04-24-2006, 05:10 PM
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Chapter 2
MALWA, 1720 TO 1733 A.D.
(i) Malwa during 1699 to 1713 A.D. :
The strenuous Deccan war in which Aurangzeb was entangled during 1682 to 1707 A.D. was a part of his religious policy that affected adversely the provinces of the North, including Malwa. "Any disturbance in Berar or Gondwana (1). Bundelkhand or the Eastern Rajput States would immediately spread by contagion to Malwa." The people lost all attachment to Mughal rule (2) and gave expression to their opposition in revolts. "The local disturbances (3) of peace in Malwa in the closing years of the reign (of Aurangzeb) were too many to be counted."
It is no wonder that when the Marathas invaded Malwa, under such circumstances, they were not regarded by the people of Malwa as invaders but were looked upon as their supporters to oppose the detested Mughal rule(4) . The Marathas during their successive raids did nothing to alienate the sympathetic attitude of the people of Malwa. "The Marathas(5) carried the war against of Government. They had taken a large share of the revenue but did not destroy like the barbarous invaders the source from which it was drawn. They were in this, acting with the concurrence and aid of the Hindu chiefs of Malwa."
When Rajaram (6) was the Chhatrapati of the Marathas, the first Maratha invasion of Malwa, took place in 1699 A.D. under Krishnaji Sawant. After crossing Narmada, he ravaged some places near Dhamoni. Tarabai, the regent, also carried the policy to plunder Mughal-territories as a war strategy, after the death of Rajaram in 1800 A.D., the Maratha bands penetrated in Malwa as far as Mandsor and Sironj(7), which places they invested. From Sironj they passed to Bundelkhand, where Chhatrasal was fighting for his independence. They were in close touch with him. Mohansing, the Zamindar of Awasgadh, guided a Maratha detachment near Mandu. The Kolis and Bhils also rebelled. The effects of the Maratha invasion of 1703 A.D. were so disastrous; that Bidar Bakht the Governor (august 3, 1704 to September 1706 A.D.) reported (8) that half of Malwa adjacent to Khandesh was devastated.
With the coming of Shahu from the Mughal camp in 1708 A.D., a civil war broke out among the Marathas in which ultimately Shahu was victorious. After that the Marathas again resumed their contacts with Malwa (9) .
(ii) The three factors in the politics of Malwa :
With the coming of Farrukh Siyar to the throne of Delhi, Jaysing rose in his estimation day by day. He was appointed Subhadar (10) of Malwa in February 1713 A.D. and continued in that capacity till November 1717 A.D. i.e. nearly for 5 years with a population predominated (11) by the Rajputs, and with most of the Chiefs being Rajputs, having connection with the ruling Houses of Udaypur, Jodhpur and Jaypur, Malwa had closer contacts with Rajasthan on the basis of race, religion, culture and geography. With the losing grip of the Mughal administration all-round. It was natural for Swai Jaysing to think to creatinga kindom strectching form Yamuna to Narmada, and he never lost touch with Malwa, which remained always an integral part of his ambition. When Nizam was removed from Malwa and Gujarat from 1725 A.D. due to this rebellion he tried to secure both these provinces(12) for him but was unsuccessful, as the Emperor was not prepared for that.
On February 18, 1718 A.D. Farrukh Siyar was disposed and the supremacy of Sayyads was ensured. The Nizam (13) was sent to Malwa as the Subhadar, by the Sayyads to remove him from Delhi. With two successive deadly strokes the Nizam affected the downfall of the Sayyads consequently, on the death of Muhammad Aminkhan, he was appointed as Wazir by the Emperor Muhammad Shah, on February 4, 1721 A.D. With a break of about nine and half months (14), the Nizam was the Subhdar of Malwa from 20th February 1719 to 2nd June 1725 A.D., and even though the province was taken away from him by the Emperor in 1725 A.D. due to his rebellion, like Sawai Jaysing the Nizam too, never lost sight of Malwa (15) , and it should be noted that it was in the capacity as the Subhadar of Malwa, that he measured, for the last time his strength with Bajirao at Bhopal. This was the last severe fight in the career of Peshwa Bajirao over the issue of Malwa. His success in it removed the last hurdle in the possession of Malwa.
With the Sanads of six Subhas of Deccan, when the Marathas started their invasions of Malwa afresh under the able Peshwa Bajirao I, they added a third factor in the history of Malwa where they had already numerous friends and supporters and a few out-posts(16).
Bajirao was invested with the robes of Peshwaship on 17th April 1720 A.D. Not very long before, in 1719 A.D., he had been with his father to Delhi (17) and had seen the degenerated political conditions prevailing there. Being filled with an ambition of the expansion (18) of the Maratha rule from the very beginning of his career, he clearly judged that the time was ripe to strike at the roots of the Empire boldly, and hence, directed all his energies towards the North. The first object of his ambitious schemes was naturally Malwa.
Early in 1723 A.D. the Peshwa crossed Tapi river and entered Nemad, the Southern division of Malwa. On 13th February 1723 A.D. he met the Wazier Nizam-ul-Mulk, who was on his way to Gujarat, at Badaksha (19) in Zabua paragana near the borders of Malwa and Gujarat. After a week, he took leave of the Nizam and procceded to Deccan.
(iii) The Niam's Rebellion :
Disgusted with the Emperor, the Nizam left Delhi by the end of December 1723 A.D. "Having been accurately informed by his agents at Delhi of the Nizam's activities (20) , Bajirao left Satara in January 1724 A.D. and passing some time in north Khandesh, organising his forces, crossed the Narmada on 8th May and arrived in close proximity to the Nizam's camp at Sihore". The Nizam then met Bajirao for the third time at nalcha, near Dhar on 16th May 1724 A.D.
On 30th September 1724 A.D. the Nizam won the battle of Sakhar Kherda against Mubariz Khan, and founded an independent Kingdom of Deccan at Haidarabad. The immediate reaction of the Emperor Muhammad Shah was to remove all the officers appointed by him from their posts and to deprive him of the two Subhas of Malwa and Gujarat.
The rebellion of the Nizam greatly facilitated the Marathas to tighten their hold during 1724-25 A.D. on Gujarat as well as on Malwa. In 1724 A.D., Indore was assigned as Mokasa to Chimnji Ballal, for the maintenance (21) of his cavalry force and the Mandloi and the Kanungo were asked to pay the 'Chauth' to him, During 1725-26 Ambaji Trimbak (22) realized nearly 2 lakhs of rupees as Chauth from Malwa and Gujarat. On 10th October 1726 A.D. Ram Chandra Malhar (23) was granted the mamju of Sardeshmukhi for Malwa.
Giridhar Bahadur (24) as the Subhadar of Malwa on his part tried to check the collection of chauth and Sardeshmukhi by the Marathas in Malwa.
During these years (November 1725 to April 1727 A.D.) the Peshwa had accompanied Fattening Bhosale to Karnataka(25) . As soon as he returned, he was involved in a severe struggle with the Nizam whom he humbled at Palkhed (February 1728 A.D.)(26). This victory of Bajirao made his name famous in Hidusthan and established a fact that the Marathas were a strength capable to check even the Nizam. The party opposed to Nizam in the Court of the Emperor did not fail to take a note of it.
(iv) Najm-Ud-Din Ali Khan :
The Emperor's attention (27) was dominated by the idea of reducing the power of the Turani faction at the Court especially after the rebellion of the Nizam in 1724 A.D. It was after sufficient deliberation that the he appointed the Subhadars Sadat Khan (28) as the Subhadar of Malwa and Abhaysing (29) as the Subhadar of Gujarat. Then he thought of appointing Sayyad Nijam-Ud-din Ali Khan (30) as the Subhadar of Malwa. Finally he appointed Giridhar Bahadur and Sar Buland Khan as the Subhadars of Malwa and Gujarat respectively. He could never forgive the Nizam (31) for detatching a great part from the Empire and for his designs over Malwa and Gujarat. Much of the policy, of the Emperor in respect of these provinces, for more than a decade, hereafter, was directed by his desire to chastise the Nizam.(32)
Ambition was the dominant factor in the character of Sawai Jaysing and hence, the Nizam's (33) as well as Giridhar Bahadur's (34) interests in Malwa clashed with those of him. Even after the appointements of Giridhar Bahadur (35) and Sar Buland Khan to the Subhas of Malwa and Gujarat respectively, he was contemplating to take possession of both the Subhas that gave an income of 50 lakhs, by paying off 20 lakhs of rupees to the Marathas, And hence the maintained direct contact with them.
Under such circumstances, if the Marathas, with whom Sawai Jaysing was in close contact, were induced to invade Malwa with a big army, they would serve the purpose of both, Swai Jaysing and the Emperor. Their disturbance would have paved the way for the removal of Giridhar Bahadur to make room for Swai Jaysing and the despatch of the armies to suppress the so called Maratha disturbance would afford a chance to take revenge on the Nizam to the entire satisfaction of the Emperor, And the choice fell upon Sayyad Najm-ul-din Ali Khan who was capable to accomplish the task.
Najm-Ud-din Ali Khan (36) had taken active part in deposing and blinding Farrukh Siyar and was in prison since the battle of Hasanpur (37) in which he had fought against the Emperor Muhammad Shah most heroically along with his brother Sayyad Abdulla. As one of the Sayyad brothers he was naturally the deadliest enemy of Nizam-ul-Mulk.
After the province of Gujarat was taken away from him (38) , the Nizam asked his uncle Hamid Khan, who represented him in that province, to oppose any new Subhadar, whom the Emperor might appoint. Sarbuland Khan was the new Subhedar chosen and he begged for the aid of Sayyad Najm-ud-din Ali Khan was then in the prison. In the summer of 1725 A.D. he and Giridhar Bahadur, who was going to take charge of the Government of Malwa, left the Capital together, followed closely by Sayyad Najm-ud-din Ali Khan, who had been appointed second-in-Command of a large force. Their appointments to the Subha of Gujarat forced Hamid Khan to take refuge with his nephew Nizam-ul-Mulk in Deccan.
The gallant Sayyad Najm-ud-din Ali Khan was then appointed as a reward for his services in Gujarat, to the Government (39) of the province of Ajmer and as the Faujdar of Gwalior (40) , Nod-shahbad and Dhamoni.
As Sawai jaysing had been the partisan of Farrukh Siyar, he was opposed to the Sayyads and as such as did not like the elevation of one of his former foes to power. Naturally the appointment of Najm-ud-din Ali Khan at Ajmer and other places gave rise to troubles. There was even occurrences of armed clashes (41) . Meanwhile Dadorao Bhimsen, the Peshwa's agent, came to the scene and intervened. The effect was the friendship between Sawai Jaysing and Najm-ud-din Ali Khan to whom Swai Jaysing recommended for the task of marching upon the Nizm. The following letter of Dadorao Bhismsen, makes the whole plan clear.
(v) The letter from Dadorao Bhimsen to Bajirao Pant Pradhan and Chimaji Appa (42) :
"Hearing the news of the treaty (43) , I had dispatched both the couriers to you. But it has been four months since then that no reply from you is received. I came here as per the letters of Khoja. Koki and Roshan Daula are the influential persons here. The opposite group is powerless before them. The Emperor does nothing without their counsel. The opposite party had tried to raise the question of Sarbuland Khan, but they were frustrated in it and hence they felt the humiliation. Sekhaji and Kesharao Ray have been sent. I am informed that, "I shall surely do the work. I am only watching for the opportunity. Rest assured". Sawaiji has taken full interest in cause. You will know from his letter to you. As for Sayyad all the Chiefs were opposed to the Emperors policy to favor him. When he was in Kota, the Emperor paid him three lakhs of rupees per month. Then the provision for the Subhadari of Gujarat was made but Kamruddin Khan opposed the proposal. The Emperor then assigned him the territory of Gwalior, Kalanbag, Dhamoni and Jortalab. Keeping an army of 20 to 25 thousand, the Sayyad destroyed the robbers and established his posts in the territory. Sawai then sent some force to assist the Chief of Gwalior. Nijm-ud-din Ali Khan attacked the force re-established his post. Hearing of it, force came again. Meanwhile I reached there, and spoke about the Sayyad and removed the differences in the minds of both of them. Robes, and a horse were sent with a trusted man and they were made friends by taking oaths. After that, Sawai Jaysing wrote once or twice about the Sayyad to the Emperor. "If the Nizam's work (44) is to be done it should be entrusted to Sayyad. He will do it." The Emperor called Sawai's Vakil Rao Jagram who is an influential person being six hazari, and asked him about the provision made by Sawaiji for this enterprise. Sawaji had written in detail t Rao Jagram who explained it all to the Emperor. On that, Sawaji received an order to come to the Court immediately without loss of time. The Rajput Mansabdars have about 25 to 30 thousand force. Najm-ud-din Ali Khan is asked to raise 25 thousand troops and a park of artillery. The Emperor is going to provide him for the expenses of twenty thousand forces and the artillery. All this is being done in the name of Gujarat but really it aims at Deccan (45). Sawaji has whole-heartedly taken the side of Sayyad. This he has done on the support of Swami. The name of Swami is famous in Hindustan. Previously also their had been great Sardars, nobody did like this (46). The Sayyad also depends on the Swami. The credit goes to Swami. I am also willing for the same." A letter should also be written to Chhatrasal Bundela. He is fighting with Bangash. He should be assured that "our force will come to that province after Dasera. You will get succour". He will pay for the expenses. For this work Durgadas, a man of trust is sent. He will explain all; Sawaiji has ordered, "send your force forthwith into Malwa. If this is done the Emperor will grant all your demands. The force should create disturbance in Malwa". I am forwarding Swai immediately. A courier from Sawai Jaysing and Moropant from me, have been dispatched to the Sayyad. He will come soon for this work. Send a letter assuring your help to Sayyad Najm-ud-din Ali Khan. An answer from Khoja also had been received today. He writes, "Write to Maharaja immediately to send Maratha armies forthwith into Gujarat and Malwa, go that under the same pretext we shall dispatch Sayyad. Any how the arrangement is made for the army to reach Malwa".
