Archiving the parts that struck me as relevant in the actual study's write-up
Post 1/3
nature.com/ncomms/2015/150519/ncomms8152/full/ncomms8152.html
Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing
Excerpts from Intro to Discussion
Results:
** Figure 1:
nature.com/ncomms/2015/150519/ncomms8152/fig_tab/ncomms8152_F1.html
Larger version of just the diagram containing the European MSY pie-charts: dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3088004/The-three-forefathers-Europe-Two-thirds-modern-European-men-descended-just-trio-Bronze-Age-leaders.html
1. Figure 1 is very useful.
The 3 paternal lineages that the study speaks of are marked by I1-m253, R1a-m198 and R1b-m266. As per the piechart in Figure 1: as per what's visible in the piechart, there is no I1 in the Greeks sampled, only I2. And R1a and R1b make up less than a quarter of the haplogroups attested in the Greeks sampled, again as per what's visible in their piechart. And none of the dark-blue variants of R1b are in there, unique among the "IE-speaking" European populations sampled; and even the Hungarians show most of the blues/the R1* variants under consideration and in fact consist of nearly 3/4 of these R1*s.
Again: less than a quarter of the Greeks sampled shows any R1*, and no I1, but more than 2/3rds is I2 and J2. And: Greece has by far the least of any blues=R1a/R1b of any of the "IE" Europeans, while - again- Hungarians are inundated in some blue or other. The Serbs have more blue at about 1/4 of their pie-chart, but they also have I1 at 1/4 of their pie-chart: so half of the Serbian piechart is accounted for by the colours assigned to the 3 paternal lineages in question.... The total of Greece is still less than 1/4th.
In fact, the darkest 'blue' in the Greek pie chart looks more like it maps to haplogroup T than to the medium blue R1b (see bigger image of the Figure 1 at dailymail), which would then make the Greek piechart's portion of the 3 paternal lineages to be a 1/6th of their total...***
Really intriguing that less than a quarter -or possibly just no more than a 1/6th- of the Greeks' (piechart) can be explained by the 3 Bronze Age paternal lineages that are thought to emanate from the steppes. Considering that Greeks more than even the Romans are Da Definition of ancient "IE" civilisation in Europe. If they can't be significantly derived from the steppes - via the 3 Bronze Age paternal lineages identified - then, ... not really sure what it means. But then, am not sure either what these charts mean in terms of the implied "replacement" of the neolithic that was mentioned by the news item on the study and indicated in the study too. I mean, Brits show a sliver of I2 (dark green) present in far greater amounts in the Greeks sampled, and I2 is supposed to be "originated some time around 13,000-15,000 BCE", which for European dates is well into the Paleolithic.
Then again, maybe I'm just all wrong in my inferences from Figure 1 (?)
2. "The grey box within hg R1b-M269 shows the star phylogeny referred to in the text": the grey box encompasses an R1b marked S116.
BTW, Greece is not included in the S116, i.e. in the mentioned "star-phylogeny".
3. Greece and Turkey both have a lot of haplogroup J2 (purple), also present in chunks in the Mediterranean and a little among Palestinians. I think it corresponds to neolithic farming from pre-Arabised fertile crescent/Mesopotamia:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172
"J-M172 originates between the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia and the region just north of Arabia known as the Levant"
"J-M172 is linked to the earliest indigenous populations of Anatolia and the Aegean"
"The date of origin for haplogroup J-M172 was estimated by Batini et al in 2015 as between 19,000 and 24,000 Years Before Present (YBP).[12]"
Anyway, the interesting thing is Greeks sampled have predominantly J2 and I2, which accounts for about 2/3 of the Greek data's haplogroup piechart. And both of them are ancient, paleolithic (not Bronze age), and can't be oryan invasion markers, being well before any mainstream IE theories date PIE.
