03-24-2008, 10:19 PM
http://indiainteracts.com/utilities/printp...d=2290&postid=1
Dalit â Precept, Problem and Politics
<i>Published in âDimensions of Conversionâ, the Vivekananda Kendra Patrika, Vol. 24, Feb. 1995, pp. 98-114.</i>
<b>Introduction: </b>The issue of âDalitâ identity in social, economic and political context has become so important nowadays, that it has been affecting the thinking processes of all opinion making and decision taking authorities in India. Even though, originally, it was a social problem, now it has attained significance resulting in far-fetching consequences in deciding the future of Indian polity. The handling of âDalitâ issue is very sensitive, as it is like a double-edged weapon, which may affect the person against whom it is used and as well as the person who uses it. Moreover, it is extremely delicate to deal, as it may always has ended in emotional conflicts, leading to unexpected results. Before entering into the study of âDalitâ problem, the background of it should be understood thoroughly.
Undoubtedly, the word âDalitâ has attained the prominence, only during the last one decade or even lesser than that period. But, the political exploitation of such concept can be traced back to the Muslim and British periods. The fact that the expressions âuntouchablesâ and âuntouchabilityâ were first coined and started to be used by the British can be seen from their Census documents1. As the issue of âDalitâ involves caste and untouchability, all factors behind should also be studied with care and attention.
<b>Untouchability:</b> As the social scientists got familiarization with the expressions âuntouchablesâ and âuntouchabilityâ through the British, the other word âcasteâ has been introduced to them by the Portuguese with due blessings of Europeans writers2. The description, explanation and exposition given to the concept of âcasteâ have completely distorted and even tarnished the concept of âVarnashrama dharmaâ of Hindu religion or Sanathana dharma. Nowadays, the âDalitâ writers have started equating even the very expression âSanathanaâ with racism and fascism. Similarly the explanations given to âuntouchablesâ and âuntouchabilityâ have contorted the social stratification of Indian society based on economic and political conditions of the traditional factors. Then comes the concept of âDalitâ and its ramifications with complications.
<b>The Origin of the word âDalitâ:</b> The origin is definitely Sanskrit, initially used by the Marathi and Hindi writers in adjective form to describe the âHarijansâ, as dalit, dhukit, pidit, pichde logon etc. to denote depressed, sorrowful, broken, affected, backward peoples. Gandhiji used the expression âHarijansâ to denote Scheduled Caste Hindus considering their pitiable state and conditions of untouchability. By using such expression, perhaps, he clearly sent signals to the divisive British and Muslim groups that they belonged to Hindu society, and therefore, they had no business to meddle with the social processes of Hindu society. Accordingly, though he condemned the practice of untouchability, but upheld the Varnashrama dharma system, clearly explaining the difference between the so-called modern caste system and Varnashrama dharma3.
<b>The Role of Muslims and British:</b> As pointed out, prior to the advent of the British, nobody thought of âuntouchabilityâ, even though such practice was definitely followed. Though, the affected communities, definitely revolted against the ill-treatment meted out, many times, they compromised with their disabilities. With the success of implanting the minority consciousness in the minds of Muslims, the British writers cleverly decided to divide the Hindu society. They recognized Muslims as a distinct entity by giving separate electorate in 1909. In the year, 1910, the Census Commissioner of India chose to divide the Hindu population into:
(i) Hindus,
(ii) Animists and
(iii) depressed classes or untoucables.
Previously, the division was always based on religion. Of course, the Muslims also aided and abetted with the British collaborators. By pointing out the differences among the Hindus and sowing the seeds by mooting the idea that tribals were different from the caste Hindus, in their address to Lord Minto, the then Viceroy of India. B. R. Ambedkar himself has pointed out this important fact4. The Muslims wantonly suggested that in calculating the numerical strength of Hindus, the tribals, animists and untouchables should be excluded. Here, it may be mentioned that initially Muslims tried to convert the High Caste Hindus, particularly, Brahmins by force, lure of power and compulsory marriages or better understood as âsham marriagesâ 5. Though almost, all Muslim rulers followed this practice, it was at pest during the reign of Akbar6. But, the Brahmins took serous action immediately by excommunicating such families and rewriting / amending the Dharma Shasatras, which resulted in many sociological implications. Particularly, the latter method led to different conclusions to arrive at by the scholars in deciding the date of such works and as well as know about the ancient society of India. As they failed with the Brahmins, they turned their attention towards other castes. The experiment with Rajaputs and other royal castes also resulted in unfavourable political and social conditions. Again, it may be mentioned that it was during this period, the practice of sati was perhaps revived or introduced. Somehow, they could not match with the business communities, as they themselves were originally engaged in commercial activities. Thus, finally they turned their guns towards the lower strata of Hindu society. They cleverly used the Sufi movement for this purpose7. Accordingly they tried some sort of âInculturationâ â methods with the new converts, which were subsequently opposed by the Muslim fundamentalists8. A careful study of Jizya clearly exposes the tactics of conversion (Tabligh movements) of Muslim rulers. Anybody can even now notice that it is the lower strata of Hindu society, which strongly protects and spreads Hinduism than the higher strata, by way of visiting various temples and holy places regularly and periodically according to tradition instead of convenience, conducting festivals and performing traditional pujas in all villages. That is why âJizya rulersâ specifically affected them, as they could not use horses for pilgrimages, wear saffron robes prominently, take their women-folk with them even though it was mandatory according to their custom and tradition, use of ghats, ponds, and other holy waters and so on. Therefore it is not all a new tactics for the Muslims to create dissensions within Hindu society by their crooked methods. Only, the change was that they used the British to perform their game9.
<b>Determination of Untouchability: </b>Therefore inspired by the suggestion of the Muslims, the Census Commissioner of India in 1911 tried to differentiate Hindus and non-Hindus other than Muslims and Christians. He issued a circular10 with the following criteria to effect such division among those who were not 100% Hindus were included â âCastes and tribesâ â which â
1. deny the supremacy of the Brahmans
2. do not receive the manthras from a Brahmana or other recognized Hindu guru
3. deny the authority of Vedas
4. do not worship the Hindu gods
5. are not served by good Brahmans as family priests
6. have no Brahmana priests at all
7. are denied access to the interior of Hindu temples
8. cause pollution (i) by touch or (ii) within a certain distance
9. bury their dead and
10. eat beef and do not show reverence to the cow.
Evidently the conditions framed were rater more anti-Brahmanic than anti-Hindu as at that time they themselves wrote many books about the various facets of Hindu society. Slowly they stopped using the word âuntouchabilityâ or âuntouchablesâ and prefer to use âexterior casteâ.
Then, they also used the expression âdepressed castesâ. It is in vogue between 1920 and 1935. In Tamilnadu as early as in 1857, the expression âAdi Dravidarâ was used to denote lower castes. Similar expressions âAdi Andhrasâ and âAdi Karanatakasâ were used by their counterparts in Andrapradesh and Karnataka regions. Thus, though âHarijansâ was the glorified term used by Gandhiji in 1933 for them, the term âScheduled casteâ was the expression first invented by the Simon Commission11. However, in recent times, all caste organizations and politicians are prepared to use the term âDalitâ as there have been converted Christians and Muslims from the Hindu religion and they do not want to use the label of âHarijanâ as it definitely denotes to the people of Hindu origin.
<b>Print and electronic mediaâs role:</b> Therefore the media persons particularly the journalists with the support of Christian and Muslim lobbies preferred to use very often the adjective word âDalitâ as noun to denote SCs or Harijans. Here, they tactfully used the word to include the converts from Hindu religion to Christianity and Islam also, though legally (Constitutionally) it is incorrect. Thus, from Marathi or Hindi writings the word has been picked up and started to be used by other journalists in English dailies. Dr. Ambedkar also said to have switched over to this word, as he did not want to use the terminology of Gandhiji.
<b>Political usage:</b> Later, politicians also started to use this word at political meetings at villages and rural areas to attract them. as the SCs / Harijans wanted to have a new name for them, because of changing times, they also preferred to be called as âDalitsâ, instead of the old names. In fact, in Tamilnadu, they still prefer to use âAdi Dravidarâ, âDravidarâ and even âParaiyarâ 12, as they have reservations about the use of Sanskrit / Hindi word âDalitâ. But, as their leaders started to understand the political significance of the word, they have slowly started to accept it, and it may not be denied that the editor V. T. Rajasekhara Shetty of âDalit Voiceâ popularized the word in the South in selected circles. However, the interesting feature is the over-enthusiastic usage of the word âDalitâ by the Christian organizations of various hues and colours. Muslims have also started to use it. Perhaps, Muslims of Maharastra started to use it. Then, âDalit Muslimsâ became popular with the starting of organizations with âDalitâ banner like âDalit Muslim Suraksha Samitiâ by the notorious-smuggler-turned-social worker Haji Mastan of Bombay. After the Meenakshipuram episode, some Muslims have openly started using the expression, even though most of the Muslims do not want to use it, as according to the concept of âIslamâ, they cannot have âCasteâ.
<b>Christian Missionaries manipulations: </b>The manipulations of Christian missionaries are discussed as follows, as they have vested interests.
<b>Christianity, caste and untouchability: </b>In spite of the tall claims made but the Christians, the caste, racism, untouchability and other factors have been there in Christianity. The hundreds of denominations in different countries based on theology, practices, tribes etc., are the direct proof. Pope Gregory XV published a bull sanctioning caste regulations in the Christian Churches of India. Even the U. N. Commission of Inquiry (1953) into the racial situation in South Africa reported the Biblical background of inspiration for them to adopt âApartheidâ or âChristian caste systemâ with untouchability [Genesis. 9.25, Joshua. 9.21, 23 & 27]. Untouchability also finds its way to Bible [Joshua. 9.19]. In Ireland, there are separate streets for Roman Catholics and Protestants, as each group treats others âuntouchablesâ.
