05-02-2006, 10:37 PM
<!--QuoteBegin-->QUOTE<!--QuoteEBegin-->Chapter 3
CIVIL WAR IN DELHI
(i)Sardar Jang Seeks Maratha Help Against the Pathans :
Wazir Safdar Jang held the Subhas of Allahabad and Oudh. The Rohillas of Barelli and the Bangash Pathans of Farrukhabad were his bitter enemies. They were fanatic Sunni Musalmans and hated the Shia Wazir. They had close contacts with Ahmed Shah Abdali of Kabul who always entered the plains of Northern India at their call (1). These Pathans were the hereditary foes of the Mughals and dreamed of the, ârestoration (2) of their rule at Delhi, and failing this, they wished to coerce the Emperor, so far as to secure for themselves the posts of Wazir and the Mir Bakshi, doing away with Safdarjangâs power.â The Emperor was also opposed to his Wazir and had attempted to depose him with the help of the Turani party and had called Nasir Jang from Deccan for the same purpose. But Safdar Jang was successful in frustrating his plan with the help of the Marathas (3) .
The Pathans rose against the Wazir in 1749 (4). The next year, they suddenly attacked his camp near Farrukhabad and on 3rd of August, killed his Bakshi Nawalray and plundered his whole camp. Safdar Jang fought (5) a severe battle near Farrukhabad on 12th September 1750, to save his territory, but the Pathans defeated him thoroughly. They then plundered (6) his capital, Lucknow, burnit and plundered the city Allahabad, took possession of Jaunpur and Gazipur and then marched on Benaras by crossing Ganga.
In sore distress Safdar Jang sent his personal agents â Rajaram Narayan (7) and Jugul Kishor to the Marathas inviting them speedily for his help. After settling their work at Jaypur Malharrao and Jayappa proceeded (8) to join him and met him on 2nd March 1751 A.D. It was settled that they should be paid rupees 25 thousand per day (9) for help.
In March and April 1751 A.D., the Marathas exerted so vigorously that the Rohillas and the Pathans were routed (10) completely. Wrote Govind Pant bundele (11) , âAhmad Khan met the fate he deserved on the banks of Ganga. Had he not been so routed, the Marathas would have lost their labours and acquisitions of former years. The most faithless of all the Pathans, Turai Khan had joined Ahmad Khan Bangash and was killed with all his followers.â
In lieu of their expenses and dues the Marathas obtained a large territory in Doab by the treaty of Lucknow. (February 1752 A.D.).
(ii)Kanauj Agreement (12th April 1752 A.D.):
Meanwhile the Pathans had invited Abadali to put down their enemy Safdar Jang and his Maratha allies. In response to the call, Abadali had reached the vicinity of Lahor, leaving Kabul in December 1751 A.D. In fear, the Emperor sent urgent summons to his Wazir to repair at once to the Capital with the Maratha contingents to save the situation. Safdar Jang at once saw Shinde and Holkar at Kanauj as they were about to leave for Deccan. He effected with them a formal agreement for their support to the Emperorâs cause, on behalf of the Emperor, on 12th April 1752 A.D. The agreement contained the following terms (12) .
That the Peshwa should defend the Emperor from his internal enemies like Pathans, the Rajputs and other Rebels, and from external foes like the Afgan king Abdali.
That the Emperor should pay 50 lakhs to the Marathas for their help, of which 30 lakhs was to be paid on account of Abdali and 20 lakhs for internal foes like the Pathans.
That in addition, the Peshwa was given the right to levy Chauth from the Punjab, Sindh and Doab.
That if Peshwa could not come personally to serve the Emperor, he should depute his Sardars for the purpose.
To put this contract into execution, Safdar Jang, with Shinde and Holkar immediately went to Delhi. But before they reached Delhi, an agreement was signed by the Emperor by which the two Subhas of Lahor and Multan had been delivered to Abdali in order to prevent his march on Delhi (13) . (23rd April 1752 A.D.)