*** Aside. Q: it is known that, in late post-christian times especially, there has been significant Slavic presence among the Greeks. To what extent is the R1b and perhaps even R1a among the Greeks sampled to be explained by introduction via Slavic people? I'm not even arguing that the Greek piechart should be compared to the Turkish one, of course.
ysee.gr/index-eng.php?type=english&f=faq#9
(End Aside)
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Post 1/3
nature.com/ncomms/2015/150519/ncomms8152/full/ncomms8152.html
Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing
Quote:Abstract
The proportion of Europeans descending from Neolithic farmers ~10 thousand years ago (KYA) or Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers has been much debated. The male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) has been widely applied to this question, but unbiased estimates of diversity and time depth have been lacking. Here we show that European patrilineages underwent a recent continent-wide expansion. Resequencing of 3.7?Mb of MSY DNA in 334 males, comprising 17 European and Middle Eastern populations, defines a phylogeny containing 5,996 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Dating indicates that three major lineages (I1, R1a and R1b), accounting for 64% of our sample, have very recent coalescent times, ranging between 3.5 and 7.3 KYA. A continuous swathe of 13/17 populations share similar histories featuring a demographic expansion starting ~2.1ââ¬â4.2 KYA. Our results are compatible with ancient MSY DNA data, and contrast with data on mitochondrial DNA, indicating a widespread male-specific phenomenon that focuses interest on the social structure of Bronze Age Europe.
Excerpts from Intro to Discussion
Quote:Controversy has surrounded the origins and antiquity of the people of Europe, focused on the proportions descending from Neolithic farmers originating ~10 thousand years ago (KYA), or from earlier Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers. Early studies observed a European SEââ¬âNW cline in classical gene frequency data which was ascribed to demic diffusion of farmers1, or, in an alternative view, to the first Palaeolithic colonization2. More recent autosomal genome-wide SNP data sets reflect current population structure3, 4 and admixture during the last 3,000 years5, but have provided little insight into older population processes.
(So they now looked into the in between time period. What happened in Europe in the Bronze Age.)
Most debate on European prehistory has been stimulated by analyses of uniparentally-inherited markers. Spatial patterns in maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are non-clinal, with age estimates of haplogroups (hg) taken to suggest a major Palaeolithic contribution6. Analyses of diversity in the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) show significant frequency clines in major lineages7, and geographical distributions and dates based on short-tandem repeats (STRs) have led to interpretations of both Palaeolithic8 and Neolithic9 major components. The most frequent western European lineage, hg R1b-M269, was originally believed to have originated in the Palaeolithic10, but in more recent analysis was assigned a Neolithic origin11, a claim challenged in turn12 on the basis of STR choice and sample ascertainment. In general, dates based on STRs are problematic because of uncertainty about appropriate mutation rates, and possible long-term mutation saturation due to their stepwise mutation processes13. Palaeolithic dates for the major lineages are challenged by scanty ancient MSY DNA data, which suggest a marked discontinuity between 5ââ¬â7 KYA and the present14.
(The conclusion of this study supercedes those earlier results:
Now the picture on non-steppe, non-Baltic Europe is: 2/3rd of modern European Y descended from 3 lineages - which appeared between 7.3K and 3.5K ago - that started spreading in Europe in the Bronze Age between 4000-2000 yrs before present.)
A major cause of the controversy about MSY evidence is that unbiased estimates of diversity and time depth have until recently been impossible to obtain in large samples. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) generally offers unbiased ascertainment of MSY SNPs, providing phylogenies in which topologies inform about past demography, and branch lengths are in principle proportional to time, avoiding dating problems associated with STRs. Some insights have emerged from recent work15, 16, but no systematic population-based NGS study across Europe has yet been undertaken.
Here, we use targeted NGS of European and Middle Eastern populations to show that Europe was affected by a major continent-wide expansion in patrilineages that post-dates the Neolithic transition. Resequencing at high coverage of 3.7?Mb of MSY DNA, in each of 334 males comprising 17 population samples, defines an unbiased phylogeny containing 5,996 high-confidence single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Dating indicates that three major lineages (I1, R1a and R1b), accounting for 64% of the sampled chromosomes, have very recent coalescent times, ranging between 3.5 and 7.3 KYA. In demographic reconstructions17 a continuous swathe of 13/17 populations from the Balkans to the British and Irish Isles share similar histories featuring a minimum effective population size ~2.1ââ¬â4.2 KYA, followed by expansion to the present. Together with other data on maternally inherited mtDNA16, 18 and autosomal DNA19, our results indicate a recent widespread male-specific phenomenon that may point to social selection, and refocuses interest on the social and population structure of Bronze Age Europe.