Slavery has been a divine approved system [Levi. 25: 44-46; Timothy. 6.11]. Prasadam offered to Jehovah should not be eaten by others [Exo.12:43]. They should not touch things holy to him or offer sacrifice [Levi. 22:25]. Bible should not be taught to others [Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, p.623; Exo.27:33]. They cannot offer incense [Numbers.16:40]. They should not approach the holy tabernacle i.e, the âGarba Grihaâ / Sanctum Sanctorum [Numbers 1.51]. The dishonest Christians suppress everything and try to fool the gullible SCs and STs projecting that their religion saves them. they could not save their own souls of SCs / STs with dubious methods. There are A to Z Churches with denominations (castes) running into more than 3000 depending upon the nation, language, ethnicity, culture, civilization and other factors. The matrimonial columns appearing in the newspapers and periodicals expose their hypocrisy, as the bride / groom are hunted only on the basis of âcasteâ and not on the âChristâ!
Crores of Rupees flow into India from abroad to convert India to Christianity. World Christian Organizations never hide this plan. After the Neogi Commission Report, they have only changed their tactics in routing the money. Political pressure at national and international levels is applied through different cannels to pump money in. only 30-40% is actually spent under the guise of charity, service, and liberation etc., whereas, 60-70% is adjusted in their manipulated accounts duly certified. They have formed their own high castes and they do not want to share profits with the new converts. They treat them just as ânativesâ counting numbers and sending statistical figures to parent organizations. Thus, the discrimination persists and percolates to bottom reaching new complications and crating new social tensions. Therefore, to divert the issue, as decided by the World Council of Churches and other organizations, they set up different âresearch groupsâ to shift the blame to Hinduism and escape. After politicizing, they have tried to internationalize the issue. Whoever Indian writer, journalist or âscholarâ, who supports this theory, is received aboard usually USA or Germany and taken care of.
âDalit Theologyâ13 is the superior theology masqueraded in mere theoretical egalitarianism to fool âDalitsâ projecting Jesus as the Super Star Saviour and Christianity to solve all their social problems, suppressing all cold facts, historical truths and the past tract record of Christianity.
âLiberation Theologyâ14 is nothing but âChristian Communismâ with God offered in different garb mainly advocating violence. It advocates violence, terrorism and anti-national activities in a country where it is preached. After the death of Communism and exposure of their deadly acts in Latin American countries, they have turned their attention to âDalit Theologyâ.
<b>Brain washing Dalits: </b>They adopt and adapt spurious scholarship, falsified histories, forged documents to create new hypotheses and theories. Many books have been published with much fanfare and publicity. Their mouth-piece journals publicize well about the publications. Now, they unscrupulously use the same methodology in full swing as a part of their psychological warfare with all their propaganda arms and brainwashing ammunition. These forces openly join with Communist, Muslim, âDalitâ and other banner organizations, portray the symbols of Narayan Guru, Karl Marx, E. V. Ramaswami Naicker, B. R. Ambedkar and give a rhetoric or cocktail of their philosophies and ideologies to inspire, excite and animate, ultimately brainwash them. Invariably, Hinduism is condemned and criticized for all social aberrations and modern evils; Hindu Gods blasphemed and profaned; Hindu scriptures reviled and scoffed at with sacrilege. The audience would be thrilled leading to ecstasy with clapping hands, shouting slogans, jumping and raising hands. One would be perhaps baffled to see the stage, where all opposing ideologues, religious heads and propagandists sitting together. Though they stress only upon their viewpoint without sacrificing their motive and compromising religious tenets, they would be very much united as far as abusing Hinduism, Hindu Gods and Hindu religious leaders are concerned. They mix different ideologies; quote unhistorical events; make false statements and finally, perhaps, this becomes their ideology sand theology.
<b>Warning to Dalits: </b>The motive of Christianity in India, at present is to destabilize and disintegrate India through various social, economic and political blackmails. For that all international agencies are used directly or indirectly to achieve their goals. For this game plan, they try to misuse or rather abuse SCs / STs as their pawns. Therefore, they should not fall prey to their designs. The issues of human rights, women rights, liberation, self-determination, environment, indigenous people etc., are to fool the poor third world countries.
<b>Why Christianity failed?: </b>Christianity has failed not only in India but also in the entire world, because of its contradictions, inconsistencies and self-deceptive theologies. In spite of the support of colonial powers, world nomination and super-power backing, it has been collapsing in the west. Psychologists and Sociologists have proved the link between the rise of crime rate, particularly against women and children, female degradation, teenage mothers, divorce, abortion, racial discrimination, drugs and other modern evils and the Christian theological concepts applied through the clergy. The Church attendance / audience have been dwindling down day by day and many Churches are sold for demolition and commercial buildings built at their sites. Therefore, as the Christians cannot save the souls of them, definitely, they cannot save the SC / STs of India. Instead of fishing in troubled waters in India, it is better they concentrate in their own lands to prevent the believers go out of their religion.
<b>Islam and caste: </b>Islam too claims that it has no caste system, as it treats every Muslim equal. But, to understand it, one has to understand Islam and its basic tenets. As it is not known to everybody, generally, people believe what is told to them or what they read about Islam. They either do not want to ask questions or know about it, as they are either afraid of Muslims or feel extremely âdelicateâ to ask such âinconvenientâ questions.
Islam treats all Muslims equal, not all human beings on the earth. Even, among Muslims, there are many different castes based on theology, interpretation of scriptures, acceptance or rejection of scriptures, mode of worship, celebration of festivals, representing religious-symbols, grave-yards, Quran book, the position of Imams, Caliphs, Prophets after Mohammed, Sufism, miracles, etc. on one side, and country, tribe, culture, tradition, heritage and other factors on the other side. For converts, all factors will be applicable. The so-called Muslims who have been classified as OBC in different denominations as follows15:
Andhrapradesh: Mahathar.
Assam: Maimals (Muslim fishermen), Manipur Muslims.
Bihar: Bharathira, Chik, Dafalange, Dafeale, Faqir, Gadihar, Hima, Karanjia, Qassar, Darzi, Kasai, Bhangi, Madari, Miriasin, Mirishkar, Momin, Mukro, Nat, Pamania, Rangrez, Sayee, Thakurai.
Gujarat: Eafan, Defer, Fakir, Gadhai, Galiva, Ghanchi, Hingora, Jat, Tari, Halarikhatki, Darban, Makrani, Mausari, Kureshi, Miana, Mir, Mirasi, Panchara, Sandhi, Patni Jamat, Turk Jamat, Waghev.
Jammu & Kashmir: Bhat, Dhar, Dooma, Hajjan, Julaha, Lohar, Lone, Kul, Faqir, Kumhar, Mochi, Teli, Nal Band.
Karnataka: Ansari, Julai, Tamboli, Beri, Chaffar band, Darzi, Dhobi, Faqir, Takaras, Zargars.
Kerala: Mappila
Punjab: Faqir, Meqati.
Rajasthan: Julaha
Tamilnadu: Labbi
Uttarapradesh: Ansari, Kassab, Banjara, Kayastha.
West Bengal: Ansari, Faqir, Sain.
Besides, these divisions, they have their own divisions based on the factors mentioned below:
Sunni, Kariji, Shia, Zaida, Imamia, Ismaliyya, Kojha, Bohra, Nizari, Isna Ashari, Kachi-menon, Mutazila, Murji, Wahabi, Baâhai, Ahmeddhi, Shanusi, Sufi, and so on.
This shows the hypocrisy and double standards of Muslims proclaiming universal brotherhood, non-discrimination etc., at one end and fool the converts and accepting reservation on the basis of caste on the other hand. Therefore, converts should carefully think about the motive of the converters. Are they actually liberating them or chaining them with Islamic bondage forever? In Islam, there is no exemption, exception or relaxation, once you are declared as âKafirâ, you will be hunted for persecution. To say simply, you do not like Islam, you cannot leave Islam and come out. Apostasy cannot be thought of in Islam and only death is the reward for apostates. You can blame, criticize and even blaspheme your Hindu Gods and be Hindus forever, but you cannot be a Muslim or you cannot live by blaming, criticizing or condemning Islamic Gods and Prophets.
<b>The concept of pollution and untouchability:</b> Quran spesks of two types of pollution and impurity â Idolatry [Sura.9, Ayat. 28] and Muslim women [II.222]. Other contaminations are drinking, traveling, sexual intercourse [V.43] and Devil (Satan) [XXIV.21]. kafirs are always considered as untouchables according to Quran. Kufru is the unclean status / condition. Untouchability is also ascribed to eating of carrion, blood and swine flesh [II.173]. Women are prohibited from entering mosques and pray along with men as they are polluted by menstruation periodically [Hadis]. Hadis also describes about sexual pollution and ablution. Emancipation of women-believing slaves is nly mentioned, that too in the context of marriage [II.177; IV.25, 36, 92; XXIV.32; LVII.3; XL.13], but not about men-slaves. Mohammed sanctioned slavery unscrupulously to kafirs (unbelievers, heathens, pagans, non-Muslims) by Jihad (holy war) denying all human rights. Thus, the entire world is divided into Dar-al-Islam (the domain of Islam) and Dar-al-Harab (the domain of war); the humanity into momins (believers) and kairs (non-believers); kafirs are further divided into people with books (al-kitabia = Jews and Christians) and people without books (all other religions other than mentioned); they are also known as Zimmis, when they pay Jizya.
The concept of kafir depends on kufr i.e, impurity, status, unacceptable condition etc., and kafiri i,e., infidelity, heathenism, paganism etc., identified accordingly. There are many verses in Quran that they should not be allowed to come near the cities of Mecca and Medina [Surah XIX]. They should not touch anything meant for Allah. They should not read Quran and other scriptures.
