysis of oil as per ASTM/ BIS standards
Testing of oil in diesel engines and Field trials with different blending%
Storage/ oxidation studies
Anti-freezer for low temperature usage
Use of bio-diesel in Defence Vehicles, Gensets etc.

[Guest]

<b>Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE) -Historical Background</b>
Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE), Dehradun, is an institution devoted to research, design, development and technology transfer in the fields of sophisticated optical and electro-optical instrumentation of vital interest to the Defence Services. The origin of IRDE dates back to the establishment of Inspectorate of Scientific Stores in 1939 at Rawalpindi (now in Pakistan) with responsibility to inspect telecommunication equipment used by the Army. This had the role of Authority for Holding Sealed Particulars (AHSP).
This AHSP underwent many organisational changes until it took the shape of Technical Development Establishment (Instruments and Electronics) covering both R&D and AHSP functions in the fields of instruments & electronics and was located at Dehradun. The Establishment, during the subsequent years, shed some of its R&D and AHSP responsibilities and came into existence, in its present form, in February 1960.

<b>Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE) - Achievements</b>
A large number of modules have been designed and produced to meet various system requirements like target surveillance and/ or acquisition at various ranges and having desired weights and volumes of the systems to address the space envelope for different types of platforms.

From simple stand-alone day sights, IRDE has graduated to complex multi-disciplinary EO systems like Integrated Fire Control Systems for AFVs and Infra-Red Search & Track Systems for naval ships and helicopters.

In-house capability has been acquired for the design, manufacture, thin-film coating of glass, germanium and metal optics. Similarly, CAD and CNC facilities are available for the fabrication of intricate mechanical components.



<b>Centre for Fire, Environment & Explosive Safety(CFEES) - Historical Background </b>
This establishment presently known by the name as CFEES (Centre for Fire, Environment & Explosive Safety) got its name in 2003. Before that its name was CEES.

The CEES was established in the year 1992 by the merger of three erstwhile establishments viz. (I) DRDO Computer Centre, Delhi, (ii) Directorate of Explosives Safety, DRDO, HQ, and (iii) Fire Adviser’s Office DRDO, HQ..

In year 2000 another DRDO Lab “Defence Institute of Fire Research (DIFR)” was merged with CEES and the merged entity continued to be named as CEES.

In order to emphasize important activity of Fire Science of this lab, Government renamed CEES as CFEES in 2003.

<b>Centre for Fire, Environment & Explosive Safety(CFEES) - Achievements </b>
Designed and developed Integrated Fire Detection and Suppression Systems for battle tanks MBT, T71, ICV (Abhay).

Developed Technology for Treatment and Stablization of Heavy Metal (Pb, Cr, Hg, Cd, Zn etc.) at pilot plant level for the Effluents being generated in the Ordnance Factories.

Developed Technology for removal of Nitro bodies (HMX, RDX) based on neutralization and alkaline hydrolysis for HMX plant effluents. TOT document ready for its use.

Developed expertise in the area of establishing ground water monitoring network for any project site for assessment of environment contamination.

Developed process technology for Coal Pitch based Activated Carbon Spheroids at lab scale for adsorption of harmful chemical vapours by the protective gears.

Designed and tested New nozzles for generation of water mist working at low pressure of 2-4 bars for fire fighting.

Installed and commissioned Smoke Test Tunnel for creating fire signatures under various conditions.

National Halon Banking & Management facility has been setup and made operational. Impure Halon of different kind can be purified to acceptable level and stored.

Developed Software package for Virtual Fire-Fighting and Fire-Training Simulation.

Specialized Training in Fire Safety and Fire Prevention, Management related Programme are being conducted regularly for fire fighters and officers of all Defense establishments.


<b>Institute for Systems Studies and Analyses (ISSA) - Historical Background</b>
The origin of Institute for Systems Studies and Analyses (ISSA) dates back to 1959 as Weapon Evaluation Group (WEG) of DRDO. As the activities of WEG increased, it was renamed as Scientific Evaluation Group (SEG) in 1963, and, later from the year 1968 it started functioning as Directorate of Scientific Evaluation (DSE) of DRDO Headquarters.
Consequent to the reorganisation of System Analysis activities within DRDO, in the year 1980, DSE was reorganized into ISSA located at Delhi with a Centre for Aeronautical Systems Studies and Analysis (CASSA) at Bangalore. CASSA was merged with ISSA during 2003.
ISSA has grown to be the nodal System Analysis Laboratory of DRDO specializing in System Analysis, Modeling and Simulation of Defence Systems as well as development of Computer Wargames, Performance Evaluation and Systems Reliability Studies.

Vision
To be a leader in Systems Analysis, Modeling and Simulation of defence systems.
Mission
To Develop expertise and software for application in Decision Support Systems, Computer Wargames and Weapon Systems Analyses.

<b>Institute for Systems Studies and Analyses (ISSA) - Achievements</b>
Performance Evaluation of defence systems in simulated combat environment
Analysis of tactical plans by Modeling & Simulation of Combat Dynamics
Combat Simulation and Wargaming Software Development
Decision Support Systems using multidimensional databases
Reliabilty Evaluation and Life Data Analyasis of Systems developed by sister Labs