(vi) The Plan:
The important thing to note about the plan is that it was originated by Sawai Jaysing and was matured in full consultation with the Emperor. Sawai Jaysing personally wrote to Bajirao to send Maratha forces immediately into Malwa to create disorder, assuring him that, "The Emperor would be pleased to grant all the Maratha demands if the forces would be dispatched without loss of time". The Marathas were to be used as a means to prove incapacity of Giridhar Bahadur to check them. This was further to serve as an excuse (47) for sending the expedition of Sayyad Najm-ud-din Ali Khan into Malwa. Thus, the main object of the plan was to check Nizam's pretentions over Gujarat and Malwa and to crush him if possible. Accordingly (48) the Sayyad marched with Khanderay, the Sardar of Sawai Jaysig for Malwa. (14th January 1729 A.D.)
The most curious thing to note in the phase of the Maratha expansion towards the North, is the fact that they were invited by the consent of the Emperor himself to create disorder in his own province namely Malwa. The main figure behind this plan was Sawai Jaysing who depneded on the sympathy and support of Bajiroa for the success of the plan. In doing so, Sawai Jaysing, the Emperor and the Courtiers, opposed to the Turani Party, had no reason to dream that this invitation to the Marathas in Malwa would be the cause of terrific consequences later on.
But it seems that the Nizam suspected the designs of the Emperor and Sawai Jaysing behind the move of the appointment of Najm-ud-din Ali Khan to Malwa he wrote "I have received (49) the Farman of the following effect. The Marathas were spread in the province of Malwa. Najm-ud-din Ahmad Khan has been deputed to assist Raja Giridhar Bahadur in putting down the Marathas. Orders have been issued to the Governers of Gujarat and Malwa to take their posts on the banks of Narmada with their contingents and be ready to join me when required and cooperate with me in imperial matters. My work in fighting against the Marathas has been appreciated. The isue of these orders is due to the kindness of His Majesty. I am extremely thankful for the same.
Rajadhiraj (Sawai Jaysing) had informed that the Marathas had spread in the province of Malwa. Request had been made that an army of 40,000 would be required to be posted in Malwa to put down the Marathasâ¦At present the Governors of Gujarat and Malwa have received considerable sums of money to put down the Marathas. Now that the Rajadhiraj has been appointed he must have received not less than one crore rupees. This is in addition to the troops posted in the Provinceâ¦Under these circumstances. I have undertaken this campaign solely out of my sense of duty. My income is limitedâ¦.The expenditure in heavy. Where I could realize ten previously I can realize only one. I would request your Majesty to grant 50 lakhs of rupees. Until such time as the amount is not received by me the Mahals of the province of Gujarat and Malwa may be granted to me. I am making this request only for support in this holy war. I hope my request will be granted."
The Nizam got a firman from the Emperor (50) and the Amir-ul-Umara (Khan Dauran) also wrote a letter. The Nizam thereupon wrote most courteously, "I am in receipt of the Firmanâ¦Mir Ahmed Khan Bahadur (later Nasir Jung) has been honoured with a title, a plalanquin, robes of honour and two items of jewellery. I am thankful for these kindnesses." But in spite of all these, he refused to be entrapped in the plan on the plea. "The income from the provinces is limited while the expenditure is heavy. I had asked that the income from the provinces of Ahmedabad and Malwa be spent towards meeting the cost of the Jihad (Holy war against the Marathas). The Khan had written to me to put in exertion in this war. My request for the income of the above provinces was due to my anxiety to cope with the war. There was no other alternative the income is small and the cost of meeting the salary of the army is very great. The expenditure has gone up now ten times."
Finally he declined to cooperate stating his inability in the following way. "I have received (51) your Majesty's Firman. The Marathas have spread into Malwa. Raja Giridhar Bahadur had applied to you for reinforcements. You had appointed Najm-ud-din Muhammad Khan to put down the Marathas. You have issued instructions to the Governor's of Malwa and Gujarat that their deputies should with their contingent, take their posts on the banks of the Narmada, be vigilant, be at my (Nizam-ul-Mulk) back and call and put in their best exertions to put down the Marathas. I have received your Majesty's Firman to the above effect. Roshanuddowlah Bahadur too has written to me In detailâ¦. In the previous years numerous armies, renowned generals and mansabdras, countless artillery and other equipment and the treasure of India were spent on the warfare in the Deccan. My resources are limited⦠I have written the details to Roshanuddowlah. Your Majesty will receive that letter. May the sun of the empire shine in all splendor."
(vii) Maratha Victories in Malwa and Bundlekhand :
Exactly as per the instructions in the above letter of Dadorao Bhimsen, two armies started from Poona - one towards Malwa and the other towards Bundelkhand without losing a moment after the ned of mansoon. The former marched through Khandesh and Nemad under Chimaji while the latter by the eastern route led by peshwa Bajirao, through Nagpur and the former central provinces (52). Both maintained contact with each other throughout the campaign.
Chimaji, having left Poona, towards the end of October 1723 A.D. (53) with swift marches fell upon Giridhar Bahadur, the Subhadar of Malwa, near Amzera, and killing him in a bloody encounter (54), looted his whole camp and captured 18 elephants (29th November 1728 A.D.). Bajirao, on his way to Chhatrasal from Washim (55) in Berar, congratulated Chimaji on his grand victory, on receiving his letter from Amzera (20 miles south west of Dhar) dated 30th November 1828 A.D. He asked him at the same time to march to Ujjain and attach all the Jagirs of Giridhar Bahadur for the payments of debt.
These dramatic achievements raised immediately the reputation of the Marathas and for the first time Delhi was convinced that it was power to be reckoned with. The success, of Chimaji Appa was soon followed by the victory of the peshwa over Muhammadkhan Bangash in Bundelkhand in April 1729 A.D. Completely disorganized; he gave a pledge never to molest Chhatrasal again.
Thus within six months from their march from Poona in 1728 A.D., the horizon of Maratha ambition was pushed on practically to the banks of Chambal and Yamuna (56).
(viii) Sawai Jaysing appointed as Subhadar of Malwa for the second time:
From December 1728 to April 1729 A.D. Chimaji was active in Malwa (57). Large sums were exacted from the paragnas of Jawad, Nawalai, Dhar, Ratlam, Badnawar and the city of Ujjain (December 1729 A.D.) . Then he moved on the Bundi-Kota. In March 1729 A.D., he was in the paraganas of Bhanpur, Mandsor, Jawad, Sutoda and Dahod. In the middle of April, he was on Narmada and on 4th of May 1729 A.D., he was back to Poona.
Bahwaniram, the son of Giridhar Bahadur was the new Subhadar of Malwa during 1728 end to 1729 November, but the supremacy of the Marathas, was established beyong doubt. Along with some Mahals in Gujarat, Udaji Pawar and Anandrao Pawar got a saranjam of 54 Mokasa Mahals in Malwa in 1729 A.D. (58) , and the same was contiuned in 1729 A.D. On 3rd October 1730 A.D., Malharrao Holkar was assigned a saranjam of 74 paraganas (59) in Malwa. He was informed that Malwa had been handed over to him. He was to realize the Khandani of Malwa through Krishnaji Hari, an agent of the peshwa, who was to be paid Rs. 1500, annually by Malharrao. By 1730 A.D. the arrangement for the possession of Malwa was thus complete (60).
As it was evident (61) that Bhawaniram was incapable to face the Marathas, Rajadhiraj Sawai jaysing was appointed the Subhadar of Malwa at the end of November 1729 A.D. Khan Dauran Amir-ul-Umra had an active hand in this appointment. Sawai Jaysing was asked by the Emperor to open negotiations with Raja Shahu for the peaceful settlement in respect of Gujarat and Malwa, so that no Maratha invader should cross Narmada.(62)
Jaysing left the capital on 23rd October 1729 A.D. (63) for Malwa. While he was on the way to Ujjain, Malharrao Holkar and Udaji Pawar entering Malwa, captured the fort of Mandu (64), in November 1729 A.D. Sawai jaysing hastened to Malwa and a skirmish took place between him and the Maratha forces. But hearing of his coming into Malwa, Shahu Chhatrapti (65) informed Chimaji Appa, Udaji Pawar and Malharrao Holkar on 18th March 1730 A.D. that, "Sawai Jaysing has come to ujjain province. Treat him with respect, in view of the old hereditary friendship between the two Royal families. Give him Mandu fort, if he asks for it."
(ix) A mission to Satara :
By 1730 A.D. the Marathas had firmly established themselves in Malwa and to a greater extent, Sawai Jaysing himself was responsible for their success. Besides other things his self interest in the Subha of Malwa was apparent. When he got it in 1729 A.D., he wanted to retain it for himself. As a subhadar of Malwa,it was his duty to see that province was free from the Maratha invaders, while as a hereditary friend of Shahu's family, he wanted to retain their friendship. A way out would have been possible after a full discussion with the Maratha Chiefs. And hence, at the instigation of the Emperor, but much with his own initiative (66), Sawai Jaysing decided to send a deputation to Satara, to know the nature of Maratha demands and to effect a peaceful settlement with them. After consulting Rana Sangramsing of Udaypur, Deepsing, Manasaram Purohit and were fixed as the personnel of the mission, which reached Satara in August 1730 A.D. During September, they consulted the Chief persons including the Chhatrapati and the Peshwa and after finishing the work, proceeded to Aurangabad, where they were received with hospitality.
But from the point of view of its results, the mission was failure, for the Emperor did not wait even for its coming back to Delhi, but removing Sawai Jaysing from the post appointed Muhammad Khan Bangash in September 1730 as the Subhadar of Malwa (67). But besides the questions of the settlement of the Chauth, the real object of sending this mission to Satara by Jaysing was to know the position of Bajirao Pandit Pradhan. His name had been famous in the North for his velour. But Jaysing wanted to know whether he was really a worthily person having diplomatic talents and organizing capacity and whether he was respected in the Maratha State and was honored by the Maharaja of Satara. From this point of view, the object of the mission was highly successful, for Deepsing who was the nominee of Jaysing himself, was convinced that Bajirao was fully trust worthy from every point of view and not only he was respected by Raja Shahu, but was the only person who pre-eminently ruled the Maratha Court.
The Nizam expressed his grave doubt about the faith of Deepsing in Bajirao. But the latter emphatically answered him that Bajirao would never deceive them as there had been good relations between them since the days of his father. It was a bitter experience for the Nizam to hear so much praise of Bajirao, for Deepsing scarcely left any attribute in the praise of Bajirao who was in his opinion brave, upright, honest, truthful and trusted by his men as superman. As for Shahu, Deepsing considered him to be a capable ruler, who was considerate, wise and knew his craft well.
This recorded opinion of one, who was deputed to judge Bajirao (68) and the Marathas in general in their homes, and expressed behind them, before one who was averse to their praise, deserves a special attention. In the name of Chauth, the Marathas were busy in their process of Empire building in Gujarat and Malwa. At times, they were harsh in exacting money. But there is no glimpse of any bitterness in the attitude of Deepsing who seems to have been highly impressed by the ambitious 'Pant Pradhan' and the 'Chhatrapati' of the Marathas. This can be treated as the prevailing opinion about the Maratha of Jaypur Court and of all the open minded Rajputs who could read the meaning of the Changing times.