The above-mentioned divisions (castes) are water-tight compartments and the accommodated new converts cannot claim all rights of Sayyid, Qureshi, Ansari, Siddhiqi, Farooqi, Osmani, Alvi, Hussaini, Jafri, Naqvi, Zaidi, Kazmi, Rizvi, Hashmi, Abbasi, Sherwani, Shirazi, Isphani, Timizi, Bukhari, Barlas, Kirmaniu, Yazdani â who trace their foreign ancestry or middle eastern, Persia or Central Asian origin. Lebbai of Tamilnadu cannot be treated at par with Bukharis or Bohras. They cannot also think of marrying their daughters. Now, the fact is that Muslims have started matching horoscopes, giving and taking dowry and so on. Therefore, just by becoming Muslim, they cannot think of going up or getting liberated.
Thus, the âDalitsâ cannot get emancipated or reach heavens, as has been proclaimed by the Islamic propagandists, theoreticians and ideologues. See the Islamic countries with Islamic law, what has been going on? Are they leading happy, prosperous and peaceful lives? Why the Islamic countries fighting with each other calling other as kafirs? Why the Ahmeddiyas and Baâhai Muslims are persecuted and their mosques demolished declared as kafirs? Why people are starving in Islamic countries? The Indian Muslims are treated only as second class citizens in Islamic countries. The kafir-workmen are treated as bonded labourers in gulf-countries. Women who are imported into such countries as servant maids / cooks are ill-treated, starved and sexually harassed. Ameena-like girls are married and taken away. Male children are bought and sold for camel-races. The returned (run-away) men and women from gulf-countries tell their miserable and horrified stories. It is a known fact that crores of petro-dollars are flowing into India officially and un-officially. Then, why do not they spend such amount for the upliftment of Muslims? Why the Indian Muslims are kept poor, in spite of their wealth? Therefore, as this is the true position, the âDalitsâ should not be cheated with their propaganda.
<b>Islamic conversion moves:</b> Now, many Islamic organizations have openly come out with documents about the conversion of India by a phased manner. The Muslim politicians also proclaim that they could convert India into Islamic before the starting of 21st century. Islamic religious leaders, Sheikhs, Politicians, and others visit India periodically under the guise of conferences, seminars, inauguration of mosques etc., and encourage the conversion process.
Converted Muslims like Abdullah Adiyar16 has been tempting âDalitâ leaders like Ilaya Perumal to convert to Islam. RPI leaders like Dr. Seppan17 with the former has started writing books making claims that âIslam is the only way for total liberationâ and so on. Surprisingly, Valampuri John18 has also joined them contributing his mite. The books written by them are just propaganda literature and a poor category of negationism [negationism is the tactful method of concealing, eliminating or destroying the past record of Islam or Christianity by their respective writers and hence it may be defined as denial of historical crimes against humanity. It is not a reinterpretation of known facts, but the denial of such known facts19].
<b>Tabligh movement: </b>it was revived against the Suddhi movement of Swami Dayananda Saraswati in the late 1920s. But, the conversion methodology has been in operation ever since the advent of Islam in India using all tactics. The movement has again been revived in the âDalitâ context in the recent times with the blessings and petro-dollars of International Islamic organizations.
<b>Strategy adopted and adapted: </b>The money is routed officially through the Central and State Government Social welfare and minority institutions meant for building mosques and madrasas. A portion of the amount is diverted to conversion by manipulating the accounts. The other form of pumping in money is through the individuals, professionals and others, who in turn donate and divert it. Recently, it has been found out that money is also routed through terrorists amassed through the activities of drug trafficking, arms trade and smuggling. With that money, the strategy carried out is as follows:
Building mosques at Rural areas â in own places, leased, allotted and porumboke (no oneâs land) lands (to be regularized later with the blessings of the local / secular politicians, because of their minority status) lands.
- Allowing poor SC / STs deliberately to put up their huts around the mosques, so that the taking over (i.e, legalizing) of land becomes easy.
- Giving money and labour whenever they require and inducing them to join Islam.
- After conversion, their âacquired superiorityâ is publicized among the other family and relative members for further temptation.
- To avoid caste conflicts, they are sent to villages of other areas of the same or other states, thereby their caste identity is suppressed.
- then, Islamization process starts i.e, the complete removal of Hindu thought, culture, tradition, heritage and manners by changing name, dress, tonsure, circumcision, remarriage etc., with Islamic rituals.
<b>Can liberation be possible in Islam?: </b>Within Islam, there as always been struggles, wars and battles20. Except, the castes / tribes that trace their origin to middle-east, all other indigenously created / formed castes are placed at the lowest pedestal and treated accordingly for all social processes. Indian Muslims are treated as second rate citizens in the case of Haj-yatra. Only the high-caste Muslims are treated well to some extent. This discrimination arises out of Arabic tribal consciousness coupled with the Islamic theology and jurisprudence developed based on Quran, Hadis and Shariat. Therefore, no social reformer can question or even point out the existence of such practice. The fate of Deccan Herald, a drama troop who staged one play in a gulf country, Salman Rushdie, Naslima Tsreen and others are well known to be repeated.
<b>Why Islam has failed?:</b> In spite of the ideals-universal brotherhood, equality, rights for women etc., claimed, the practical and practiced Islam and its track record have shown and proved that even in a declared Islamic state, such ideals cannot be implemented, as the religio-political leaders have always manipulated and interpreted the tenets of Islam according to their convenience. No Islamic state from the advent or the introduction of Islam has ever exhibited egalitarianism, because of its fundamental principles of dividing humanity into superior-believers (momins) and inferior, degrading, polluted and third rate unbelievers (kafirs) under the concept of Dar-al-Islam and Dar-al-Harab. Moreover, with the concept of âJahalliyaâ (dark period) before the advent of the Islam on the earth, the Muslims never appreciate the existence of people with wisdom before it. As the domain of kafirs (whether within or without Islam) is always meant for Jihad, till the kufru / kafiri is removed, peace cannot be established. Ironically, âIslamâ means âpeaceâ on Arabic. Therefore, in such warring conditions people cannot live without problems.
<b>International conspiracy:</b> Many Christian and Muslim agencies have been actively working in hands with other anti-Indian forces to destabilize India by confusing the âDalitâ groups of India. Recently their moves have been more systematic and open, synchronizing with the contemporary global political and economic changes.
âDalit Solidarity Programmeâ (DSP) of World Council of Churches (WCC) was first to conceive after the WCC programmes to combat Racism was over at Madras in 1989.
At the VIIth Assembly of the WCC held in Canberra in February 1991, mischievous statement was adapted by them about the so-called âgrowing consciousness of the Indigenous peoplesâ struggle for freedom, including those of Dalits of Indiaâ.
During the IXth session of the working group on indigenous peoples held between June 22 and August 2, 1991, some âtribalâ groups represented to UN about their âstatusâ in India.
The WCC thus recognized âDalitsâ as âindigenous peopleâ in their âdocumentâ on âEcumenical Action o Racismâ formerly known as âProgramme to Combat Racismâ (PCR).
The statements and representations made by some US, UK and Middle-east based âDalitâ groups are also intriguing. During the Xth session of UN Commission on Human Rights held at Geneva, Switzerland, from 20th to 31st July 1992, one Ambedkar Centre for Justice, Canada made a statement that SCs / STs are indigenous people of India, there are only 15% Hindus in India and so on!
With all the moves, surprisingly, the year 1993 was declared as the year of âIndigenous Peoplesâ by the UN!
The Madras Bishop Azariah (P. B. No.4914, Madras â 600 006) delivered a speech in Bonn, Germany, leading a Christian delegation on âDalitâ problem in India (August 31 to Sep.2, 1994)!
Similarly, the Islamic groups working on the very similar lines started advocating the unity of âDalits and Muslimsâ, though there have been opposition from the fundamentalist Muslim outfits, who are against such unholy alliance of âKafir-momin relationshipâ!
Therefore, to counter such methods, they have directly launched conversion movement of âDalitsâ instead of havinbg alliance. The US, UK and Geneva based Muslim organizations and agencies have been very successful in building up anti-Indian campaign by every possible means taking every available opportunity without fail. Inside India, they circulate such stage-managed and propaganda materials to fool the locals and haste for conversion.
Surprisingly, there have been some organizations from Japan joining the hands of other collaborators in converting âDalitsâ to âBuddhismâ. Recently they have made the Bodh Gaya issue internationalized successfully.
Therefore, the SCs should be very careful about these alien forces, as their motive has been many times anti-Indian with ulterior designs. The SCs should not fall prey to such designs, instead, they should understand their nefarious game-plans and expose their ugly faces to the world.
<b>Can âDalitsâ get liberated by continuing as Hindus?: </b>The minds of âDalitâ-Hindus know very well about the implications of converting themselves to non-Hindu religions in India. In fact, they love Hindu culture, tradition, heritage and civilization most because of their hoary past and enriched connected factors, appreciated by many scholars, philosophers, historians, sociologists and psychologists/ they have also understood that in the entire world, there have been only two civilizations in existence without break or extinction from time immemorial.
The present-day problem has definitely arisen out of the Muslim and British manipulation of Census documents, enumeration of castes and willful-mischievous exposition of varna, jati, race and other pseudo-scientific hypotheses and theories.
Unlike non-Hindus, most of the Hindus do not know about their religion, scriptures and theology, but, only stories and propaganda about the same. They talk and discuss about what they are told unlike other religions, they do not have a single scripture, single religious institution, single religious head and other stereo-types. Unlimited freedom has been given within the ambit of Hinduism to its followers whether they believe it or not. These are not drawbacks or mistakes, but perfectly in accordance with the psychological needs of man. Psychologists and sociologists have come to the conclusion that for the betterment of any society in the present day world of conflicts, the religion and psychology should go together. This is possible only in Hinduism. Unlike, the propaganda made against Hinduism, it is not suppressive and oppressive of âDalitsâ.