The main cause for which the Maratha help was sought was over. But the Marathas would not move out of Delhi, unless they were paid their promised 50 lakhs. At this very moment, a call to the Sardars from the Peshwa, to repair to South (14) with Gaziuddin, came. The Emperor granted Gaziuddin, the Subhadarship of Deccan for which he paid 30 lakhs as Nazar. The same amount was paid to the Marathas as part payment of the amount promised and the Sardars (15) with Gaziuddin left for Deccan on 14th May 1752 A.D.
(iii)The Wazir, The Jat and The Rajputs Combine Against The Marathas :
The friendship of Safdar Jang with the Marathas did not last for a long. Antaji (16) informed that though he spoke in a sweet tone with the Sardars, he was conspiring with Salabat Jang the Nizam to engage the Marathas in the South so that he would come to Malwa with the Jat and the Rajputs. Antaji had intercepted letters from Salabat Jang to the Wazir in which he had stated that even if he was forced to conclude peace with the Marathas for the time being, he would see them again, when their forces would be away on some errand.
The reason for the change of attitude of the Wazir towards the Marathas was that the Emperor had appointed Imad-ul-Mulk the son of late Gaziuddin (17) (who accompanied the Sardars to Deccan on 14th May 1751 A.D., and who was poisoned on 16th of October 1752 A.D.) as Mir Bakshi and had conferred on him the Suibhadari of Deccan and given him the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk, inspite of the fact that Safdar Jang had been pressing the Emperor for the appointment of his son as Mir Bakshi and to assign the Subha of Agra to Madhaosing and Surajmal Jat.
The Emperor told Antaji that Ajmer and Agra belonged to the Peshwa as per the previous agreement (12th April 1752 A.D.) and that he had appointed the son of Gaziuddin as Mir Bakshi in view of Peshwaâs wishes.
The natural outcome of this appointment was the unity of Safdar Jang, Surajmal Jat, Madhaosing and Salabat Jang the Nizam.
As Gaziuddin II was the Maratha nominee, appointed against the wish of Safdar Jang as Mir Bakshi, it was natural that Safdar Jang should go against the Marathas. Jats and the Rajputs were the natural enemies of the Marathas over the question of the acquisition of the Subhas of Agra and Ajmer respectively (and for Agra Subha, Jaypur and the Jats were again the natural rivals.) It is very clear, hence, that the Maratha-Rajput rivalry in the second phase of their relations, was a natural outcome of the political advancement of the Marathas towards supremacy. And hence, even if the Maratha-Jaypur relations had not been strained due to the mishap of Ishwarising and the subsequent massacre of the Marathas in Jaypur city in January 1751 A.D. the Rajputs and the Marathas would never have been friends for political reasons (18) . Even though the Kachhwah, and the Jat rivalry was inevitable for Agra Subha, they tended to unite against the powerful Marathas, their common enemy.
Surajmal Jat met Madhaosing and Bakhtsing and then the Wazir at Delhi and told him that the Nawab (Gaziuddin) had handed over the Empire to the Marathas. The Emperor and the Peshwa had become brothers exchanging their turbans and asked him where lay his Wazirship (19) . He resented that he had given Agra and Ajmer to the Marathas, as a result of which their (Jat and Rajput) places had also gone to them. He proposed that under such circumstances, when the Maratha forces were engaged in Deccan (against the Nizam in 1752 A.D.) they should do away with the Nawab (Gaziuddin II) and carrying away the Emperor to Agra, all united, should drive away the Marathas. Thus it was settled (July 1752 A.D.).
(IV)The Anxiety of the Emperor:
The Emperor grew anxious over the intrigues of his all-powerful Wazir. Meanwhile Bakhtsing died (21st September 1752 A.D.). The Emperor seems to have faith in him, for, on hearing of his death, he told Bapuji Hingne that he had none on his side excepting the Peshwa. He (20) sent urgent calls to Madhaosing to proceed to Delhi. It seems he had no knowledge about Madhaosingâs friendship with the Wazir, who had sent Muhammad Alibeg to Madhaosing with a âTikaâ. Madhaosing was to proceed to Delhi after his junction at Jaypur with Vijaysing who was near Ajmer with a force of 5 thousand. At the same time he was waiting for the news from Deccan about the struggle between the Peshwa and Salabat Jang. North and South thus alienated against the Marathas. Surajmal Jat was in Delhi with the Wazir. Even the mother of the Emperor sided with the Wazir (December 1752 A.D.).