(x) The Nizam's plans frustrated
While the Mission visited the Nizam, the latter was busy in formulating a grand plan to oust Bajirao and the Maratha completely from Deccan. He plainly told Deepsing that he meant to chastise Bajirao. Deepsing remarked that it was improper for the Nizam who was considered to be a rebel by the Emperor, to create enmity with Bajirao, who could assemble a lakh of force under him if he meant. But this piece of advice was in vain for the Nizam who had advanced too much in his scheme. The reason was that the victories of Chimaji Appa and Bajirao in 1728-1729 A.D. had raised the prestige of the Peshwa to preeminence which consequently had raised a challenge for the ambitious Nizam. As an effect, the Nizam had grown extremely jealous of Bajirao (69) . By October 1730 A.D., taking the advantage of the breach between Bajirao and Trimbakrao Dabhade, he had been successful in seducing most of the prominent Maratha Sardars of Shahu's Court (70) . At the same time he arranged a meeting on Narmada (71) with the new Subhadar of Malwa, Muhammad Khan, whom he met in March 1731 A.D. But mean while Bajirao had taken the offensive and defeated and killed Trimbakrao Dabhade at Dabhoi on 1st April 1731 and frustrated the hole plan of the Nizam. Had he been successful, then perhaps he would have been not only the master of Deccan but of Gujarat and Malwa as well, and thus he would have been a genuine threat to the Emperor himself.
It is very clear, hence, that in checking the Nizam in Deccan, the Marathas were helping the cause of the Emperor (72) in another way. It will not be incorrect to say that had there been no strong Maratha State in Deccan to check the Nizam, he would have either displaced Muhammad Shah or thoroughly crippled him by acquiring most of his fertile territories. This relative importance of the Marathas was the main factor that affected the imperial policy toward the Marathas during 1730 to 1740 A.D. especially.
(xi) The policy of Delhi towards the Marathas:
The appointments of Abhaysing and Muhammad Khan Bangash to government of Gujarat and Malwa in 1730 A.D., removing Sarbuland Khan and Sawai Jaysing respectively, clearly meant that the Emperor and Khan Dauran did not approve (73) a policy of appeasement towards the Marathas by paying them the Chauth of the two Subhas of Gujarat and Malwa. In the same way the appointments of Sarbuland Khan in 1725 A.D. in Gujarat and Muhammad Khan Bangash in 1730 A.D. in Malwa, were mainly with an object to chastise (74) the Nizam. Thus in 1730 A.D. the policy of the Court of Delhi centered round the two factors of the Marathas and the Nizam, and the Court felt sufficiently strong enough to check them both. The success of this policy of opposing them both depended to some extent upon the sincerity of the Subhadars of these two provinces in their attachment to the cause of the Emperor, and mainly on the fact that the Marathas and the Nizam remained at varience with each other.
In 1730 A.D. to 1731 A.D. the Nizam tried to profit by the dessensions in the Maratha Sardars by building up a common front against Bajirao. But the latter proved to more than a match to him. The Nizam being thorough diplomat now won him over by explaining to him the policy of Delhi towards the Marathas by showing him the secret orders of the Emperor to the Subhadar of Gujarat, Malwa and himself. He then arranged aa meeting with Bajirao on 27th December 1732 A.D., which was highly successful. Writes Bajirao (75), "I had made before now three visits to the Nawab, but those were only formal with no opening of hearts. This time, however, we discussed many questions openly, cementing our mutual goodwill and friendship. Whatever suspicions and fears had existed formerly, have have now been completely removed. The Nawab repeatedly expressed a desire that our cordiality and pleasant relations would go an ever increasing."
Had the Nizam been allowed to keep Bajirao on his side, a threat to Delhi (76) would have been severe. A conciliatory policy towards the Marathas was hence a necessity. Khan Dauran (77) had nothing to do with the success of the Marathas cause in 1730 A.D. or in 1736 A.D. His change of policy in being willing to pay them the Chauth of Gujarat and Malwa after 1732 A.D.(78) was a reaction to the diplomacy of the Nizam and hence even though opposing the Marathas as per the orders of the Emperor, we find Khan Dauran and Jaysing advocating the policy of paying off the Chauth to the Maratha to subside their trouble.
But thus, the coming closer together of Khan Dauran and Bajirao in this way was looked with suspicion by the Nizam who kept a constant watch on Delhi politics and urged the leaders of the Turani party at Delhi, not to allow the pretensions of Bajirao to be successful (79). This conciliatory attitude of Khan Dauran continued til the Marathas became too strong to threaten Delhi itself in 1737 A.D. Khan Dauran, then gave way and consented to invite the Nizam to meet the Maratha challenge on behalf of the Emperor.
Thus, the factor of the Nizam must be taken into account while dwelling on the Maratha expansion towards the North as well as their relations with the Rajputs.
(xii) The object of the Maratha invasion of Malwa :
Depending on the ample references to be collection of money in the letters sent by Bajirao and others (80), Dr. Raghubirsing in his 'Malwa intransition, first phase', infers n respect of "the real cause of the Maratha invasion of Malwa" as follows :
"A primary cause of the invasion on Malwa" was that "The Peshwa was deep in debt and he wanted money to pay it". (p. 186)
"Gujarat and Malwa were nearer to Deccan, but the former had been dominated by Maratha general Dabhade, which left Malwa alone to the Peshwa." (p. 186)
"Even after the successful invasion of Chimaji, the Peshwa did not appear very keen on having full control over the province if he could be assured of smooth payment of the Maratha dues." (p. 192) 4. "The Maratha statesmen hoped to get the subsidy regularly from Raja Jaysing, and therefore, Raja Shahu ordered the surrender of the 'Mandu fort to Raja Jaysing." (p. 192)
"The Maratha statesmen hoped to get the subsidy regularly from Raja Jaysing, and therefore, Raja Shahu ordered the surrender of the 'Mandu fort to Raja Jaysing." (p. 192)
"In 1730 A.D., when by the order of the Emperor, Jaysing opened peace negotiations, Raja Shahu promised not to allow his generals and army to cross the Narmada, if 10 lakhs were regularly paid to him." (p. 192-93)
Thus above inference, if taken for granted, go a long way to deny the very objectives for which the Marathas stood. They state that the Marathas had no other objective than the recovery of money to pay off the debt.
I have to state, with due deference to Dr. Raghubirsing, that I would refute, the above statements one by one.
(1) Maratha expeditions from Bajirao till Sawai Madhaorao, and the recovery of money for the payment of debts, are two inseparable things. All the Marathas Sardars including the Peshwa, from Bajirao to Mahdaji Shinde, were worried till last over the repayment of debts. As for Bajira
o it was his huge army that was responsible for his debts. It is too established a fact that the Maratha demand for 'Chauth' was the for-runner of Maratha possession of the territories. Gujarat, Malwa, Central India, passed under their rule through the same process. Even in Rajasthan, the demand of ''Chauth' was soon followed by the demand of territory, which was infact the primary cause of Maratha Rajput rivalry later on.
(2)To state that Bajirao invaded Malwa, because Gujarat was closed to him due to the predominance of Dabhade, is totally incorrect. Bajirao able Sardar Baji Bhivrao (81) (and probably Bajirao himself) invaded Gujarat in early 1725 A.D. Hereafter, the encroachments of the Peshwa through Chimaji Appa, and his Sardars continued vigorously. In 1727 Chimaji Appa (82), penetrated as far as Dholke within 25 miles of Ahmadabad. At the end of 1729 A.D.(83), Chimaji again entered Gujarat with a considerable force and captured the hill fort Pavadh in January 1730 A.D. This Gujarat expedition of Chimaji lasted had established a considerable hold on Gujarat. It is enough to prove that in 1729 A.D. Gujarat was also open to the Peshwa like Malwa (84).
(3) As for the Charge of Peshwa not being very keen on having full control over the Province of Malwa even after, "Chimaji's successful invasion" the letter of Bajirao himself and of others will speak for themselves.
(a) An extract (85) from the letter of Bajirao to Chimaji Appa, after the latter had been successful in killing both Giridhar Bahadur and Daya Bahadur, from Deogadh on his march to Bundelkhand. "Keep collectors (Amaldars) if they are ready, in the territory under our control. If any new Subhadar is dispatched from Delhi, keep an eye on him and if it is within your reach, destory him by advancing on him. Leave no scope for the (Mughal) forces in Malwa. If a strong force is sent from Delhi, and is beyond your strength to face it, and if your think it proper that we should combine to face it, write to us. We shall join you forthwith and shall consider the plan (of attack)."
The above extract from the Peshwa's letter, clearly indicates his determination not to tolerate any new Mughal Subhadar in Malwa. Was this all for the assurance of the smooth payment of Maratha dues? It was clearly for the possession of Malwa.
(b) The letter of Pillaji Jadhao (86) to Narayan Dixit, dated 4th April 1729 A.D., "Muhammadkhan Bangash, Subha of Prayag, Marched (upon us) with an army for 20,000 men. He is surrounded completely after his discomfiture. Grain is sold three rupees a seer in his camp. All provisions have been stopped. We shall destroy him within a week, or if he comes to terms, after affecting a treaty, we are soon returning to our country. After meeting the Swami, details will be supplied. With the blessing of the Swami, our rule has been established upto Yamuna.
© The innumerable congratulatory letters (87) that poured on Bajirao and Chimaji over their victories, reveal the writer's immense joy over the 'Digvijaya' (conquest). They reveal the real spirit behind the invasion of the Marathas, which aimed at the conquest of territories Does the following letter for e.g. express joy merely at the prospects of getting only huge sums of money in Malwa ?
An extract from, the letter from Govind Krishna (88), Peshwa's mutalik at Srivardhan to Chimaji Appa, "Enveloping the sky, conquering the North, subduing the South, humbling the pride of all, the Swami has achieved such a success, that is too much for the earth to contain."
(4) Raja Shahu ordered the Surrender of Mandu fort to Raja Jaysing not with the expectation of getting regular payment of Subsidy from him, but out of regard for him, and in view of the hereditary friendship that existed between the two Royal families (89).
(5) And as for the promise of Shahu to Jaysing, that he would not allow his generals army to cross the Narmada, it should be remembered that when Jaysing was ready to pay, 11 lakhs for Malwa and 15 lakhs for Gujarat (S.P.D. 10-56), Shahu had no reason to disagree to the settlement. As for the promise, that he would not allow anybody to cross the Narmada, it should not be taken literally. In 1730 A.D., the Marathas had tightened (90) their hold both on Gujarat and Malwa and had no desire to slacken it on both the Provinces. As for Malwa, even while the mission of Deep-Chand had just finished its discussion, Malharrao Holkar was assigned a Saranjam of the Mokasa Mahals in Malwa with the under standing that Malwa (91) had been handed over to him from that very movement. On 25th October 1730 A.D. Kusaji Ganesh was appointed as a Vakil at Ujjain. All this arrangement was in the light of establishing Maratha administration in Malwa, "for the benefit of Rayat and the officers of Peshwa, both."
(xiii) Sawai Jaysing appointed Subhadar of Malwa for the third time :
For a time the new Subhadar Muhammad Khan Bangash seemed to succeed, as Bajirao hastened to Satara after the battle of Dabhoi for the internal settlement before Shahu. But when Ranoji Shinde joined Holkar after Dabhoji, Bangash(92)realized how difficult it was to face the Marathas. He sent urgent appeals to the Emperor for reinforcement and funds. But since Khan Dauran and Kamrudding Khan wre opposed to him from the beginning, sand moreover he had roused the suspicion (93) of the Emperor by his meeting with the Nizam, no reinforcements came, on the contrary, he was removed from his office and once more Jaysing was appointed Subhadar of Malwa by the end of September 1732 (94) , which office he held till August 3-1737 A.D. Jaysing reached Ujjain in December 1732 A.D..
After routing Trimbakrao Dabhade at Dabhoi, and attending the consequent home settlements at Satara, Bajirao was involved in the complicated affair of the Siddis of Janjira from 1732 A.D. From this long drawn struggle (95), he could free him self in December 1733 A.D., by patching up a temporary understanding with the Siddi, to be free once more to took to the North.
But this does not mean that meanwhile the Malwa affairs were neglected. In latter part of 1732 A.D. Malharrao Holkar and Rawaji Shinde, along with other Sardars, reached the Narmada, starting from Kansul (96). On the Narmada the Maratha army was divided into two. One section under Anandrao Pawar and Vithuji Bule was sent towards Malwa. Another led by Malharrao and Ranoji, entering Gujarat, captured Champaner, strengthened Pawagad and sacked one or two places. Meanwhile Jaysing had arrived in Malwa (early 1733 A.D.) and a fight between him and Chimaji was expected. Chimaji hence wrote to Udaji Pawar and Malharrao to repair to Malwa.