<b>What man wants?: </b>The basic needs of man are food, dress and house. Other connected entities like sanitation, transportation, education, happy life come afterwards. The issue is not the availability of resources, but sharing of them. Definitely, God has created everything for men, but men have divided themselves into nation, religion, creed, clan, tribe, denomination, class, caste and other boundaries and barriers. Men have always manipulated out of these factors to restrict others in sharing processes. For such process the shared become decrease day by day. Those who enjoyed share / quota try to keep such benefits only to themselves and do not want it to percolate to the bottom. Hence, each factor (say nation, caste or class) has its own vertical / pyramidal type of hierarchy, with the elite / ruling / creamy layer sitting / occupying on it at the top. The terms may change, definition may change, but the reality does not change.
Moreover, if the caste factor is a particular problem to the Indian society, the reservation has to be continued for the needy based on such caste factor, then Islam or Christianity need not meddle with such social processes. Let the Christians and Muslims go to their own countries to save the souls of their believers / brethren to stop them fighting with each other, killing each other, looting each other in the name of religion. Let them share the amassed wealthy through various methods for the upliftment. And let Hindus to solve their social problems. They need not create more social problems by converting the gullible Hindus.
<b>Warning to Hindus: </b>As the entire burden and responsibility lie on Hindus, they should work sincerely and honestly to remove all social inequalities and injustice. The so-called âCaste Hindusâ should stop their discrimination and atrocities committed against their SC / ST Brethren. Social evils may be there in every society, but they cannot be nurtured, justified or exploited in the name of religion, politics or otherwise for the benefit of themselves. India may be a poor country, but that does not mean only the âcaste Hindusâ should be rich, land owners or enjoying all the material benefits. The poor also should get their share not because they are poor, but human beings, that too, their brethren.
Urbanization, Modernization, Industrialization, Science and technological advancements have made Hindus to come close together to understand each other. There have been more and more social interactions taking place among them. The SC / ST are also educating themselves and competing equally with others exhibiting and proving their skills. They about their rights and responsibilities, but others should allow them to enjoy their rights and carry out their responsibilities. Hindus should know that Vedas do not preach caste system; do not differentiate man by colour, stature, appearance or any other factor. Hindus have always been mixed population with differing features in accordance with nature. This is same in any changing society. As Hindus have been surviving from time immemorial, in spite of the onslaughts, they should treat all of their community members equally, so that not only Hindus, even the entire nation and the world can be elevated.
<b>The Dalit Politics: </b>Of late, some vested politicians in connivance with the anti-national forces started playing very dangerous political games. They have openly started instigating Indians to divide themselves on caste basis and making calculations accordingly. Reservation figures are muddled and misused to brainwash electorate, thereby, caste wars are created. The magic-combination of âBC-SC-ST-Minoritiesâ is picking up and it has become a game-plan for them. For all such caste-conflicts, the âtraditional enemyâ ids blamed and condemned. In the recent U. P elections, crores of Rupees were spent to experiment their conceived plan. In spite of the number game, extra-democratic means were adopted to capture power. After coming to power, unnecessarily, Mahathma Gandhi and Babasaheb Ambedkar have been pitted against each other drawing parallels. All Hindus should be very careful in such moves.
<b>Swami Vivekananda and Dalits: </b>Swami Vivekananda is a âDalitâ â Shudra from Kayasth community. When he became a Sanyasi, some social reformers challenged him as to how a Shudra could become a Sanyasi. He gave them suitable reply with supporting evidences from scriptures proving that Shudras were nothing but Kshatriyas: <i>âI am not all hurt if they call me a Shudra. It will be a little reparation for the tyranny of my ancestors over the poor. If I am a Paraiah, I will be more glad, for I am the disciple of a man, who â the Bahmn of Brahmins â wanted to cleanse the house of a Paraiahâ</i>21. He started Sri Ramakrishna Mission only to liberate oppressed and suppressed: âFrom the Math will go out men of character who will deluge the world with spiritualityâ¦â¦â¦â¦The Shudra caste will exist no longer â their work being done by machineryâ 22. He defines âShurahoodâ as the status of people âengaged in serving another for payâ. Then, perhaps most of the higher castes are âShudrasâ and the real shudras are not, as they work for themselves and not for others to get any pay. He also points out as to how the great rishis Vasistha, Narada, Satyakama, Jabala, Vyasa, Kripa, Drona, Krishna and others were Shudras and raised to the status of Ksatriyas and Brahmins. Kausikas, Jambuga, Mandavya, Gangeya, Chavunaga, Gautama, Agastya, Ganatasalya, XGandha, Sukha, Jambavantha, Aswatthama ansd host of others were Shudras / outcastes / oppressed and suppressed heroes who rose to the highest status. From this, one canunderstand that those who have given Vedas, compiled Vedas, Itihasas and Puranas were all â Shuras. Therefore, understanding the history, the so called âDalitsâ should fight against the present 3000 / 4000 Caste-system and liberate by being Hindus.
<b>Adi Hindus: </b>In view of the above facts, the all SCs can be called âAdi Hindusâ more appropriately giving all credit, instead of Harijan, Paraiyar, Dalit, Shudra etc. the one collective group âAdi Hindusâ can be given the SC status and STs are nothing but our brethren âVanavashisâ from time immemorial. They should dispense with the motivated usae of âDalitâ and work for the unity and integrity of India..
<b>Towards Dalit Unity:</b> It is a fact that the SCs have many differences among themselves and each group working separately with suspicion on the other group. The differences observed are due to the following factors:
-Educated SCs do not treat uneducated characteristically.
-Rich SCs do not mingle with the poor groups.
-Urban SCs treat rural categories differently.
-All the above categories do not want to identify with other SCs, because of their elevated status. Many times, they even hesitates or do not want to introduce their own mother, wife, sisters, brothers etc., to others fearing that their âcasteâ might be revealed. At marriage and other social gatherings, one can observe how the different groups of SCs interact / behave with each other.
-personality cult, political links for getting favours, extra-political / caste / religious connections for getting funds for organizing meetings, printing literature etc. âAcquired groupsâ do not want to reveal or share with other groups about their sources and application of funds.
-Elevated groups are afraid that other SCs may get their benefits so that their prospects may be affected / restricted in the long run. They are more interested in getting benefits to their children and wards than for other SCs.
-The âWe-theyâ complex among the SCs themselves are very intriguing leading to unimaginable state of âuntouchables among the untouchablesâ.
Competitive spirit should be there, but not rivalry leading to social manipulations. Here only, one is told about to follow some principles based on religion or otherwise. History is replete with the causes for manipulation of castes. Therefore, we need not commit the same mistakes to increase the number of castes among the existing castes. If we continue such tactics, it is nothing but suicidal politics playing with their own brethren. Therefore, forgetting the differences, one should work for the unification, instead of diversification or differentiation. For such a unification process, the concept of âAdhi Hindusâ would be very much helpful. Let us our brethren think over it and come for a fruitful decision, so that the Indian society may be having prosperous future with social equity and social justice.
Notes and references
1. Census of India (1911), Part â I, p.117.
2. The word cast / casta has Spain and Portuguese origin meaning lineage or race. Latin âcastusâ means pure. It was not used in the Indian context till 16th century.
3. M. K. Gandhi, Removal of Untouchability, Navjivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, 1964, p.37.
4. B. R. Ambedkar, The Untouchables, Jetavan, Mahavibar, 1069, pp.90-91.
5. A. L. Srivastava, Akbar, the Great, Shiv Lal Agarwala & Co. Ltd, Agra,
6. N. M. Penzer, The Harem, George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd, London.
7. Sayid Athar Abbas Rizvi, A History of Sufism in India, Mushiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1983, Vol. II, pp.425-432.
8. Katharine P. Ewing, Shariat and Ambiguity in South Asian Islam, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1988, pp.208-218.
9. Census of India (1911), Part â I, p.117.
10. J. K. Hutton, Caste in India, Cambridge University Press, 1946, p.167.
11. The caste classified as âdepressedâ on the basis of untouchability in the Census of India of 1931 were named as âScheduled classesâ for purpose of franchise - Census of India, 1931), Vol. XIV, p.339.
12. One Rettaimalai Srinivasan started a Tamil periodical âPraiyanâ in 1893 and discontinued. Now, recently a monthly magazine âPraiyar kuralâ is in private circulation.
13. Many books published by the Gurukul Theological College, Vepery, Dalit Liberation Education Trust, Alwarpet and other Christian missionaries in India.
14. Many books published by the Indian Theological Association, NCBLC, Bangalore etc., show the strategy of the Christian missionaries.
15. See also: K. S. Lal, Indian Muslims â Who are they?, Voice of India, New Delhi, 1990.
16. Abdullah Adiyar, Islam Calls you, Islamic Dwah Mission of India, Madras â 600 024, 1992, p.24.
17. A. Seppan, Islam is the only way for total liberation, Unarvu Publications, 1992, Madras â 600 006.
â¦â¦â¦â¦, Why Ape for Islam, Unarvu Publications, 1992, Madras â 600 006.