Results:
Quote:Phylogeography of European MSY lineages
We constructed a maximum-parsimony tree displaying the phylogenetic relationships between SNP haplotypes (Fig. 1a; Supplementary Fig. 1), rooted by reference to two MSY sequences13 from the basal haplogroups A and B. Our sequenced regions cover many previously known SNPs, which allowed us to apply established haplogroup names20 to clades. Figure 1b shows the geographical distribution of these haplogroups in our samples, which is consistent with previous studies of specific SNPs using larger per-population sample sizes10. As expected, the commonest haplogroup is R1b-M269 (43.1%), with highest frequency in the north-west, followed by I1-M253 (13.8%), I2-P215 (9.0%), R1a-M198 (7.5%) and J2-M172 (7.5%). Some clades show geographically-restricted distributions, with hg N1c-M178 being most frequent in the Saami, and sub-lineages of haplogroups E, G and J prevalent in the Mediterranean area.
Figure 1: Phylogeny and geographical distribution of European MSY lineages. **
(a) Maximum-parsimony tree of European MSY lineages defined here by resequencing. Branch lengths are proportional to molecular divergence among haplotypes. Key mutation names are given next to some branches, and haplogroup names20 in the coloured bar below. Three sporadic haplogroups are coloured in black. The grey box within hg R1b-M269 shows the star phylogeny referred to in the text. (b ) Map with pie-charts showing frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups (defined and coloured as in part a) in 17 populations from Europe and the Near East. Population abbreviations are as follows: bas: Basque; bav: Bavaria; CEU: Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry from the CEPH collection (France); den: Denmark; eng: England; fri: Frisia; gre: Greece; hun: Hungary; ire: Ireland; nor: Norway; ork: Orkney; pal: Palestinians; saa: Saami; ser: Serbia; spa: Spain; TSI: Toscani in Italia (Italy); tur: Turkey.
The shapes of different clades within the tree (Fig. 1a) vary greatly. Haplogroups E1b-M35, G2a-L31, I2-P215, J2-M172, L-M11 and T-M70 contain long branches with deep-rooting nodes, whereas I1-M253, N1c-M178, R1a-M198 and R1b-M269 show much shallower genealogies. Haplogroup R1b-M269 is particularly striking, containing a remarkable star phylogeny within which 44 terminal branches (13.2% of the total), found in 13 of the 17 sampled populations, descend as a multifurcation from a single node without any sub-structure whatsoever, despite the extensive nature of the sequencing carried out. These qualitative features of the phylogeny are supported by values of the average number of mutations from the ancestral node to branch tips, and also by estimates of time-to-most-recent-common-ancestor (TMRCA) (Table 1) derived by two different methods. Considering haplogroups R1b-M269, R1a-M198 and I1-M253, and the 95% highest posterior density intervals of their TMRCAs, 64% of the MSY sequences sampled in our study descend from three ancestors who each lived more recently than ~7.3 KYA.
[...]
** Figure 1:
nature.com/ncomms/2015/150519/ncomms8152/fig_tab/ncomms8152_F1.html
Larger version of just the diagram containing the European MSY pie-charts: dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3088004/The-three-forefathers-Europe-Two-thirds-modern-European-men-descended-just-trio-Bronze-Age-leaders.html
1. Figure 1 is very useful.
The 3 paternal lineages that the study speaks of are marked by I1-m253, R1a-m198 and R1b-m266. As per the piechart in Figure 1: as per what's visible in the piechart, there is no I1 in the Greeks sampled, only I2. And R1a and R1b make up less than a quarter of the haplogroups attested in the Greeks sampled, again as per what's visible in their piechart. And none of the dark-blue variants of R1b are in there, unique among the "IE-speaking" European populations sampled; and even the Hungarians show most of the blues/the R1* variants under consideration and in fact consist of nearly 3/4 of these R1*s.