Accordingly Udaji Pawar joined him marching through the territory of Mohansing. Malharrao and Ranoji also went to Malwa after finishing their work in Gujarat. Jaysing was at Mandosr (97). The Maratha light forces encircled him and stopped all his supplies. Jaysing tried to seduce Krishnaji Pawar and Udaji Pawar from the Maratha side. But Shinde and Holkar, brought pressure on the Pawars, to leave his side, by disgracing them for such defection. Sawai Jaysing then tried to give a bold stand to the Marathas. But he was hardly a match for them. His half hearted attempts proved futile and in the long run, he admitted to pay them six lakhs of rupees in cash and the 'Khandani' already recovered by them in the 28 paraganas. All this business was handled by Malharrao Holkar as Chimaji was at Orchha in bundelkhand (98). Chimaji reached Poona in June 1733 A.D. (99) from this expedition of Malwa and Bundelkhand.
Foot Notes (Description)
(1) 'Aurangzeb', Vol V, p. 281.
(2)"A preponderantly Hindu province with a study population, was not likely to take Aurangzeb's policy of temple destruction and poll tax on the Hindus with tame submission" Ibid - p. 381.
(3)Ibid - 390.
(4) 'Central India', pp. 50-51. 'Malwa in tra.' P. 32.
(5) 'Central India' pp. 60-61.
(6) 'Aurangzeb' Vol. V, p. 382.
(7) 'Munt Lubab' in E.D. Vol. VII, p. 315, Aurangzeb Vol, V, p. 384.
(8) 'Malwa in Tra', p. 65.
(9)
"Early in 1715 A.D., Dawlji Somwanshi, invading Malwa, recovered a sum of Rs. 25,000 from Nandlal Mndloi". 'Malwa in Tra', p. 709.
On Jan. 24-1717 A.D. Shahu granted Mokasa rights of 28 Paraganas of Ujjan and 15 Paraganas of Nemad, 14 Paraganas of Handia, 17 paraganas of Ujjain and 15 Paraganas of Bhilsa with Deshmukh Vatan of 5 Mahals of Nemad and Sarkar Handia to Kanhohi Bhosale. S.P.D. - 30-17 A and 17 B.
(10) 'Malwa in Tra.', p. 99.
(11) 'Jaypur Recods Maratha Papers,' 206.
(12) 'Later Mughals', Vol. I, pp. 336 to 339, 405
(13) From August 30, 1722 to May 15, 1723 A.D. Giridhar Bahadur was the Subhadar of Malwa, 'Malwa in Tra', p. 144.
(14) S.P.D. 27-10
(15) S.P.D. 27-10
(16) "The short sighted local magnates and their tenants sided with the Marathas" - 'Later Mughals' ? Vol. II, p. 244. 'Holkar Sahi', I, 1 to 5, 15.
(17) M.I.S. Vol. II, 14, 'New Hist,' II, p. 50.
(18) 'Life of Shahu'' by Chitnis, p. 45, 'New Hist.' Vol. II, p 82.
(19) S.P.D. 30 - entries on pp. 266 to 268.
(20) 'New Hist.' Vol. II, p. 85.
(21)'Holkar Shahi' I, p 9.
(22)S.P.D. 30-280, 281.
(23)Ibid, 278.
(24)Letter of Keso Mahadeo (4-3-1726 A.D.) . "Giridhar Bahadur is obstructing the collection of chauth and Sardeshmukhi in Malwa" S.P.D. 13-5.
(25) 'New Hist.' Vol, II, p. 98.
(26)Ibid, pp. 108. 109.
(27) "The Emperor, however, was day and night plotting to lay his hands on Nizam-ul-Mulk. He often asked his nobles to embark on a campaign against him" 'Ahwal-I-Khawaquin' in 'Studies in Maratha Hist.', Vol. II, p. 95. Also 'The Cambridge Hist of India', Vol, IV, p. 105.
(28) 'Jaypur Records-Marathas Papers', 205.
(29)Ibid, 210.
(30) Ibid, 209.
(31) S.P.D. 10-66, "Every year it was rumored that the Emperor hac' ordered a campaign against the Nizam, But none had the courage to undertake the campaign" Ahwal-I-Khawaquin' in 'Studies in Maratha Hist.', Vol, II, p. 96.
(32)
"Sarbuland Khan was recalled from Gujarat as Muhammad Shaha's hopes that through him, vengeance would be wreaked upon Nizam-ul-Mulk had vanished". 'Later Mughal', Vol, II, p. 204.
"According to prevalent rumor Muhammad Khan Bangash when accepting the Government of Malwa had secretly bound himself to lead a campaign against Nizam-ul-Mulk as soon as the Marthas had been sufficiently dealt with". Ibid, p. 251.
"After a few years Muhammad Bangash was appointed the Governor of Malwa. He secretly promised to carry out appointed the paign against the Nizam. He said , "I will first establish myself in Malwa. Once I raise and have artillery according to my heart's desire. I will embark on the campaign". Accordingly Muhammad Bangash reached the province of Malwa. After he had equipped his army, he proceeded against the Nizam. Nizam-ul-Mulk became aware of the aim of Muhammad Bangash". 'Ahwal-I-Khawaqin' in 'Studies in Maratha Hist.', Vol. II, pl. 95.
"It is in the minds of the Empero." And Sawai to Chastise the Nizam, It will be done accordingly" from the letter of Chimaji, dated 2nd of June 1740. Ingne Dafter, I-15.
(33)Â 'Jaypur Kahritas Udaypur', 22 to 24.
(34) 'In 1725 A.D. Raja Giridhar Bahadur was appointed as the Governor of Malwa. He cherished the idea of establishing his dynasty like Nizam-ul-Mulk had done in deccan' 'The First Nizam' by Yusuf Husain' p. 153, 'Later Mughal,' Vol. II, p. 244.
(35) 'Jaypur Records-Maratha Paper' - 231, see Appendix - A.
(36)'Munt. Lubab' in E.D. Vol. II, p. 478.
(37) 'The Cambridge Hist. of India', Vol. IV, p. - 345.
(38)Ibid, 350.
(39) 'The Cambridge Hist. of India', Vol. IV, p. 345.
(40)'Jaypur Records, Maratha Paper', 215.
(41)Ibid 215,216,219, S.P.D. 13-10
(42)S.P.D. 13-10
(43) Ibid, pp. 25,26.
(44)
(45)
(46) The reference is obviously to victory of Bajirao at Palkhed over Nizam-ul-Mulk, who was the renowned General of his age.
(47) Writes, Dr. Raghubirsing (Malwa in Tra, p. 162) , "The continuous Maratha inroads in Malwa had caused great consternation at the Mughal Court. Jaysing was summoned to the capital, while arrangements were made to send armies to Malwa, and Gujarat Jaysing however, preferred to stay at home and asked Dado Bhimsen, Peshwa's agent in North (in Aug. 1728) to request his master to send the Maratha armies to Malwa at an early date for wtihout a display of force the Emperor would not yield". As per the source (S.P.D. XIII-10) on which Dr. Raghubirsing has based his above statement, it is quite evident that Jaysing was called by the Emperor not for sending him to Malwa, but to have a consultation with him on his (i.e.Jaysing;s) project of sending armies to Malwa and Gujarat on the plea of suppressing the Maratha disturbance. The letter clearly says, "The Emperor called Sawai's Vakil Rao jagram who is an influential person being 'six hazari' , ans asked him about the provision made by Sawaiji for the plan ". This will be quite clear from the letter itself given above.
(48) 'Jaypur Records-maratha Papers' - 211.
(49) 'Gulshane Ajaib', Nizam-ul-Mulk's Letter in 'Studies in Marathas Hist.' Vol. II, p. 74.
(50) 'Gulshane Ajaib', Nizam-ul-Mulk's letter in 'Studies in Maratha History', Vol. II, pp. 75, 76.
(51) Ibid, p. 82.
(52) S.P.D. 22-as per entries on page 13.
(53) S.P.D. 23-7.
(54) S.P.D. 13-15, 27, 29.
(55) Ibid, 23.
(56) "As blessed by Swami, our rule has been established till the bank of Yamuna." Pilaji Jadhao to Narayan Dixit 4th April 1729, S.P.D. 13-45.
(57) 'Studies in Rajput Hist', by Qanungo, p. 64.
(58) S.P.D. 20-pp. 293 to 295.
(59) S.P.D. 30-pp. 300, 301.
(60) As per entries on p. 304 of S.P.D. 30, it is clear that Chanderi, Narwar, Orchha, Datiya, Bundelkhand upto Kalpi had come under the Maratha sway by 1730 A.D.
(61) 'Malwa in Tran,', p. 176.
(62) S.P.D. 10-66.
(63)Â 'Malwa in Tran.' P. 178.
(64)Â S.P.D. 29-46 , S.P.D. 30-p. 297.
(65) Vad. I- p. 95. Fall I-p. 246.
(66)Â 'New Hist.' II, p. 124.
(67)S.P.D. - 10-66. Said the Nizam to Deepsing. "You have lost Malwa, for Bangash has been appointed as the Subhadar there."
(68)S.P.D. 10-66.
(69) S.P.D. 66-72.
(70)Â S.P.D. 10-61, 65, 67-70, 73-76
(71) 'Later Mughal' Vol. II, p. 251.
(72) S.P.D. 10-1. (Item No. 9)
(73) Even in 1735 A.D. when Khan Dauran had purchased peace of paying off the Marathas, the Emperor ensured him for that. S.P.D. 14-39.
(74) 'Later Mughal' Vol. II, pp. 204 and 254, 'Traikh-I-Hindi' in E.D. Vol, VIII,p. 49.
(75) 'New Hist. II, p. 156, 'Later Mughals Vol,' II, p. 252.
(76) Even in 1740 A.D. the Nizam being being at Delhi, the Emperor was alarmed, hearing the news of the understanding of Bajirao with nasri Jang in Deccan. - Hingne Daftar I-15.
(77) Samsam-ud-daulsh said "Your majesty had remarked at the time when Nizam-ul-Mulk was coming to the court that the enquiry that Bajirao was making was not without a meaning. If he had not enrolled Bajirao among the servants of the Emperor. It would not have been possible for Nizam-ul-Mulk to come to Delhi. Nizam-ul-Mulk had to be reconciled to this. What I have to say is that both Bajirao and Nizam-ul-Mulk are hostile to the empire. We must plan in such a way that one of them dies. This should strengthen the foundations of the empire. Otherwise, affairs would become very difficult. 'Ahwal-I-khawaqin' in 'Studies in Maratha History' Vol. II, p. 111.
(78) Up till 1732 A.D. the Niza had met Bajirao for six times and his last meeting in 1732 A.D. was much successful. - 'New Hist.' Vol. II, pp. 155 and 156.
(79)S. P. D. 14-43.
(80) S.P.D. 10-13 TO 15, 17 to 23,25,29,30 and 33.
(81) S.P.D. 30-312.
(82)Â 'A Hist. of Gujarat Vol. II, p. 426.
(83)Â S.P.D. 30-pp. 295 and 296, S.P.D. 12-12.
(84)Â Ibid - I,
(85)Â S.P.D. 13-30.
(86) 'Vakil Reports' I, 955,960.
(87) S.P.D. 13-17, ,25,31,37,38,43 and 46
(88) S.P.D. 13-47.
(89) "Sawai Jaysing has come to Ujjain Province. Treat him with respect, in view of the old hereditary friendship between the two Royal families, Give him Mandu fort, if he asks for it." Vad I, p 95, Fall I p. 246.
(90) S.P.D. 30-pp. 293-95.
(91) Ibid : pp 300-301.
(92)Â 'Later Mughals,' Vol. II p. 253.
(93) "Accordingly Muhammad Bangash reached the provinces of Malwa. After he had equipped his army he proceeded against the Nizam. Nizam-ul-Mulk became aware of the aims of Muhammad Bangash He hurriedly arrived on the banks of the Narmade river, What miracle ! Every one expected war to break out, but what happened was that peace was established. The conferences lasted for nearly 12 days. Every one was surprised at this change from talks of war to talks of peace." - 'Ahwai-I-khawaqin in 'Studies in Maratha Hist.' vol. II, P. 95. 'Later Mughals' Vol. II, p. 254.
(94)Â 'Framans, Manshurs and Nishans.' P. 61-42, Gul-I-Ajaib,' in 'Proceedings of the Indian Hist. Congress," 1933 A.D. A.D., p. 617, also Fall I, p. 246.
(95)Â S.P.D. 22-16 to 19.
(96) S.P.D. 14-1.
(97) Ibid-2.
(98) S.P.D. 15-6, 'New Hist.' II, p. 157.