18. Valampuri John, Islam: Am Earthy Religion, Unarvu Publications, 1992, Madras â 600 006.
19. Koenard Elst, Negationism in India, Voice of India, New Delhi, 1992, p.1.
20. Rafiq Zackaria, The Struggle within Islam, Viking, New Delhi,
21. Swami Vivekananda, Complete Works, Vol. III, p.211.
22. Ibid, Vol. V, p.316.
Dalit â Precept, Problem and Politics
<i>Published in âDimensions of Conversionâ, the Vivekananda Kendra Patrika, Vol. 24, Feb. 1995, pp. 98-114.</i>
<b>Introduction: </b>The issue of âDalitâ identity in social, economic and political context has become so important nowadays, that it has been affecting the thinking processes of all opinion making and decision taking authorities in India. Even though, originally, it was a social problem, now it has attained significance resulting in far-fetching consequences in deciding the future of Indian polity. The handling of âDalitâ issue is very sensitive, as it is like a double-edged weapon, which may affect the person against whom it is used and as well as the person who uses it. Moreover, it is extremely delicate to deal, as it may always has ended in emotional conflicts, leading to unexpected results. Before entering into the study of âDalitâ problem, the background of it should be understood thoroughly.
Undoubtedly, the word âDalitâ has attained the prominence, only during the last one decade or even lesser than that period. But, the political exploitation of such concept can be traced back to the Muslim and British periods. The fact that the expressions âuntouchablesâ and âuntouchabilityâ were first coined and started to be used by the British can be seen from their Census documents1. As the issue of âDalitâ involves caste and untouchability, all factors behind should also be studied with care and attention.
<b>Untouchability:</b> As the social scientists got familiarization with the expressions âuntouchablesâ and âuntouchabilityâ through the British, the other word âcasteâ has been introduced to them by the Portuguese with due blessings of Europeans writers2. The description, explanation and exposition given to the concept of âcasteâ have completely distorted and even tarnished the concept of âVarnashrama dharmaâ of Hindu religion or Sanathana dharma. Nowadays, the âDalitâ writers have started equating even the very expression âSanathanaâ with racism and fascism. Similarly the explanations given to âuntouchablesâ and âuntouchabilityâ have contorted the social stratification of Indian society based on economic and political conditions of the traditional factors. Then comes the concept of âDalitâ and its ramifications with complications.
<b>The Origin of the word âDalitâ:</b> The origin is definitely Sanskrit, initially used by the Marathi and Hindi writers in adjective form to describe the âHarijansâ, as dalit, dhukit, pidit, pichde logon etc. to denote depressed, sorrowful, broken, affected, backward peoples. Gandhiji used the expression âHarijansâ to denote Scheduled Caste Hindus considering their pitiable state and conditions of untouchability. By using such expression, perhaps, he clearly sent signals to the divisive British and Muslim groups that they belonged to Hindu society, and therefore, they had no business to meddle with the social processes of Hindu society. Accordingly, though he condemned the practice of untouchability, but upheld the Varnashrama dharma system, clearly explaining the difference between the so-called modern caste system and Varnashrama dharma3.
<b>The Role of Muslims and British:</b> As pointed out, prior to the advent of the British, nobody thought of âuntouchabilityâ, even though such practice was definitely followed. Though, the affected communities, definitely revolted against the ill-treatment meted out, many times, they compromised with their disabilities. With the success of implanting the minority consciousness in the minds of Muslims, the British writers cleverly decided to divide the Hindu society. They recognized Muslims as a distinct entity by giving separate electorate in 1909. In the year, 1910, the Census Commissioner of India chose to divide the Hindu population into:
(i) Hindus,
(ii) Animists and
(iii) depressed classes or untoucables.
Previously, the division was always based on religion. Of course, the Muslims also aided and abetted with the British collaborators. By pointing out the differences among the Hindus and sowing the seeds by mooting the idea that tribals were different from the caste Hindus, in their address to Lord Minto, the then Viceroy of India. B. R. Ambedkar himself has pointed out this important fact4. The Muslims wantonly suggested that in calculating the numerical strength of Hindus, the tribals, animists and untouchables should be excluded. Here, it may be mentioned that initially Muslims tried to convert the High Caste Hindus, particularly, Brahmins by force, lure of power and compulsory marriages or better understood as âsham marriagesâ 5. Though almost, all Muslim rulers followed this practice, it was at pest during the reign of Akbar6. But, the Brahmins took serous action immediately by excommunicating such families and rewriting / amending the Dharma Shasatras, which resulted in many sociological implications. Particularly, the latter method led to different conclusions to arrive at by the scholars in deciding the date of such works and as well as know about the ancient society of India. As they failed with the Brahmins, they turned their attention towards other castes. The experiment with Rajaputs and other royal castes also resulted in unfavourable political and social conditions. Again, it may be mentioned that it was during this period, the practice of sati was perhaps revived or introduced. Somehow, they could not match with the business communities, as they themselves were originally engaged in commercial activities. Thus, finally they turned their guns towards the lower strata of Hindu society. They cleverly used the Sufi movement for this purpose7. Accordingly they tried some sort of âInculturationâ â methods with the new converts, which were subsequently opposed by the Muslim fundamentalists8. A careful study of Jizya clearly exposes the tactics of conversion (Tabligh movements) of Muslim rulers. Anybody can even now notice that it is the lower strata of Hindu society, which strongly protects and spreads Hinduism than the higher strata, by way of visiting various temples and holy places regularly and periodically according to tradition instead of convenience, conducting festivals and performing traditional pujas in all villages. That is why âJizya rulersâ specifically affected them, as they could not use horses for pilgrimages, wear saffron robes prominently, take their women-folk with them even though it was mandatory according to their custom and tradition, use of ghats, ponds, and other holy waters and so on. Therefore it is not all a new tactics for the Muslims to create dissensions within Hindu society by their crooked methods. Only, the change was that they used the British to perform their game9.
<b>Determination of Untouchability: </b>Therefore inspired by the suggestion of the Muslims, the Census Commissioner of India in 1911 tried to differentiate Hindus and non-Hindus other than Muslims and Christians. He issued a circular10 with the following criteria to effect such division among those who were not 100% Hindus were included â âCastes and tribesâ â which â
1. deny the supremacy of the Brahmans
2. do not receive the manthras from a Brahmana or other recognized Hindu guru
3. deny the authority of Vedas
4. do not worship the Hindu gods
5. are not served by good Brahmans as family priests
6. have no Brahmana priests at all
7. are denied access to the interior of Hindu temples
8. cause pollution (i) by touch or (ii) within a certain distance
9. bury their dead and
10. eat beef and do not show reverence to the cow.
Evidently the conditions framed were rater more anti-Brahmanic than anti-Hindu as at that time they themselves wrote many books about the various facets of Hindu society. Slowly they stopped using the word âuntouchabilityâ or âuntouchablesâ and prefer to use âexterior casteâ.
Then, they also used the expression âdepressed castesâ. It is in vogue between 1920 and 1935. In Tamilnadu as early as in 1857, the expression âAdi Dravidarâ was used to denote lower castes. Similar expressions âAdi Andhrasâ and âAdi Karanatakasâ were used by their counterparts in Andrapradesh and Karnataka regions. Thus, though âHarijansâ was the glorified term used by Gandhiji in 1933 for them, the term âScheduled casteâ was the expression first invented by the Simon Commission11. However, in recent times, all caste organizations and politicians are prepared to use the term âDalitâ as there have been converted Christians and Muslims from the Hindu religion and they do not want to use the label of âHarijanâ as it definitely denotes to the people of Hindu origin.
<b>Print and electronic mediaâs role:</b> Therefore the media persons particularly the journalists with the support of Christian and Muslim lobbies preferred to use very often the adjective word âDalitâ as noun to denote SCs or Harijans. Here, they tactfully used the word to include the converts from Hindu religion to Christianity and Islam also, though legally (Constitutionally) it is incorrect. Thus, from Marathi or Hindi writings the word has been picked up and started to be used by other journalists in English dailies. Dr. Ambedkar also said to have switched over to this word, as he did not want to use the terminology of Gandhiji.
<b>Political usage:</b> Later, politicians also started to use this word at political meetings at villages and rural areas to attract them. as the SCs / Harijans wanted to have a new name for them, because of changing times, they also preferred to be called as âDalitsâ, instead of the old names. In fact, in Tamilnadu, they still prefer to use âAdi Dravidarâ, âDravidarâ and even âParaiyarâ 12, as they have reservations about the use of Sanskrit / Hindi word âDalitâ. But, as their leaders started to understand the political significance of the word, they have slowly started to accept it, and it may not be denied that the editor V. T. Rajasekhara Shetty of âDalit Voiceâ popularized the word in the South in selected circles. However, the interesting feature is the over-enthusiastic usage of the word âDalitâ by the Christian organizations of various hues and colours. Muslims have also started to use it. Perhaps, Muslims of Maharastra started to use it. Then, âDalit Muslimsâ became popular with the starting of organizations with âDalitâ banner like âDalit Muslim Suraksha Samitiâ by the notorious-smuggler-turned-social worker Haji Mastan of Bombay. After the Meenakshipuram episode, some Muslims have openly started using the expression, even though most of the Muslims do not want to use it, as according to the concept of âIslamâ, they cannot have âCasteâ.
<b>Christian Missionaries manipulations: </b>The manipulations of Christian missionaries are discussed as follows, as they have vested interests.
<b>Christianity, caste and untouchability: </b>In spite of the tall claims made but the Christians, the caste, racism, untouchability and other factors have been there in Christianity. The hundreds of denominations in different countries based on theology, practices, tribes etc., are the direct proof. Pope Gregory XV published a bull sanctioning caste regulations in the Christian Churches of India. Even the U. N. Commission of Inquiry (1953) into the racial situation in South Africa reported the Biblical background of inspiration for them to adopt âApartheidâ or âChristian caste systemâ with untouchability [Genesis. 9.25, Joshua. 9.21, 23 & 27]. Untouchability also finds its way to Bible [Joshua. 9.19]. In Ireland, there are separate streets for Roman Catholics and Protestants, as each group treats others âuntouchablesâ.