Again: less than a quarter of the Greeks sampled shows any R1*, and no I1, but more than 2/3rds is I2 and J2. And: Greece has by far the least of any blues=R1a/R1b of any of the "IE" Europeans, while - again- Hungarians are inundated in some blue or other. The Serbs have more blue at about 1/4 of their pie-chart, but they also have I1 at 1/4 of their pie-chart: so half of the Serbian piechart is accounted for by the colours assigned to the 3 paternal lineages in question.... The total of Greece is still less than 1/4th.
In fact, the darkest 'blue' in the Greek pie chart looks more like it maps to haplogroup T than to the medium blue R1b (see bigger image of the Figure 1 at dailymail), which would then make the Greek piechart's portion of the 3 paternal lineages to be a 1/6th of their total...***
Really intriguing that less than a quarter -or possibly just no more than a 1/6th- of the Greeks' (piechart) can be explained by the 3 Bronze Age paternal lineages that are thought to emanate from the steppes. Considering that Greeks more than even the Romans are Da Definition of ancient "IE" civilisation in Europe. If they can't be significantly derived from the steppes - via the 3 Bronze Age paternal lineages identified - then, ... not really sure what it means. But then, am not sure either what these charts mean in terms of the implied "replacement" of the neolithic that was mentioned by the news item on the study and indicated in the study too. I mean, Brits show a sliver of I2 (dark green) present in far greater amounts in the Greeks sampled, and I2 is supposed to be "originated some time around 13,000-15,000 BCE", which for European dates is well into the Paleolithic.
Then again, maybe I'm just all wrong in my inferences from Figure 1 (?)
2. "The grey box within hg R1b-M269 shows the star phylogeny referred to in the text": the grey box encompasses an R1b marked S116.
BTW, Greece is not included in the S116, i.e. in the mentioned "star-phylogeny".
3. Greece and Turkey both have a lot of haplogroup J2 (purple), also present in chunks in the Mediterranean and a little among Palestinians. I think it corresponds to neolithic farming from pre-Arabised fertile crescent/Mesopotamia:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172
"J-M172 originates between the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia and the region just north of Arabia known as the Levant"
"J-M172 is linked to the earliest indigenous populations of Anatolia and the Aegean"
"The date of origin for haplogroup J-M172 was estimated by Batini et al in 2015 as between 19,000 and 24,000 Years Before Present (YBP).[12]"
Anyway, the interesting thing is Greeks sampled have predominantly J2 and I2, which accounts for about 2/3 of the Greek data's haplogroup piechart. And both of them are ancient, paleolithic (not Bronze age), and can't be oryan invasion markers, being well before any mainstream IE theories date PIE.
*** Aside. Q: it is known that, in late post-christian times especially, there has been significant Slavic presence among the Greeks. To what extent is the R1b and perhaps even R1a among the Greeks sampled to be explained by introduction via Slavic people? I'm not even arguing that the Greek piechart should be compared to the Turkish one, of course.
ysee.gr/index-eng.php?type=english&f=faq#9
Quote:Are modern Greeks the genetic descendants of the classical Hellenes?
Some yes, some no, but this is irrelevant. The racialists on both sides can ramble on and claim that we are 100% Slavic, or whatever else, as can those who want to portray us as the pure descendants of Aeakus. However, the true Hellenes did not refer to 'race' (it would have been comical, since at the time this term applied to a small group of 'clans'). Admittedly, a racial consciousness existed in the classical period, which lacks credibility today, given that before and after 1821 other racial groups were absorbed, many of whose number can only be described as 100% Hellenic.
Despite Kolokotrones and many other heroes being of Arvanite extraction, by our standards they are certainly Hellenes, since they shed their blood in the name of Hellas. What clown could deny Kolokotrones, Nikitaras and Androutsos their Hellenic identity, based on racial definitions? The domestic racialists owe us a convincing explanation for this crude oxymoron.
(End Aside)
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