(99) S.P.D. 14-11, 12.
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MALWA, 1720 TO 1733 A.D.
(i) Malwa during 1699 to 1713 A.D. :
The strenuous Deccan war in which Aurangzeb was entangled during 1682 to 1707 A.D. was a part of his religious policy that affected adversely the provinces of the North, including Malwa. "Any disturbance in Berar or Gondwana (1). Bundelkhand or the Eastern Rajput States would immediately spread by contagion to Malwa." The people lost all attachment to Mughal rule (2) and gave expression to their opposition in revolts. "The local disturbances (3) of peace in Malwa in the closing years of the reign (of Aurangzeb) were too many to be counted."
It is no wonder that when the Marathas invaded Malwa, under such circumstances, they were not regarded by the people of Malwa as invaders but were looked upon as their supporters to oppose the detested Mughal rule(4) . The Marathas during their successive raids did nothing to alienate the sympathetic attitude of the people of Malwa. "The Marathas(5) carried the war against of Government. They had taken a large share of the revenue but did not destroy like the barbarous invaders the source from which it was drawn. They were in this, acting with the concurrence and aid of the Hindu chiefs of Malwa."
When Rajaram (6) was the Chhatrapati of the Marathas, the first Maratha invasion of Malwa, took place in 1699 A.D. under Krishnaji Sawant. After crossing Narmada, he ravaged some places near Dhamoni. Tarabai, the regent, also carried the policy to plunder Mughal-territories as a war strategy, after the death of Rajaram in 1800 A.D., the Maratha bands penetrated in Malwa as far as Mandsor and Sironj(7), which places they invested. From Sironj they passed to Bundelkhand, where Chhatrasal was fighting for his independence. They were in close touch with him. Mohansing, the Zamindar of Awasgadh, guided a Maratha detachment near Mandu. The Kolis and Bhils also rebelled. The effects of the Maratha invasion of 1703 A.D. were so disastrous; that Bidar Bakht the Governor (august 3, 1704 to September 1706 A.D.) reported (8) that half of Malwa adjacent to Khandesh was devastated.
With the coming of Shahu from the Mughal camp in 1708 A.D., a civil war broke out among the Marathas in which ultimately Shahu was victorious. After that the Marathas again resumed their contacts with Malwa (9) .
(ii) The three factors in the politics of Malwa :
With the coming of Farrukh Siyar to the throne of Delhi, Jaysing rose in his estimation day by day. He was appointed Subhadar (10) of Malwa in February 1713 A.D. and continued in that capacity till November 1717 A.D. i.e. nearly for 5 years with a population predominated (11) by the Rajputs, and with most of the Chiefs being Rajputs, having connection with the ruling Houses of Udaypur, Jodhpur and Jaypur, Malwa had closer contacts with Rajasthan on the basis of race, religion, culture and geography. With the losing grip of the Mughal administration all-round. It was natural for Swai Jaysing to think to creatinga kindom strectching form Yamuna to Narmada, and he never lost touch with Malwa, which remained always an integral part of his ambition. When Nizam was removed from Malwa and Gujarat from 1725 A.D. due to this rebellion he tried to secure both these provinces(12) for him but was unsuccessful, as the Emperor was not prepared for that.
On February 18, 1718 A.D. Farrukh Siyar was disposed and the supremacy of Sayyads was ensured. The Nizam (13) was sent to Malwa as the Subhadar, by the Sayyads to remove him from Delhi. With two successive deadly strokes the Nizam affected the downfall of the Sayyads consequently, on the death of Muhammad Aminkhan, he was appointed as Wazir by the Emperor Muhammad Shah, on February 4, 1721 A.D. With a break of about nine and half months (14), the Nizam was the Subhdar of Malwa from 20th February 1719 to 2nd June 1725 A.D., and even though the province was taken away from him by the Emperor in 1725 A.D. due to his rebellion, like Sawai Jaysing the Nizam too, never lost sight of Malwa (15) , and it should be noted that it was in the capacity as the Subhadar of Malwa, that he measured, for the last time his strength with Bajirao at Bhopal. This was the last severe fight in the career of Peshwa Bajirao over the issue of Malwa. His success in it removed the last hurdle in the possession of Malwa.
With the Sanads of six Subhas of Deccan, when the Marathas started their invasions of Malwa afresh under the able Peshwa Bajirao I, they added a third factor in the history of Malwa where they had already numerous friends and supporters and a few out-posts(16).
Bajirao was invested with the robes of Peshwaship on 17th April 1720 A.D. Not very long before, in 1719 A.D., he had been with his father to Delhi (17) and had seen the degenerated political conditions prevailing there. Being filled with an ambition of the expansion (18) of the Maratha rule from the very beginning of his career, he clearly judged that the time was ripe to strike at the roots of the Empire boldly, and hence, directed all his energies towards the North. The first object of his ambitious schemes was naturally Malwa.
Early in 1723 A.D. the Peshwa crossed Tapi river and entered Nemad, the Southern division of Malwa. On 13th February 1723 A.D. he met the Wazier Nizam-ul-Mulk, who was on his way to Gujarat, at Badaksha (19) in Zabua paragana near the borders of Malwa and Gujarat. After a week, he took leave of the Nizam and procceded to Deccan.
(iii) The Niam's Rebellion :
Disgusted with the Emperor, the Nizam left Delhi by the end of December 1723 A.D. "Having been accurately informed by his agents at Delhi of the Nizam's activities (20) , Bajirao left Satara in January 1724 A.D. and passing some time in north Khandesh, organising his forces, crossed the Narmada on 8th May and arrived in close proximity to the Nizam's camp at Sihore". The Nizam then met Bajirao for the third time at nalcha, near Dhar on 16th May 1724 A.D.
On 30th September 1724 A.D. the Nizam won the battle of Sakhar Kherda against Mubariz Khan, and founded an independent Kingdom of Deccan at Haidarabad. The immediate reaction of the Emperor Muhammad Shah was to remove all the officers appointed by him from their posts and to deprive him of the two Subhas of Malwa and Gujarat.
The rebellion of the Nizam greatly facilitated the Marathas to tighten their hold during 1724-25 A.D. on Gujarat as well as on Malwa. In 1724 A.D., Indore was assigned as Mokasa to Chimnji Ballal, for the maintenance (21) of his cavalry force and the Mandloi and the Kanungo were asked to pay the 'Chauth' to him, During 1725-26 Ambaji Trimbak (22) realized nearly 2 lakhs of rupees as Chauth from Malwa and Gujarat. On 10th October 1726 A.D. Ram Chandra Malhar (23) was granted the mamju of Sardeshmukhi for Malwa.
Giridhar Bahadur (24) as the Subhadar of Malwa on his part tried to check the collection of chauth and Sardeshmukhi by the Marathas in Malwa.
During these years (November 1725 to April 1727 A.D.) the Peshwa had accompanied Fattening Bhosale to Karnataka(25) . As soon as he returned, he was involved in a severe struggle with the Nizam whom he humbled at Palkhed (February 1728 A.D.)(26). This victory of Bajirao made his name famous in Hidusthan and established a fact that the Marathas were a strength capable to check even the Nizam. The party opposed to Nizam in the Court of the Emperor did not fail to take a note of it.
(iv) Najm-Ud-Din Ali Khan :
The Emperor's attention (27) was dominated by the idea of reducing the power of the Turani faction at the Court especially after the rebellion of the Nizam in 1724 A.D. It was after sufficient deliberation that the he appointed the Subhadars Sadat Khan (28) as the Subhadar of Malwa and Abhaysing (29) as the Subhadar of Gujarat. Then he thought of appointing Sayyad Nijam-Ud-din Ali Khan (30) as the Subhadar of Malwa. Finally he appointed Giridhar Bahadur and Sar Buland Khan as the Subhadars of Malwa and Gujarat respectively. He could never forgive the Nizam (31) for detatching a great part from the Empire and for his designs over Malwa and Gujarat. Much of the policy, of the Emperor in respect of these provinces, for more than a decade, hereafter, was directed by his desire to chastise the Nizam.(32)
Ambition was the dominant factor in the character of Sawai Jaysing and hence, the Nizam's (33) as well as Giridhar Bahadur's (34) interests in Malwa clashed with those of him. Even after the appointements of Giridhar Bahadur (35) and Sar Buland Khan to the Subhas of Malwa and Gujarat respectively, he was contemplating to take possession of both the Subhas that gave an income of 50 lakhs, by paying off 20 lakhs of rupees to the Marathas, And hence the maintained direct contact with them.
Under such circumstances, if the Marathas, with whom Sawai Jaysing was in close contact, were induced to invade Malwa with a big army, they would serve the purpose of both, Swai Jaysing and the Emperor. Their disturbance would have paved the way for the removal of Giridhar Bahadur to make room for Swai Jaysing and the despatch of the armies to suppress the so called Maratha disturbance would afford a chance to take revenge on the Nizam to the entire satisfaction of the Emperor, And the choice fell upon Sayyad Najm-ul-din Ali Khan who was capable to accomplish the task.
Najm-Ud-din Ali Khan (36) had taken active part in deposing and blinding Farrukh Siyar and was in prison since the battle of Hasanpur (37) in which he had fought against the Emperor Muhammad Shah most heroically along with his brother Sayyad Abdulla. As one of the Sayyad brothers he was naturally the deadliest enemy of Nizam-ul-Mulk.
After the province of Gujarat was taken away from him (38) , the Nizam asked his uncle Hamid Khan, who represented him in that province, to oppose any new Subhadar, whom the Emperor might appoint. Sarbuland Khan was the new Subhedar chosen and he begged for the aid of Sayyad Najm-ud-din Ali Khan was then in the prison. In the summer of 1725 A.D. he and Giridhar Bahadur, who was going to take charge of the Government of Malwa, left the Capital together, followed closely by Sayyad Najm-ud-din Ali Khan, who had been appointed second-in-Command of a large force. Their appointments to the Subha of Gujarat forced Hamid Khan to take refuge with his nephew Nizam-ul-Mulk in Deccan.
The gallant Sayyad Najm-ud-din Ali Khan was then appointed as a reward for his services in Gujarat, to the Government (39) of the province of Ajmer and as the Faujdar of Gwalior (40) , Nod-shahbad and Dhamoni.
As Sawai jaysing had been the partisan of Farrukh Siyar, he was opposed to the Sayyads and as such as did not like the elevation of one of his former foes to power. Naturally the appointment of Najm-ud-din Ali Khan at Ajmer and other places gave rise to troubles. There was even occurrences of armed clashes (41) . Meanwhile Dadorao Bhimsen, the Peshwa's agent, came to the scene and intervened. The effect was the friendship between Sawai Jaysing and Najm-ud-din Ali Khan to whom Swai Jaysing recommended for the task of marching upon the Nizm. The following letter of Dadorao Bhismsen, makes the whole plan clear.
(v) The letter from Dadorao Bhimsen to Bajirao Pant Pradhan and Chimaji Appa (42) :
"Hearing the news of the treaty (43) , I had dispatched both the couriers to you. But it has been four months since then that no reply from you is received. I came here as per the letters of Khoja. Koki and Roshan Daula are the influential persons here. The opposite group is powerless before them. The Emperor does nothing without their counsel. The opposite party had tried to raise the question of Sarbuland Khan, but they were frustrated in it and hence they felt the humiliation. Sekhaji and Kesharao Ray have been sent. I am informed that, "I shall surely do the work. I am only watching for the opportunity. Rest assured". Sawaiji has taken full interest in cause. You will know from his letter to you. As for Sayyad all the Chiefs were opposed to the Emperors policy to favor him. When he was in Kota, the Emperor paid him three lakhs of rupees per month. Then the provision for the Subhadari of Gujarat was made but Kamruddin Khan opposed the proposal. The Emperor then assigned him the territory of Gwalior, Kalanbag, Dhamoni and Jortalab. Keeping an army of 20 to 25 thousand, the Sayyad destroyed the robbers and established his posts in the territory. Sawai then sent some force to assist the Chief of Gwalior. Nijm-ud-din Ali Khan attacked the force re-established his post. Hearing of it, force came again. Meanwhile I reached there, and spoke about the Sayyad and removed the differences in the minds of both of them. Robes, and a horse were sent with a trusted man and they were made friends by taking oaths. After that, Sawai Jaysing wrote once or twice about the Sayyad to the Emperor. "If the Nizam's work (44) is to be done it should be entrusted to Sayyad. He will do it." The Emperor called Sawai's Vakil Rao Jagram who is an influential person being six hazari, and asked him about the provision made by Sawaiji for this enterprise. Sawaji had written in detail t Rao Jagram who explained it all to the Emperor. On that, Sawaji received an order to come to the Court immediately without loss of time. The Rajput Mansabdars have about 25 to 30 thousand force. Najm-ud-din Ali Khan is asked to raise 25 thousand troops and a park of artillery. The Emperor is going to provide him for the expenses of twenty thousand forces and the artillery. All this is being done in the name of Gujarat but really it aims at Deccan (45). Sawaji has whole-heartedly taken the side of Sayyad. This he has done on the support of Swami. The name of Swami is famous in Hindustan. Previously also their had been great Sardars, nobody did like this (46). The Sayyad also depends on the Swami. The credit goes to Swami. I am also willing for the same." A letter should also be written to Chhatrasal Bundela. He is fighting with Bangash. He should be assured that "our force will come to that province after Dasera. You will get succour". He will pay for the expenses. For this work Durgadas, a man of trust is sent. He will explain all; Sawaiji has ordered, "send your force forthwith into Malwa. If this is done the Emperor will grant all your demands. The force should create disturbance in Malwa". I am forwarding Swai immediately. A courier from Sawai Jaysing and Moropant from me, have been dispatched to the Sayyad. He will come soon for this work. Send a letter assuring your help to Sayyad Najm-ud-din Ali Khan. An answer from Khoja also had been received today. He writes, "Write to Maharaja immediately to send Maratha armies forthwith into Gujarat and Malwa, go that under the same pretext we shall dispatch Sayyad. Any how the arrangement is made for the army to reach Malwa".