Slavery has been a divine approved system [Levi. 25: 44-46; Timothy. 6.11]. Prasadam offered to Jehovah should not be eaten by others [Exo.12:43]. They should not touch things holy to him or offer sacrifice [Levi. 22:25]. Bible should not be taught to others [Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, p.623; Exo.27:33]. They cannot offer incense [Numbers.16:40]. They should not approach the holy tabernacle i.e, the âGarba Grihaâ / Sanctum Sanctorum [Numbers 1.51]. The dishonest Christians suppress everything and try to fool the gullible SCs and STs projecting that their religion saves them. they could not save their own souls of SCs / STs with dubious methods. There are A to Z Churches with denominations (castes) running into more than 3000 depending upon the nation, language, ethnicity, culture, civilization and other factors. The matrimonial columns appearing in the newspapers and periodicals expose their hypocrisy, as the bride / groom are hunted only on the basis of âcasteâ and not on the âChristâ!
Crores of Rupees flow into India from abroad to convert India to Christianity. World Christian Organizations never hide this plan. After the Neogi Commission Report, they have only changed their tactics in routing the money. Political pressure at national and international levels is applied through different cannels to pump money in. only 30-40% is actually spent under the guise of charity, service, and liberation etc., whereas, 60-70% is adjusted in their manipulated accounts duly certified. They have formed their own high castes and they do not want to share profits with the new converts. They treat them just as ânativesâ counting numbers and sending statistical figures to parent organizations. Thus, the discrimination persists and percolates to bottom reaching new complications and crating new social tensions. Therefore, to divert the issue, as decided by the World Council of Churches and other organizations, they set up different âresearch groupsâ to shift the blame to Hinduism and escape. After politicizing, they have tried to internationalize the issue. Whoever Indian writer, journalist or âscholarâ, who supports this theory, is received aboard usually USA or Germany and taken care of.
âDalit Theologyâ13 is the superior theology masqueraded in mere theoretical egalitarianism to fool âDalitsâ projecting Jesus as the Super Star Saviour and Christianity to solve all their social problems, suppressing all cold facts, historical truths and the past tract record of Christianity.
âLiberation Theologyâ14 is nothing but âChristian Communismâ with God offered in different garb mainly advocating violence. It advocates violence, terrorism and anti-national activities in a country where it is preached. After the death of Communism and exposure of their deadly acts in Latin American countries, they have turned their attention to âDalit Theologyâ.
<b>Brain washing Dalits: </b>They adopt and adapt spurious scholarship, falsified histories, forged documents to create new hypotheses and theories. Many books have been published with much fanfare and publicity. Their mouth-piece journals publicize well about the publications. Now, they unscrupulously use the same methodology in full swing as a part of their psychological warfare with all their propaganda arms and brainwashing ammunition. These forces openly join with Communist, Muslim, âDalitâ and other banner organizations, portray the symbols of Narayan Guru, Karl Marx, E. V. Ramaswami Naicker, B. R. Ambedkar and give a rhetoric or cocktail of their philosophies and ideologies to inspire, excite and animate, ultimately brainwash them. Invariably, Hinduism is condemned and criticized for all social aberrations and modern evils; Hindu Gods blasphemed and profaned; Hindu scriptures reviled and scoffed at with sacrilege. The audience would be thrilled leading to ecstasy with clapping hands, shouting slogans, jumping and raising hands. One would be perhaps baffled to see the stage, where all opposing ideologues, religious heads and propagandists sitting together. Though they stress only upon their viewpoint without sacrificing their motive and compromising religious tenets, they would be very much united as far as abusing Hinduism, Hindu Gods and Hindu religious leaders are concerned. They mix different ideologies; quote unhistorical events; make false statements and finally, perhaps, this becomes their ideology sand theology.
<b>Warning to Dalits: </b>The motive of Christianity in India, at present is to destabilize and disintegrate India through various social, economic and political blackmails. For that all international agencies are used directly or indirectly to achieve their goals. For this game plan, they try to misuse or rather abuse SCs / STs as their pawns. Therefore, they should not fall prey to their designs. The issues of human rights, women rights, liberation, self-determination, environment, indigenous people etc., are to fool the poor third world countries.
<b>Why Christianity failed?: </b>Christianity has failed not only in India but also in the entire world, because of its contradictions, inconsistencies and self-deceptive theologies. In spite of the support of colonial powers, world nomination and super-power backing, it has been collapsing in the west. Psychologists and Sociologists have proved the link between the rise of crime rate, particularly against women and children, female degradation, teenage mothers, divorce, abortion, racial discrimination, drugs and other modern evils and the Christian theological concepts applied through the clergy. The Church attendance / audience have been dwindling down day by day and many Churches are sold for demolition and commercial buildings built at their sites. Therefore, as the Christians cannot save the souls of them, definitely, they cannot save the SC / STs of India. Instead of fishing in troubled waters in India, it is better they concentrate in their own lands to prevent the believers go out of their religion.
<b>Islam and caste: </b>Islam too claims that it has no caste system, as it treats every Muslim equal. But, to understand it, one has to understand Islam and its basic tenets. As it is not known to everybody, generally, people believe what is told to them or what they read about Islam. They either do not want to ask questions or know about it, as they are either afraid of Muslims or feel extremely âdelicateâ to ask such âinconvenientâ questions.
Islam treats all Muslims equal, not all human beings on the earth. Even, among Muslims, there are many different castes based on theology, interpretation of scriptures, acceptance or rejection of scriptures, mode of worship, celebration of festivals, representing religious-symbols, grave-yards, Quran book, the position of Imams, Caliphs, Prophets after Mohammed, Sufism, miracles, etc. on one side, and country, tribe, culture, tradition, heritage and other factors on the other side. For converts, all factors will be applicable. The so-called Muslims who have been classified as OBC in different denominations as follows15:
Andhrapradesh: Mahathar.
Assam: Maimals (Muslim fishermen), Manipur Muslims.
Bihar: Bharathira, Chik, Dafalange, Dafeale, Faqir, Gadihar, Hima, Karanjia, Qassar, Darzi, Kasai, Bhangi, Madari, Miriasin, Mirishkar, Momin, Mukro, Nat, Pamania, Rangrez, Sayee, Thakurai.
Gujarat: Eafan, Defer, Fakir, Gadhai, Galiva, Ghanchi, Hingora, Jat, Tari, Halarikhatki, Darban, Makrani, Mausari, Kureshi, Miana, Mir, Mirasi, Panchara, Sandhi, Patni Jamat, Turk Jamat, Waghev.
Jammu & Kashmir: Bhat, Dhar, Dooma, Hajjan, Julaha, Lohar, Lone, Kul, Faqir, Kumhar, Mochi, Teli, Nal Band.
Karnataka: Ansari, Julai, Tamboli, Beri, Chaffar band, Darzi, Dhobi, Faqir, Takaras, Zargars.
Kerala: Mappila
Punjab: Faqir, Meqati.
Rajasthan: Julaha
Tamilnadu: Labbi
Uttarapradesh: Ansari, Kassab, Banjara, Kayastha.
West Bengal: Ansari, Faqir, Sain.
Besides, these divisions, they have their own divisions based on the factors mentioned below:
Sunni, Kariji, Shia, Zaida, Imamia, Ismaliyya, Kojha, Bohra, Nizari, Isna Ashari, Kachi-menon, Mutazila, Murji, Wahabi, Baâhai, Ahmeddhi, Shanusi, Sufi, and so on.
This shows the hypocrisy and double standards of Muslims proclaiming universal brotherhood, non-discrimination etc., at one end and fool the converts and accepting reservation on the basis of caste on the other hand. Therefore, converts should carefully think about the motive of the converters. Are they actually liberating them or chaining them with Islamic bondage forever? In Islam, there is no exemption, exception or relaxation, once you are declared as âKafirâ, you will be hunted for persecution. To say simply, you do not like Islam, you cannot leave Islam and come out. Apostasy cannot be thought of in Islam and only death is the reward for apostates. You can blame, criticize and even blaspheme your Hindu Gods and be Hindus forever, but you cannot be a Muslim or you cannot live by blaming, criticizing or condemning Islamic Gods and Prophets.
<b>The concept of pollution and untouchability:</b> Quran spesks of two types of pollution and impurity â Idolatry [Sura.9, Ayat. 28] and Muslim women [II.222]. Other contaminations are drinking, traveling, sexual intercourse [V.43] and Devil (Satan) [XXIV.21]. kafirs are always considered as untouchables according to Quran. Kufru is the unclean status / condition. Untouchability is also ascribed to eating of carrion, blood and swine flesh [II.173]. Women are prohibited from entering mosques and pray along with men as they are polluted by menstruation periodically [Hadis]. Hadis also describes about sexual pollution and ablution. Emancipation of women-believing slaves is nly mentioned, that too in the context of marriage [II.177; IV.25, 36, 92; XXIV.32; LVII.3; XL.13], but not about men-slaves. Mohammed sanctioned slavery unscrupulously to kafirs (unbelievers, heathens, pagans, non-Muslims) by Jihad (holy war) denying all human rights. Thus, the entire world is divided into Dar-al-Islam (the domain of Islam) and Dar-al-Harab (the domain of war); the humanity into momins (believers) and kairs (non-believers); kafirs are further divided into people with books (al-kitabia = Jews and Christians) and people without books (all other religions other than mentioned); they are also known as Zimmis, when they pay Jizya.
The concept of kafir depends on kufr i.e, impurity, status, unacceptable condition etc., and kafiri i,e., infidelity, heathenism, paganism etc., identified accordingly. There are many verses in Quran that they should not be allowed to come near the cities of Mecca and Medina [Surah XIX]. They should not touch anything meant for Allah. They should not read Quran and other scriptures.