(vi) The Plan:
The important thing to note about the plan is that it was originated by Sawai Jaysing and was matured in full consultation with the Emperor. Sawai Jaysing personally wrote to Bajirao to send Maratha forces immediately into Malwa to create disorder, assuring him that, "The Emperor would be pleased to grant all the Maratha demands if the forces would be dispatched without loss of time". The Marathas were to be used as a means to prove incapacity of Giridhar Bahadur to check them. This was further to serve as an excuse (47) for sending the expedition of Sayyad Najm-ud-din Ali Khan into Malwa. Thus, the main object of the plan was to check Nizam's pretentions over Gujarat and Malwa and to crush him if possible. Accordingly (48) the Sayyad marched with Khanderay, the Sardar of Sawai Jaysig for Malwa. (14th January 1729 A.D.)
The most curious thing to note in the phase of the Maratha expansion towards the North, is the fact that they were invited by the consent of the Emperor himself to create disorder in his own province namely Malwa. The main figure behind this plan was Sawai Jaysing who depneded on the sympathy and support of Bajiroa for the success of the plan. In doing so, Sawai Jaysing, the Emperor and the Courtiers, opposed to the Turani Party, had no reason to dream that this invitation to the Marathas in Malwa would be the cause of terrific consequences later on.
But it seems that the Nizam suspected the designs of the Emperor and Sawai Jaysing behind the move of the appointment of Najm-ud-din Ali Khan to Malwa he wrote "I have received (49) the Farman of the following effect. The Marathas were spread in the province of Malwa. Najm-ud-din Ahmad Khan has been deputed to assist Raja Giridhar Bahadur in putting down the Marathas. Orders have been issued to the Governers of Gujarat and Malwa to take their posts on the banks of Narmada with their contingents and be ready to join me when required and cooperate with me in imperial matters. My work in fighting against the Marathas has been appreciated. The isue of these orders is due to the kindness of His Majesty. I am extremely thankful for the same.
Rajadhiraj (Sawai Jaysing) had informed that the Marathas had spread in the province of Malwa. Request had been made that an army of 40,000 would be required to be posted in Malwa to put down the Marathasâ¦At present the Governors of Gujarat and Malwa have received considerable sums of money to put down the Marathas. Now that the Rajadhiraj has been appointed he must have received not less than one crore rupees. This is in addition to the troops posted in the Provinceâ¦Under these circumstances. I have undertaken this campaign solely out of my sense of duty. My income is limitedâ¦.The expenditure in heavy. Where I could realize ten previously I can realize only one. I would request your Majesty to grant 50 lakhs of rupees. Until such time as the amount is not received by me the Mahals of the province of Gujarat and Malwa may be granted to me. I am making this request only for support in this holy war. I hope my request will be granted."
The Nizam got a firman from the Emperor (50) and the Amir-ul-Umara (Khan Dauran) also wrote a letter. The Nizam thereupon wrote most courteously, "I am in receipt of the Firmanâ¦Mir Ahmed Khan Bahadur (later Nasir Jung) has been honoured with a title, a plalanquin, robes of honour and two items of jewellery. I am thankful for these kindnesses." But in spite of all these, he refused to be entrapped in the plan on the plea. "The income from the provinces is limited while the expenditure is heavy. I had asked that the income from the provinces of Ahmedabad and Malwa be spent towards meeting the cost of the Jihad (Holy war against the Marathas). The Khan had written to me to put in exertion in this war. My request for the income of the above provinces was due to my anxiety to cope with the war. There was no other alternative the income is small and the cost of meeting the salary of the army is very great. The expenditure has gone up now ten times."
Finally he declined to cooperate stating his inability in the following way. "I have received (51) your Majesty's Firman. The Marathas have spread into Malwa. Raja Giridhar Bahadur had applied to you for reinforcements. You had appointed Najm-ud-din Muhammad Khan to put down the Marathas. You have issued instructions to the Governor's of Malwa and Gujarat that their deputies should with their contingent, take their posts on the banks of the Narmada, be vigilant, be at my (Nizam-ul-Mulk) back and call and put in their best exertions to put down the Marathas. I have received your Majesty's Firman to the above effect. Roshanuddowlah Bahadur too has written to me In detailâ¦. In the previous years numerous armies, renowned generals and mansabdras, countless artillery and other equipment and the treasure of India were spent on the warfare in the Deccan. My resources are limited⦠I have written the details to Roshanuddowlah. Your Majesty will receive that letter. May the sun of the empire shine in all splendor."
(vii) Maratha Victories in Malwa and Bundlekhand :
Exactly as per the instructions in the above letter of Dadorao Bhimsen, two armies started from Poona - one towards Malwa and the other towards Bundelkhand without losing a moment after the ned of mansoon. The former marched through Khandesh and Nemad under Chimaji while the latter by the eastern route led by peshwa Bajirao, through Nagpur and the former central provinces (52). Both maintained contact with each other throughout the campaign.
Chimaji, having left Poona, towards the end of October 1723 A.D. (53) with swift marches fell upon Giridhar Bahadur, the Subhadar of Malwa, near Amzera, and killing him in a bloody encounter (54), looted his whole camp and captured 18 elephants (29th November 1728 A.D.). Bajirao, on his way to Chhatrasal from Washim (55) in Berar, congratulated Chimaji on his grand victory, on receiving his letter from Amzera (20 miles south west of Dhar) dated 30th November 1828 A.D. He asked him at the same time to march to Ujjain and attach all the Jagirs of Giridhar Bahadur for the payments of debt.
These dramatic achievements raised immediately the reputation of the Marathas and for the first time Delhi was convinced that it was power to be reckoned with. The success, of Chimaji Appa was soon followed by the victory of the peshwa over Muhammadkhan Bangash in Bundelkhand in April 1729 A.D. Completely disorganized; he gave a pledge never to molest Chhatrasal again.
Thus within six months from their march from Poona in 1728 A.D., the horizon of Maratha ambition was pushed on practically to the banks of Chambal and Yamuna (56).
(viii) Sawai Jaysing appointed as Subhadar of Malwa for the second time:
From December 1728 to April 1729 A.D. Chimaji was active in Malwa (57). Large sums were exacted from the paragnas of Jawad, Nawalai, Dhar, Ratlam, Badnawar and the city of Ujjain (December 1729 A.D.) . Then he moved on the Bundi-Kota. In March 1729 A.D., he was in the paraganas of Bhanpur, Mandsor, Jawad, Sutoda and Dahod. In the middle of April, he was on Narmada and on 4th of May 1729 A.D., he was back to Poona.
Bahwaniram, the son of Giridhar Bahadur was the new Subhadar of Malwa during 1728 end to 1729 November, but the supremacy of the Marathas, was established beyong doubt. Along with some Mahals in Gujarat, Udaji Pawar and Anandrao Pawar got a saranjam of 54 Mokasa Mahals in Malwa in 1729 A.D. (58) , and the same was contiuned in 1729 A.D. On 3rd October 1730 A.D., Malharrao Holkar was assigned a saranjam of 74 paraganas (59) in Malwa. He was informed that Malwa had been handed over to him. He was to realize the Khandani of Malwa through Krishnaji Hari, an agent of the peshwa, who was to be paid Rs. 1500, annually by Malharrao. By 1730 A.D. the arrangement for the possession of Malwa was thus complete (60).
As it was evident (61) that Bhawaniram was incapable to face the Marathas, Rajadhiraj Sawai jaysing was appointed the Subhadar of Malwa at the end of November 1729 A.D. Khan Dauran Amir-ul-Umra had an active hand in this appointment. Sawai Jaysing was asked by the Emperor to open negotiations with Raja Shahu for the peaceful settlement in respect of Gujarat and Malwa, so that no Maratha invader should cross Narmada.(62)
Jaysing left the capital on 23rd October 1729 A.D. (63) for Malwa. While he was on the way to Ujjain, Malharrao Holkar and Udaji Pawar entering Malwa, captured the fort of Mandu (64), in November 1729 A.D. Sawai jaysing hastened to Malwa and a skirmish took place between him and the Maratha forces. But hearing of his coming into Malwa, Shahu Chhatrapti (65) informed Chimaji Appa, Udaji Pawar and Malharrao Holkar on 18th March 1730 A.D. that, "Sawai Jaysing has come to ujjain province. Treat him with respect, in view of the old hereditary friendship between the two Royal families. Give him Mandu fort, if he asks for it."
(ix) A mission to Satara :
By 1730 A.D. the Marathas had firmly established themselves in Malwa and to a greater extent, Sawai Jaysing himself was responsible for their success. Besides other things his self interest in the Subha of Malwa was apparent. When he got it in 1729 A.D., he wanted to retain it for himself. As a subhadar of Malwa,it was his duty to see that province was free from the Maratha invaders, while as a hereditary friend of Shahu's family, he wanted to retain their friendship. A way out would have been possible after a full discussion with the Maratha Chiefs. And hence, at the instigation of the Emperor, but much with his own initiative (66), Sawai Jaysing decided to send a deputation to Satara, to know the nature of Maratha demands and to effect a peaceful settlement with them. After consulting Rana Sangramsing of Udaypur, Deepsing, Manasaram Purohit and were fixed as the personnel of the mission, which reached Satara in August 1730 A.D. During September, they consulted the Chief persons including the Chhatrapati and the Peshwa and after finishing the work, proceeded to Aurangabad, where they were received with hospitality.
But from the point of view of its results, the mission was failure, for the Emperor did not wait even for its coming back to Delhi, but removing Sawai Jaysing from the post appointed Muhammad Khan Bangash in September 1730 as the Subhadar of Malwa (67). But besides the questions of the settlement of the Chauth, the real object of sending this mission to Satara by Jaysing was to know the position of Bajirao Pandit Pradhan. His name had been famous in the North for his velour. But Jaysing wanted to know whether he was really a worthily person having diplomatic talents and organizing capacity and whether he was respected in the Maratha State and was honored by the Maharaja of Satara. From this point of view, the object of the mission was highly successful, for Deepsing who was the nominee of Jaysing himself, was convinced that Bajirao was fully trust worthy from every point of view and not only he was respected by Raja Shahu, but was the only person who pre-eminently ruled the Maratha Court.
The Nizam expressed his grave doubt about the faith of Deepsing in Bajirao. But the latter emphatically answered him that Bajirao would never deceive them as there had been good relations between them since the days of his father. It was a bitter experience for the Nizam to hear so much praise of Bajirao, for Deepsing scarcely left any attribute in the praise of Bajirao who was in his opinion brave, upright, honest, truthful and trusted by his men as superman. As for Shahu, Deepsing considered him to be a capable ruler, who was considerate, wise and knew his craft well.
This recorded opinion of one, who was deputed to judge Bajirao (68) and the Marathas in general in their homes, and expressed behind them, before one who was averse to their praise, deserves a special attention. In the name of Chauth, the Marathas were busy in their process of Empire building in Gujarat and Malwa. At times, they were harsh in exacting money. But there is no glimpse of any bitterness in the attitude of Deepsing who seems to have been highly impressed by the ambitious 'Pant Pradhan' and the 'Chhatrapati' of the Marathas. This can be treated as the prevailing opinion about the Maratha of Jaypur Court and of all the open minded Rajputs who could read the meaning of the Changing times.
(x) The Nizam's plans frustrated
While the Mission visited the Nizam, the latter was busy in formulating a grand plan to oust Bajirao and the Maratha completely from Deccan. He plainly told Deepsing that he meant to chastise Bajirao. Deepsing remarked that it was improper for the Nizam who was considered to be a rebel by the Emperor, to create enmity with Bajirao, who could assemble a lakh of force under him if he meant. But this piece of advice was in vain for the Nizam who had advanced too much in his scheme. The reason was that the victories of Chimaji Appa and Bajirao in 1728-1729 A.D. had raised the prestige of the Peshwa to preeminence which consequently had raised a challenge for the ambitious Nizam. As an effect, the Nizam had grown extremely jealous of Bajirao (69) . By October 1730 A.D., taking the advantage of the breach between Bajirao and Trimbakrao Dabhade, he had been successful in seducing most of the prominent Maratha Sardars of Shahu's Court (70) . At the same time he arranged a meeting on Narmada (71) with the new Subhadar of Malwa, Muhammad Khan, whom he met in March 1731 A.D. But mean while Bajirao had taken the offensive and defeated and killed Trimbakrao Dabhade at Dabhoi on 1st April 1731 and frustrated the hole plan of the Nizam. Had he been successful, then perhaps he would have been not only the master of Deccan but of Gujarat and Malwa as well, and thus he would have been a genuine threat to the Emperor himself.
It is very clear, hence, that in checking the Nizam in Deccan, the Marathas were helping the cause of the Emperor (72) in another way. It will not be incorrect to say that had there been no strong Maratha State in Deccan to check the Nizam, he would have either displaced Muhammad Shah or thoroughly crippled him by acquiring most of his fertile territories. This relative importance of the Marathas was the main factor that affected the imperial policy toward the Marathas during 1730 to 1740 A.D. especially.
(xi) The policy of Delhi towards the Marathas:
The appointments of Abhaysing and Muhammad Khan Bangash to government of Gujarat and Malwa in 1730 A.D., removing Sarbuland Khan and Sawai Jaysing respectively, clearly meant that the Emperor and Khan Dauran did not approve (73) a policy of appeasement towards the Marathas by paying them the Chauth of the two Subhas of Gujarat and Malwa. In the same way the appointments of Sarbuland Khan in 1725 A.D. in Gujarat and Muhammad Khan Bangash in 1730 A.D. in Malwa, were mainly with an object to chastise (74) the Nizam. Thus in 1730 A.D. the policy of the Court of Delhi centered round the two factors of the Marathas and the Nizam, and the Court felt sufficiently strong enough to check them both. The success of this policy of opposing them both depended to some extent upon the sincerity of the Subhadars of these two provinces in their attachment to the cause of the Emperor, and mainly on the fact that the Marathas and the Nizam remained at varience with each other.
In 1730 A.D. to 1731 A.D. the Nizam tried to profit by the dessensions in the Maratha Sardars by building up a common front against Bajirao. But the latter proved to more than a match to him. The Nizam being thorough diplomat now won him over by explaining to him the policy of Delhi towards the Marathas by showing him the secret orders of the Emperor to the Subhadar of Gujarat, Malwa and himself. He then arranged aa meeting with Bajirao on 27th December 1732 A.D., which was highly successful. Writes Bajirao (75), "I had made before now three visits to the Nawab, but those were only formal with no opening of hearts. This time, however, we discussed many questions openly, cementing our mutual goodwill and friendship. Whatever suspicions and fears had existed formerly, have have now been completely removed. The Nawab repeatedly expressed a desire that our cordiality and pleasant relations would go an ever increasing."
Had the Nizam been allowed to keep Bajirao on his side, a threat to Delhi (76) would have been severe. A conciliatory policy towards the Marathas was hence a necessity. Khan Dauran (77) had nothing to do with the success of the Marathas cause in 1730 A.D. or in 1736 A.D. His change of policy in being willing to pay them the Chauth of Gujarat and Malwa after 1732 A.D.(78) was a reaction to the diplomacy of the Nizam and hence even though opposing the Marathas as per the orders of the Emperor, we find Khan Dauran and Jaysing advocating the policy of paying off the Chauth to the Maratha to subside their trouble.
But thus, the coming closer together of Khan Dauran and Bajirao in this way was looked with suspicion by the Nizam who kept a constant watch on Delhi politics and urged the leaders of the Turani party at Delhi, not to allow the pretensions of Bajirao to be successful (79). This conciliatory attitude of Khan Dauran continued til the Marathas became too strong to threaten Delhi itself in 1737 A.D. Khan Dauran, then gave way and consented to invite the Nizam to meet the Maratha challenge on behalf of the Emperor.
Thus, the factor of the Nizam must be taken into account while dwelling on the Maratha expansion towards the North as well as their relations with the Rajputs.
(xii) The object of the Maratha invasion of Malwa :
Depending on the ample references to be collection of money in the letters sent by Bajirao and others (80), Dr. Raghubirsing in his 'Malwa intransition, first phase', infers n respect of "the real cause of the Maratha invasion of Malwa" as follows :
"A primary cause of the invasion on Malwa" was that "The Peshwa was deep in debt and he wanted money to pay it". (p. 186)
"Gujarat and Malwa were nearer to Deccan, but the former had been dominated by Maratha general Dabhade, which left Malwa alone to the Peshwa." (p. 186)
"Even after the successful invasion of Chimaji, the Peshwa did not appear very keen on having full control over the province if he could be assured of smooth payment of the Maratha dues." (p. 192) 4. "The Maratha statesmen hoped to get the subsidy regularly from Raja Jaysing, and therefore, Raja Shahu ordered the surrender of the 'Mandu fort to Raja Jaysing." (p. 192)
"The Maratha statesmen hoped to get the subsidy regularly from Raja Jaysing, and therefore, Raja Shahu ordered the surrender of the 'Mandu fort to Raja Jaysing." (p. 192)
"In 1730 A.D., when by the order of the Emperor, Jaysing opened peace negotiations, Raja Shahu promised not to allow his generals and army to cross the Narmada, if 10 lakhs were regularly paid to him." (p. 192-93)
Thus above inference, if taken for granted, go a long way to deny the very objectives for which the Marathas stood. They state that the Marathas had no other objective than the recovery of money to pay off the debt.
I have to state, with due deference to Dr. Raghubirsing, that I would refute, the above statements one by one.
(1) Maratha expeditions from Bajirao till Sawai Madhaorao, and the recovery of money for the payment of debts, are two inseparable things. All the Marathas Sardars including the Peshwa, from Bajirao to Mahdaji Shinde, were worried till last over the repayment of debts. As for Bajira
o it was his huge army that was responsible for his debts. It is too established a fact that the Maratha demand for 'Chauth' was the for-runner of Maratha possession of the territories. Gujarat, Malwa, Central India, passed under their rule through the same process. Even in Rajasthan, the demand of ''Chauth' was soon followed by the demand of territory, which was infact the primary cause of Maratha Rajput rivalry later on.
(2)To state that Bajirao invaded Malwa, because Gujarat was closed to him due to the predominance of Dabhade, is totally incorrect. Bajirao able Sardar Baji Bhivrao (81) (and probably Bajirao himself) invaded Gujarat in early 1725 A.D. Hereafter, the encroachments of the Peshwa through Chimaji Appa, and his Sardars continued vigorously. In 1727 Chimaji Appa (82), penetrated as far as Dholke within 25 miles of Ahmadabad. At the end of 1729 A.D.(83), Chimaji again entered Gujarat with a considerable force and captured the hill fort Pavadh in January 1730 A.D. This Gujarat expedition of Chimaji lasted had established a considerable hold on Gujarat. It is enough to prove that in 1729 A.D. Gujarat was also open to the Peshwa like Malwa (84).
(3) As for the Charge of Peshwa not being very keen on having full control over the Province of Malwa even after, "Chimaji's successful invasion" the letter of Bajirao himself and of others will speak for themselves.
(a) An extract (85) from the letter of Bajirao to Chimaji Appa, after the latter had been successful in killing both Giridhar Bahadur and Daya Bahadur, from Deogadh on his march to Bundelkhand. "Keep collectors (Amaldars) if they are ready, in the territory under our control. If any new Subhadar is dispatched from Delhi, keep an eye on him and if it is within your reach, destory him by advancing on him. Leave no scope for the (Mughal) forces in Malwa. If a strong force is sent from Delhi, and is beyond your strength to face it, and if your think it proper that we should combine to face it, write to us. We shall join you forthwith and shall consider the plan (of attack)."
The above extract from the Peshwa's letter, clearly indicates his determination not to tolerate any new Mughal Subhadar in Malwa. Was this all for the assurance of the smooth payment of Maratha dues? It was clearly for the possession of Malwa.
(b) The letter of Pillaji Jadhao (86) to Narayan Dixit, dated 4th April 1729 A.D., "Muhammadkhan Bangash, Subha of Prayag, Marched (upon us) with an army for 20,000 men. He is surrounded completely after his discomfiture. Grain is sold three rupees a seer in his camp. All provisions have been stopped. We shall destroy him within a week, or if he comes to terms, after affecting a treaty, we are soon returning to our country. After meeting the Swami, details will be supplied. With the blessing of the Swami, our rule has been established upto Yamuna.
© The innumerable congratulatory letters (87) that poured on Bajirao and Chimaji over their victories, reveal the writer's immense joy over the 'Digvijaya' (conquest). They reveal the real spirit behind the invasion of the Marathas, which aimed at the conquest of territories Does the following letter for e.g. express joy merely at the prospects of getting only huge sums of money in Malwa ?
An extract from, the letter from Govind Krishna (88), Peshwa's mutalik at Srivardhan to Chimaji Appa, "Enveloping the sky, conquering the North, subduing the South, humbling the pride of all, the Swami has achieved such a success, that is too much for the earth to contain."
(4) Raja Shahu ordered the Surrender of Mandu fort to Raja Jaysing not with the expectation of getting regular payment of Subsidy from him, but out of regard for him, and in view of the hereditary friendship that existed between the two Royal families (89).
(5) And as for the promise of Shahu to Jaysing, that he would not allow his generals army to cross the Narmada, it should be remembered that when Jaysing was ready to pay, 11 lakhs for Malwa and 15 lakhs for Gujarat (S.P.D. 10-56), Shahu had no reason to disagree to the settlement. As for the promise, that he would not allow anybody to cross the Narmada, it should not be taken literally. In 1730 A.D., the Marathas had tightened (90) their hold both on Gujarat and Malwa and had no desire to slacken it on both the Provinces. As for Malwa, even while the mission of Deep-Chand had just finished its discussion, Malharrao Holkar was assigned a Saranjam of the Mokasa Mahals in Malwa with the under standing that Malwa (91) had been handed over to him from that very movement. On 25th October 1730 A.D. Kusaji Ganesh was appointed as a Vakil at Ujjain. All this arrangement was in the light of establishing Maratha administration in Malwa, "for the benefit of Rayat and the officers of Peshwa, both."
(xiii) Sawai Jaysing appointed Subhadar of Malwa for the third time :
For a time the new Subhadar Muhammad Khan Bangash seemed to succeed, as Bajirao hastened to Satara after the battle of Dabhoi for the internal settlement before Shahu. But when Ranoji Shinde joined Holkar after Dabhoji, Bangash(92)realized how difficult it was to face the Marathas. He sent urgent appeals to the Emperor for reinforcement and funds. But since Khan Dauran and Kamrudding Khan wre opposed to him from the beginning, sand moreover he had roused the suspicion (93) of the Emperor by his meeting with the Nizam, no reinforcements came, on the contrary, he was removed from his office and once more Jaysing was appointed Subhadar of Malwa by the end of September 1732 (94) , which office he held till August 3-1737 A.D. Jaysing reached Ujjain in December 1732 A.D..
After routing Trimbakrao Dabhade at Dabhoi, and attending the consequent home settlements at Satara, Bajirao was involved in the complicated affair of the Siddis of Janjira from 1732 A.D. From this long drawn struggle (95), he could free him self in December 1733 A.D., by patching up a temporary understanding with the Siddi, to be free once more to took to the North.
But this does not mean that meanwhile the Malwa affairs were neglected. In latter part of 1732 A.D. Malharrao Holkar and Rawaji Shinde, along with other Sardars, reached the Narmada, starting from Kansul (96). On the Narmada the Maratha army was divided into two. One section under Anandrao Pawar and Vithuji Bule was sent towards Malwa. Another led by Malharrao and Ranoji, entering Gujarat, captured Champaner, strengthened Pawagad and sacked one or two places. Meanwhile Jaysing had arrived in Malwa (early 1733 A.D.) and a fight between him and Chimaji was expected. Chimaji hence wrote to Udaji Pawar and Malharrao to repair to Malwa.