The above-mentioned divisions (castes) are water-tight compartments and the accommodated new converts cannot claim all rights of Sayyid, Qureshi, Ansari, Siddhiqi, Farooqi, Osmani, Alvi, Hussaini, Jafri, Naqvi, Zaidi, Kazmi, Rizvi, Hashmi, Abbasi, Sherwani, Shirazi, Isphani, Timizi, Bukhari, Barlas, Kirmaniu, Yazdani â who trace their foreign ancestry or middle eastern, Persia or Central Asian origin. Lebbai of Tamilnadu cannot be treated at par with Bukharis or Bohras. They cannot also think of marrying their daughters. Now, the fact is that Muslims have started matching horoscopes, giving and taking dowry and so on. Therefore, just by becoming Muslim, they cannot think of going up or getting liberated.
Thus, the âDalitsâ cannot get emancipated or reach heavens, as has been proclaimed by the Islamic propagandists, theoreticians and ideologues. See the Islamic countries with Islamic law, what has been going on? Are they leading happy, prosperous and peaceful lives? Why the Islamic countries fighting with each other calling other as kafirs? Why the Ahmeddiyas and Baâhai Muslims are persecuted and their mosques demolished declared as kafirs? Why people are starving in Islamic countries? The Indian Muslims are treated only as second class citizens in Islamic countries. The kafir-workmen are treated as bonded labourers in gulf-countries. Women who are imported into such countries as servant maids / cooks are ill-treated, starved and sexually harassed. Ameena-like girls are married and taken away. Male children are bought and sold for camel-races. The returned (run-away) men and women from gulf-countries tell their miserable and horrified stories. It is a known fact that crores of petro-dollars are flowing into India officially and un-officially. Then, why do not they spend such amount for the upliftment of Muslims? Why the Indian Muslims are kept poor, in spite of their wealth? Therefore, as this is the true position, the âDalitsâ should not be cheated with their propaganda.
<b>Islamic conversion moves:</b> Now, many Islamic organizations have openly come out with documents about the conversion of India by a phased manner. The Muslim politicians also proclaim that they could convert India into Islamic before the starting of 21st century. Islamic religious leaders, Sheikhs, Politicians, and others visit India periodically under the guise of conferences, seminars, inauguration of mosques etc., and encourage the conversion process.
Converted Muslims like Abdullah Adiyar16 has been tempting âDalitâ leaders like Ilaya Perumal to convert to Islam. RPI leaders like Dr. Seppan17 with the former has started writing books making claims that âIslam is the only way for total liberationâ and so on. Surprisingly, Valampuri John18 has also joined them contributing his mite. The books written by them are just propaganda literature and a poor category of negationism [negationism is the tactful method of concealing, eliminating or destroying the past record of Islam or Christianity by their respective writers and hence it may be defined as denial of historical crimes against humanity. It is not a reinterpretation of known facts, but the denial of such known facts19].
<b>Tabligh movement: </b>it was revived against the Suddhi movement of Swami Dayananda Saraswati in the late 1920s. But, the conversion methodology has been in operation ever since the advent of Islam in India using all tactics. The movement has again been revived in the âDalitâ context in the recent times with the blessings and petro-dollars of International Islamic organizations.
<b>Strategy adopted and adapted: </b>The money is routed officially through the Central and State Government Social welfare and minority institutions meant for building mosques and madrasas. A portion of the amount is diverted to conversion by manipulating the accounts. The other form of pumping in money is through the individuals, professionals and others, who in turn donate and divert it. Recently, it has been found out that money is also routed through terrorists amassed through the activities of drug trafficking, arms trade and smuggling. With that money, the strategy carried out is as follows:
Building mosques at Rural areas â in own places, leased, allotted and porumboke (no oneâs land) lands (to be regularized later with the blessings of the local / secular politicians, because of their minority status) lands.
- Allowing poor SC / STs deliberately to put up their huts around the mosques, so that the taking over (i.e, legalizing) of land becomes easy.
- Giving money and labour whenever they require and inducing them to join Islam.
- After conversion, their âacquired superiorityâ is publicized among the other family and relative members for further temptation.
- To avoid caste conflicts, they are sent to villages of other areas of the same or other states, thereby their caste identity is suppressed.
- then, Islamization process starts i.e, the complete removal of Hindu thought, culture, tradition, heritage and manners by changing name, dress, tonsure, circumcision, remarriage etc., with Islamic rituals.
<b>Can liberation be possible in Islam?: </b>Within Islam, there as always been struggles, wars and battles20. Except, the castes / tribes that trace their origin to middle-east, all other indigenously created / formed castes are placed at the lowest pedestal and treated accordingly for all social processes. Indian Muslims are treated as second rate citizens in the case of Haj-yatra. Only the high-caste Muslims are treated well to some extent. This discrimination arises out of Arabic tribal consciousness coupled with the Islamic theology and jurisprudence developed based on Quran, Hadis and Shariat. Therefore, no social reformer can question or even point out the existence of such practice. The fate of Deccan Herald, a drama troop who staged one play in a gulf country, Salman Rushdie, Naslima Tsreen and others are well known to be repeated.
<b>Why Islam has failed?:</b> In spite of the ideals-universal brotherhood, equality, rights for women etc., claimed, the practical and practiced Islam and its track record have shown and proved that even in a declared Islamic state, such ideals cannot be implemented, as the religio-political leaders have always manipulated and interpreted the tenets of Islam according to their convenience. No Islamic state from the advent or the introduction of Islam has ever exhibited egalitarianism, because of its fundamental principles of dividing humanity into superior-believers (momins) and inferior, degrading, polluted and third rate unbelievers (kafirs) under the concept of Dar-al-Islam and Dar-al-Harab. Moreover, with the concept of âJahalliyaâ (dark period) before the advent of the Islam on the earth, the Muslims never appreciate the existence of people with wisdom before it. As the domain of kafirs (whether within or without Islam) is always meant for Jihad, till the kufru / kafiri is removed, peace cannot be established. Ironically, âIslamâ means âpeaceâ on Arabic. Therefore, in such warring conditions people cannot live without problems.
<b>International conspiracy:</b> Many Christian and Muslim agencies have been actively working in hands with other anti-Indian forces to destabilize India by confusing the âDalitâ groups of India. Recently their moves have been more systematic and open, synchronizing with the contemporary global political and economic changes.
âDalit Solidarity Programmeâ (DSP) of World Council of Churches (WCC) was first to conceive after the WCC programmes to combat Racism was over at Madras in 1989.
At the VIIth Assembly of the WCC held in Canberra in February 1991, mischievous statement was adapted by them about the so-called âgrowing consciousness of the Indigenous peoplesâ struggle for freedom, including those of Dalits of Indiaâ.
During the IXth session of the working group on indigenous peoples held between June 22 and August 2, 1991, some âtribalâ groups represented to UN about their âstatusâ in India.
The WCC thus recognized âDalitsâ as âindigenous peopleâ in their âdocumentâ on âEcumenical Action o Racismâ formerly known as âProgramme to Combat Racismâ (PCR).
The statements and representations made by some US, UK and Middle-east based âDalitâ groups are also intriguing. During the Xth session of UN Commission on Human Rights held at Geneva, Switzerland, from 20th to 31st July 1992, one Ambedkar Centre for Justice, Canada made a statement that SCs / STs are indigenous people of India, there are only 15% Hindus in India and so on!
With all the moves, surprisingly, the year 1993 was declared as the year of âIndigenous Peoplesâ by the UN!
The Madras Bishop Azariah (P. B. No.4914, Madras â 600 006) delivered a speech in Bonn, Germany, leading a Christian delegation on âDalitâ problem in India (August 31 to Sep.2, 1994)!
Similarly, the Islamic groups working on the very similar lines started advocating the unity of âDalits and Muslimsâ, though there have been opposition from the fundamentalist Muslim outfits, who are against such unholy alliance of âKafir-momin relationshipâ!
Therefore, to counter such methods, they have directly launched conversion movement of âDalitsâ instead of havinbg alliance. The US, UK and Geneva based Muslim organizations and agencies have been very successful in building up anti-Indian campaign by every possible means taking every available opportunity without fail. Inside India, they circulate such stage-managed and propaganda materials to fool the locals and haste for conversion.
Surprisingly, there have been some organizations from Japan joining the hands of other collaborators in converting âDalitsâ to âBuddhismâ. Recently they have made the Bodh Gaya issue internationalized successfully.
Therefore, the SCs should be very careful about these alien forces, as their motive has been many times anti-Indian with ulterior designs. The SCs should not fall prey to such designs, instead, they should understand their nefarious game-plans and expose their ugly faces to the world.
<b>Can âDalitsâ get liberated by continuing as Hindus?: </b>The minds of âDalitâ-Hindus know very well about the implications of converting themselves to non-Hindu religions in India. In fact, they love Hindu culture, tradition, heritage and civilization most because of their hoary past and enriched connected factors, appreciated by many scholars, philosophers, historians, sociologists and psychologists/ they have also understood that in the entire world, there have been only two civilizations in existence without break or extinction from time immemorial.
The present-day problem has definitely arisen out of the Muslim and British manipulation of Census documents, enumeration of castes and willful-mischievous exposition of varna, jati, race and other pseudo-scientific hypotheses and theories.
Unlike non-Hindus, most of the Hindus do not know about their religion, scriptures and theology, but, only stories and propaganda about the same. They talk and discuss about what they are told unlike other religions, they do not have a single scripture, single religious institution, single religious head and other stereo-types. Unlimited freedom has been given within the ambit of Hinduism to its followers whether they believe it or not. These are not drawbacks or mistakes, but perfectly in accordance with the psychological needs of man. Psychologists and sociologists have come to the conclusion that for the betterment of any society in the present day world of conflicts, the religion and psychology should go together. This is possible only in Hinduism. Unlike, the propaganda made against Hinduism, it is not suppressive and oppressive of âDalitsâ.