Accordingly Udaji Pawar joined him marching through the territory of Mohansing. Malharrao and Ranoji also went to Malwa after finishing their work in Gujarat. Jaysing was at Mandosr (97). The Maratha light forces encircled him and stopped all his supplies. Jaysing tried to seduce Krishnaji Pawar and Udaji Pawar from the Maratha side. But Shinde and Holkar, brought pressure on the Pawars, to leave his side, by disgracing them for such defection. Sawai Jaysing then tried to give a bold stand to the Marathas. But he was hardly a match for them. His half hearted attempts proved futile and in the long run, he admitted to pay them six lakhs of rupees in cash and the 'Khandani' already recovered by them in the 28 paraganas. All this business was handled by Malharrao Holkar as Chimaji was at Orchha in bundelkhand (98). Chimaji reached Poona in June 1733 A.D. (99) from this expedition of Malwa and Bundelkhand.
Foot Notes (Description)
(1) 'Aurangzeb', Vol V, p. 281.
(2)"A preponderantly Hindu province with a study population, was not likely to take Aurangzeb's policy of temple destruction and poll tax on the Hindus with tame submission" Ibid - p. 381.
(3)Ibid - 390.
(4) 'Central India', pp. 50-51. 'Malwa in tra.' P. 32.
(5) 'Central India' pp. 60-61.
(6) 'Aurangzeb' Vol. V, p. 382.
(7) 'Munt Lubab' in E.D. Vol. VII, p. 315, Aurangzeb Vol, V, p. 384.
(8) 'Malwa in Tra', p. 65.
(9)
"Early in 1715 A.D., Dawlji Somwanshi, invading Malwa, recovered a sum of Rs. 25,000 from Nandlal Mndloi". 'Malwa in Tra', p. 709.
On Jan. 24-1717 A.D. Shahu granted Mokasa rights of 28 Paraganas of Ujjan and 15 Paraganas of Nemad, 14 Paraganas of Handia, 17 paraganas of Ujjain and 15 Paraganas of Bhilsa with Deshmukh Vatan of 5 Mahals of Nemad and Sarkar Handia to Kanhohi Bhosale. S.P.D. - 30-17 A and 17 B.
(10) 'Malwa in Tra.', p. 99.
(11) 'Jaypur Recods Maratha Papers,' 206.
(12) 'Later Mughals', Vol. I, pp. 336 to 339, 405
(13) From August 30, 1722 to May 15, 1723 A.D. Giridhar Bahadur was the Subhadar of Malwa, 'Malwa in Tra', p. 144.
(14) S.P.D. 27-10
(15) S.P.D. 27-10
(16) "The short sighted local magnates and their tenants sided with the Marathas" - 'Later Mughals' ? Vol. II, p. 244. 'Holkar Sahi', I, 1 to 5, 15.
(17) M.I.S. Vol. II, 14, 'New Hist,' II, p. 50.
(18) 'Life of Shahu'' by Chitnis, p. 45, 'New Hist.' Vol. II, p 82.
(19) S.P.D. 30 - entries on pp. 266 to 268.
(20) 'New Hist.' Vol. II, p. 85.
(21)'Holkar Shahi' I, p 9.
(22)S.P.D. 30-280, 281.
(23)Ibid, 278.
(24)Letter of Keso Mahadeo (4-3-1726 A.D.) . "Giridhar Bahadur is obstructing the collection of chauth and Sardeshmukhi in Malwa" S.P.D. 13-5.
(25) 'New Hist.' Vol, II, p. 98.
(26)Ibid, pp. 108. 109.
(27) "The Emperor, however, was day and night plotting to lay his hands on Nizam-ul-Mulk. He often asked his nobles to embark on a campaign against him" 'Ahwal-I-Khawaquin' in 'Studies in Maratha Hist.', Vol. II, p. 95. Also 'The Cambridge Hist of India', Vol, IV, p. 105.
(28) 'Jaypur Records-Marathas Papers', 205.
(29)Ibid, 210.
(30) Ibid, 209.
(31) S.P.D. 10-66, "Every year it was rumored that the Emperor hac' ordered a campaign against the Nizam, But none had the courage to undertake the campaign" Ahwal-I-Khawaquin' in 'Studies in Maratha Hist.', Vol, II, p. 96.
(32)
"Sarbuland Khan was recalled from Gujarat as Muhammad Shaha's hopes that through him, vengeance would be wreaked upon Nizam-ul-Mulk had vanished". 'Later Mughal', Vol, II, p. 204.
"According to prevalent rumor Muhammad Khan Bangash when accepting the Government of Malwa had secretly bound himself to lead a campaign against Nizam-ul-Mulk as soon as the Marthas had been sufficiently dealt with". Ibid, p. 251.
"After a few years Muhammad Bangash was appointed the Governor of Malwa. He secretly promised to carry out appointed the paign against the Nizam. He said , "I will first establish myself in Malwa. Once I raise and have artillery according to my heart's desire. I will embark on the campaign". Accordingly Muhammad Bangash reached the province of Malwa. After he had equipped his army, he proceeded against the Nizam. Nizam-ul-Mulk became aware of the aim of Muhammad Bangash". 'Ahwal-I-Khawaqin' in 'Studies in Maratha Hist.', Vol. II, pl. 95.
"It is in the minds of the Empero." And Sawai to Chastise the Nizam, It will be done accordingly" from the letter of Chimaji, dated 2nd of June 1740. Ingne Dafter, I-15.
(33)Â 'Jaypur Kahritas Udaypur', 22 to 24.
(34) 'In 1725 A.D. Raja Giridhar Bahadur was appointed as the Governor of Malwa. He cherished the idea of establishing his dynasty like Nizam-ul-Mulk had done in deccan' 'The First Nizam' by Yusuf Husain' p. 153, 'Later Mughal,' Vol. II, p. 244.
(35) 'Jaypur Records-Maratha Paper' - 231, see Appendix - A.
(36)'Munt. Lubab' in E.D. Vol. II, p. 478.
(37) 'The Cambridge Hist. of India', Vol. IV, p. - 345.
(38)Ibid, 350.
(39) 'The Cambridge Hist. of India', Vol. IV, p. 345.
(40)'Jaypur Records, Maratha Paper', 215.
(41)Ibid 215,216,219, S.P.D. 13-10
(42)S.P.D. 13-10
(43) Ibid, pp. 25,26.
(44)
(45)
(46) The reference is obviously to victory of Bajirao at Palkhed over Nizam-ul-Mulk, who was the renowned General of his age.
(47) Writes, Dr. Raghubirsing (Malwa in Tra, p. 162) , "The continuous Maratha inroads in Malwa had caused great consternation at the Mughal Court. Jaysing was summoned to the capital, while arrangements were made to send armies to Malwa, and Gujarat Jaysing however, preferred to stay at home and asked Dado Bhimsen, Peshwa's agent in North (in Aug. 1728) to request his master to send the Maratha armies to Malwa at an early date for wtihout a display of force the Emperor would not yield". As per the source (S.P.D. XIII-10) on which Dr. Raghubirsing has based his above statement, it is quite evident that Jaysing was called by the Emperor not for sending him to Malwa, but to have a consultation with him on his (i.e.Jaysing;s) project of sending armies to Malwa and Gujarat on the plea of suppressing the Maratha disturbance. The letter clearly says, "The Emperor called Sawai's Vakil Rao jagram who is an influential person being 'six hazari' , ans asked him about the provision made by Sawaiji for the plan ". This will be quite clear from the letter itself given above.
(48) 'Jaypur Records-maratha Papers' - 211.
(49) 'Gulshane Ajaib', Nizam-ul-Mulk's Letter in 'Studies in Marathas Hist.' Vol. II, p. 74.
(50) 'Gulshane Ajaib', Nizam-ul-Mulk's letter in 'Studies in Maratha History', Vol. II, pp. 75, 76.
(51) Ibid, p. 82.
(52) S.P.D. 22-as per entries on page 13.
(53) S.P.D. 23-7.
(54) S.P.D. 13-15, 27, 29.
(55) Ibid, 23.
(56) "As blessed by Swami, our rule has been established till the bank of Yamuna." Pilaji Jadhao to Narayan Dixit 4th April 1729, S.P.D. 13-45.
(57) 'Studies in Rajput Hist', by Qanungo, p. 64.
(58) S.P.D. 20-pp. 293 to 295.
(59) S.P.D. 30-pp. 300, 301.
(60) As per entries on p. 304 of S.P.D. 30, it is clear that Chanderi, Narwar, Orchha, Datiya, Bundelkhand upto Kalpi had come under the Maratha sway by 1730 A.D.
(61) 'Malwa in Tran,', p. 176.
(62) S.P.D. 10-66.
(63)Â 'Malwa in Tran.' P. 178.
(64)Â S.P.D. 29-46 , S.P.D. 30-p. 297.
(65) Vad. I- p. 95. Fall I-p. 246.
(66)Â 'New Hist.' II, p. 124.
(67)S.P.D. - 10-66. Said the Nizam to Deepsing. "You have lost Malwa, for Bangash has been appointed as the Subhadar there."
(68)S.P.D. 10-66.
(69) S.P.D. 66-72.
(70)Â S.P.D. 10-61, 65, 67-70, 73-76
(71) 'Later Mughal' Vol. II, p. 251.
(72) S.P.D. 10-1. (Item No. 9)
(73) Even in 1735 A.D. when Khan Dauran had purchased peace of paying off the Marathas, the Emperor ensured him for that. S.P.D. 14-39.
(74) 'Later Mughal' Vol. II, pp. 204 and 254, 'Traikh-I-Hindi' in E.D. Vol, VIII,p. 49.
(75) 'New Hist. II, p. 156, 'Later Mughals Vol,' II, p. 252.
(76) Even in 1740 A.D. the Nizam being being at Delhi, the Emperor was alarmed, hearing the news of the understanding of Bajirao with nasri Jang in Deccan. - Hingne Daftar I-15.
(77) Samsam-ud-daulsh said "Your majesty had remarked at the time when Nizam-ul-Mulk was coming to the court that the enquiry that Bajirao was making was not without a meaning. If he had not enrolled Bajirao among the servants of the Emperor. It would not have been possible for Nizam-ul-Mulk to come to Delhi. Nizam-ul-Mulk had to be reconciled to this. What I have to say is that both Bajirao and Nizam-ul-Mulk are hostile to the empire. We must plan in such a way that one of them dies. This should strengthen the foundations of the empire. Otherwise, affairs would become very difficult. 'Ahwal-I-khawaqin' in 'Studies in Maratha History' Vol. II, p. 111.
(78) Up till 1732 A.D. the Niza had met Bajirao for six times and his last meeting in 1732 A.D. was much successful. - 'New Hist.' Vol. II, pp. 155 and 156.
(79)S. P. D. 14-43.
(80) S.P.D. 10-13 TO 15, 17 to 23,25,29,30 and 33.
(81) S.P.D. 30-312.
(82)Â 'A Hist. of Gujarat Vol. II, p. 426.
(83)Â S.P.D. 30-pp. 295 and 296, S.P.D. 12-12.
(84)Â Ibid - I,
(85)Â S.P.D. 13-30.
(86) 'Vakil Reports' I, 955,960.
(87) S.P.D. 13-17, ,25,31,37,38,43 and 46
(88) S.P.D. 13-47.
(89) "Sawai Jaysing has come to Ujjain Province. Treat him with respect, in view of the old hereditary friendship between the two Royal families, Give him Mandu fort, if he asks for it." Vad I, p 95, Fall I p. 246.
(90) S.P.D. 30-pp. 293-95.
(91) Ibid : pp 300-301.
(92)Â 'Later Mughals,' Vol. II p. 253.
(93) "Accordingly Muhammad Bangash reached the provinces of Malwa. After he had equipped his army he proceeded against the Nizam. Nizam-ul-Mulk became aware of the aims of Muhammad Bangash He hurriedly arrived on the banks of the Narmade river, What miracle ! Every one expected war to break out, but what happened was that peace was established. The conferences lasted for nearly 12 days. Every one was surprised at this change from talks of war to talks of peace." - 'Ahwai-I-khawaqin in 'Studies in Maratha Hist.' vol. II, P. 95. 'Later Mughals' Vol. II, p. 254.
(94)Â 'Framans, Manshurs and Nishans.' P. 61-42, Gul-I-Ajaib,' in 'Proceedings of the Indian Hist. Congress," 1933 A.D. A.D., p. 617, also Fall I, p. 246.
(95)Â S.P.D. 22-16 to 19.
(96) S.P.D. 14-1.
(97) Ibid-2.
(98) S.P.D. 15-6, 'New Hist.' II, p. 157.
(99) S.P.D. 14-11, 12.
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