<b>What man wants?: </b>The basic needs of man are food, dress and house. Other connected entities like sanitation, transportation, education, happy life come afterwards. The issue is not the availability of resources, but sharing of them. Definitely, God has created everything for men, but men have divided themselves into nation, religion, creed, clan, tribe, denomination, class, caste and other boundaries and barriers. Men have always manipulated out of these factors to restrict others in sharing processes. For such process the shared become decrease day by day. Those who enjoyed share / quota try to keep such benefits only to themselves and do not want it to percolate to the bottom. Hence, each factor (say nation, caste or class) has its own vertical / pyramidal type of hierarchy, with the elite / ruling / creamy layer sitting / occupying on it at the top. The terms may change, definition may change, but the reality does not change.
Moreover, if the caste factor is a particular problem to the Indian society, the reservation has to be continued for the needy based on such caste factor, then Islam or Christianity need not meddle with such social processes. Let the Christians and Muslims go to their own countries to save the souls of their believers / brethren to stop them fighting with each other, killing each other, looting each other in the name of religion. Let them share the amassed wealthy through various methods for the upliftment. And let Hindus to solve their social problems. They need not create more social problems by converting the gullible Hindus.
<b>Warning to Hindus: </b>As the entire burden and responsibility lie on Hindus, they should work sincerely and honestly to remove all social inequalities and injustice. The so-called âCaste Hindusâ should stop their discrimination and atrocities committed against their SC / ST Brethren. Social evils may be there in every society, but they cannot be nurtured, justified or exploited in the name of religion, politics or otherwise for the benefit of themselves. India may be a poor country, but that does not mean only the âcaste Hindusâ should be rich, land owners or enjoying all the material benefits. The poor also should get their share not because they are poor, but human beings, that too, their brethren.
Urbanization, Modernization, Industrialization, Science and technological advancements have made Hindus to come close together to understand each other. There have been more and more social interactions taking place among them. The SC / ST are also educating themselves and competing equally with others exhibiting and proving their skills. They about their rights and responsibilities, but others should allow them to enjoy their rights and carry out their responsibilities. Hindus should know that Vedas do not preach caste system; do not differentiate man by colour, stature, appearance or any other factor. Hindus have always been mixed population with differing features in accordance with nature. This is same in any changing society. As Hindus have been surviving from time immemorial, in spite of the onslaughts, they should treat all of their community members equally, so that not only Hindus, even the entire nation and the world can be elevated.
<b>The Dalit Politics: </b>Of late, some vested politicians in connivance with the anti-national forces started playing very dangerous political games. They have openly started instigating Indians to divide themselves on caste basis and making calculations accordingly. Reservation figures are muddled and misused to brainwash electorate, thereby, caste wars are created. The magic-combination of âBC-SC-ST-Minoritiesâ is picking up and it has become a game-plan for them. For all such caste-conflicts, the âtraditional enemyâ ids blamed and condemned. In the recent U. P elections, crores of Rupees were spent to experiment their conceived plan. In spite of the number game, extra-democratic means were adopted to capture power. After coming to power, unnecessarily, Mahathma Gandhi and Babasaheb Ambedkar have been pitted against each other drawing parallels. All Hindus should be very careful in such moves.
<b>Swami Vivekananda and Dalits: </b>Swami Vivekananda is a âDalitâ â Shudra from Kayasth community. When he became a Sanyasi, some social reformers challenged him as to how a Shudra could become a Sanyasi. He gave them suitable reply with supporting evidences from scriptures proving that Shudras were nothing but Kshatriyas: <i>âI am not all hurt if they call me a Shudra. It will be a little reparation for the tyranny of my ancestors over the poor. If I am a Paraiah, I will be more glad, for I am the disciple of a man, who â the Bahmn of Brahmins â wanted to cleanse the house of a Paraiahâ</i>21. He started Sri Ramakrishna Mission only to liberate oppressed and suppressed: âFrom the Math will go out men of character who will deluge the world with spiritualityâ¦â¦â¦â¦The Shudra caste will exist no longer â their work being done by machineryâ 22. He defines âShurahoodâ as the status of people âengaged in serving another for payâ. Then, perhaps most of the higher castes are âShudrasâ and the real shudras are not, as they work for themselves and not for others to get any pay. He also points out as to how the great rishis Vasistha, Narada, Satyakama, Jabala, Vyasa, Kripa, Drona, Krishna and others were Shudras and raised to the status of Ksatriyas and Brahmins. Kausikas, Jambuga, Mandavya, Gangeya, Chavunaga, Gautama, Agastya, Ganatasalya, XGandha, Sukha, Jambavantha, Aswatthama ansd host of others were Shudras / outcastes / oppressed and suppressed heroes who rose to the highest status. From this, one canunderstand that those who have given Vedas, compiled Vedas, Itihasas and Puranas were all â Shuras. Therefore, understanding the history, the so called âDalitsâ should fight against the present 3000 / 4000 Caste-system and liberate by being Hindus.
<b>Adi Hindus: </b>In view of the above facts, the all SCs can be called âAdi Hindusâ more appropriately giving all credit, instead of Harijan, Paraiyar, Dalit, Shudra etc. the one collective group âAdi Hindusâ can be given the SC status and STs are nothing but our brethren âVanavashisâ from time immemorial. They should dispense with the motivated usae of âDalitâ and work for the unity and integrity of India..
<b>Towards Dalit Unity:</b> It is a fact that the SCs have many differences among themselves and each group working separately with suspicion on the other group. The differences observed are due to the following factors:
-Educated SCs do not treat uneducated characteristically.
-Rich SCs do not mingle with the poor groups.
-Urban SCs treat rural categories differently.
-All the above categories do not want to identify with other SCs, because of their elevated status. Many times, they even hesitates or do not want to introduce their own mother, wife, sisters, brothers etc., to others fearing that their âcasteâ might be revealed. At marriage and other social gatherings, one can observe how the different groups of SCs interact / behave with each other.
-personality cult, political links for getting favours, extra-political / caste / religious connections for getting funds for organizing meetings, printing literature etc. âAcquired groupsâ do not want to reveal or share with other groups about their sources and application of funds.
-Elevated groups are afraid that other SCs may get their benefits so that their prospects may be affected / restricted in the long run. They are more interested in getting benefits to their children and wards than for other SCs.
-The âWe-theyâ complex among the SCs themselves are very intriguing leading to unimaginable state of âuntouchables among the untouchablesâ.
Competitive spirit should be there, but not rivalry leading to social manipulations. Here only, one is told about to follow some principles based on religion or otherwise. History is replete with the causes for manipulation of castes. Therefore, we need not commit the same mistakes to increase the number of castes among the existing castes. If we continue such tactics, it is nothing but suicidal politics playing with their own brethren. Therefore, forgetting the differences, one should work for the unification, instead of diversification or differentiation. For such a unification process, the concept of âAdhi Hindusâ would be very much helpful. Let us our brethren think over it and come for a fruitful decision, so that the Indian society may be having prosperous future with social equity and social justice.
Notes and references
1. Census of India (1911), Part â I, p.117.
2. The word cast / casta has Spain and Portuguese origin meaning lineage or race. Latin âcastusâ means pure. It was not used in the Indian context till 16th century.
3. M. K. Gandhi, Removal of Untouchability, Navjivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, 1964, p.37.
4. B. R. Ambedkar, The Untouchables, Jetavan, Mahavibar, 1069, pp.90-91.
5. A. L. Srivastava, Akbar, the Great, Shiv Lal Agarwala & Co. Ltd, Agra,
6. N. M. Penzer, The Harem, George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd, London.
7. Sayid Athar Abbas Rizvi, A History of Sufism in India, Mushiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1983, Vol. II, pp.425-432.
8. Katharine P. Ewing, Shariat and Ambiguity in South Asian Islam, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1988, pp.208-218.
9. Census of India (1911), Part â I, p.117.
10. J. K. Hutton, Caste in India, Cambridge University Press, 1946, p.167.
11. The caste classified as âdepressedâ on the basis of untouchability in the Census of India of 1931 were named as âScheduled classesâ for purpose of franchise - Census of India, 1931), Vol. XIV, p.339.
12. One Rettaimalai Srinivasan started a Tamil periodical âPraiyanâ in 1893 and discontinued. Now, recently a monthly magazine âPraiyar kuralâ is in private circulation.
13. Many books published by the Gurukul Theological College, Vepery, Dalit Liberation Education Trust, Alwarpet and other Christian missionaries in India.
14. Many books published by the Indian Theological Association, NCBLC, Bangalore etc., show the strategy of the Christian missionaries.
15. See also: K. S. Lal, Indian Muslims â Who are they?, Voice of India, New Delhi, 1990.
16. Abdullah Adiyar, Islam Calls you, Islamic Dwah Mission of India, Madras â 600 024, 1992, p.24.
17. A. Seppan, Islam is the only way for total liberation, Unarvu Publications, 1992, Madras â 600 006.
â¦â¦â¦â¦, Why Ape for Islam, Unarvu Publications, 1992, Madras â 600 006.
18. Valampuri John, Islam: Am Earthy Religion, Unarvu Publications, 1992, Madras â 600 006.
19. Koenard Elst, Negationism in India, Voice of India, New Delhi, 1992, p.1.
20. Rafiq Zackaria, The Struggle within Islam, Viking, New Delhi,
21. Swami Vivekananda, Complete Works, Vol. III, p.211.
22. Ibid, Vol. V, p.316.
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caste discrimination and untouchability in early Hindu society.<!--QuoteEnd--><!--QuoteEEnd-->