Meanwhile Abdali had crossed Atak (21) and sent his envoy to Delhi to demand 50 lakhs of rupees. The Emperor was afraid that either Abdali would march on Delhi which being a divided house was unable to stand against him, or he would occupy his three Subhas of Kabul, Multan and Lahor worth rupees 10 Crores. He asked his counselors the way out. They all retorted him that he should ask that question to the Marathas whom he had given the fine Subhas of Ajmer and Akbarabad and the âChauthâ of 22 Subhas. The Rajputs, the Mughlia party, and the Jats had all become jealous of the Marathas and hated them (22) for their predominance at Delhi.
(V) Civil War in Delhi (March to November 1753 A.D.)
The Rajputs tried to profit at the dissension between the Emperor and the Wazir. Both the parties were trying to enlist co-operation of Madhaosing. The Emperor had good opinion about Madhosing who tried to utilize the situation for the gain of Ranthambhor (23) .
The Jat Chief (24), Madhaosing and Bakhtsing (then alive) pressed the Emperor, for the Subhas of Ajmer and Agra when the Sardars were in Deccan but he did not listen to them in this respect and prepared a force of 25 thousand men with the help of Bapuji Mahadeo Hingne and Imad-ul-Mulk (Gaziuddin II). Salabat Jangâs wakil was pressing for the âFarmanâ of the Subhas of Deccan through the Wazir, but the Emperor turned him away saying that they belonged to Imad-ul-Mulk under the guidance and supervision of the Peshwa and that Salabat Jang at the most should accept Bhaganagar and serve Imad-ul-Mulk and should not interfere with the rest of the five Subhas.
This alienated completely(25) the Rajputs and the Jats who sided with the Wazir. With their support, and with the divided Turani party, the Wazir became too powerful for the Emperor. The question involved in the civil war was the grant of âChauthâ of the rest of India excepting Lahor, Multan and Kabul, and the Subhas of Ajmer and Agra to the Marathas. The Emperor naturally depended mostly on the Peshwa whom he and Gaziuddin wrote pressing letters for support, offering one crore of rupees (26) and the two Subhas of Oudh and Allahabad in return for help.
The Peshwa in return despatched Raghunathrao along with Shinde and Holkar from Poona. But before they could reach Delhi, the civil war was over. Madhaosing and Surajmal exerted effectively for a treaty which was concluded finally on seventh November 1753 A.D. Safdar Jang after that, departed for Lucknow.
Foot Notes (Description)
(1)
Patre Yadi - 83, 'The first two Nawabs of Oudh' - p. 177, 'New Hist.' Vol. II - p. 376.
(2)
M.I.S. Vol. III-160.
(3)
'Hingne Daftar' I-34, 38 to 41, S.P.D. 2-12a to 12e, 13, 14.
(4)
S.P.D.2-15.
(5)
S.P.D. 21-31.
(6)
S.P.D. 2-20 to 24.
(7)
S.P.D. 2-26, 28, 31, S.P.D. 27-65, 67, S.P.D. 21-38.
(8)
'Jaypur Kharitas' - 3-7, S.P.D. 21-40, 41, 'Hingne Daftar' 1-58.
(9)
'New Hist.' Vol. II, p. 375.
(10)
'Jaypur Kharitas' 3-14, S.P.D. 2-32, S.P.D. 21-43, 'Holkar Shahi' - I-79, 80, 84, 145, M.I.S. Vol. III-384, 'Patre Yadi' - 79, 83.
(11)
M.I.S. Vol. III-160
(12)
'Jaypur Kharitas' 3-18, 'New Hist.' Vol. II-p. 379, M.I.S. Vol. VI p. 82, 'Kota Daftar' I-86.
(13)
'New Hist.' Vol. II-p380.
(14)
'Hingne Daftar' I-54.
(15)
'Holkar Shahi' I-88, 'Jaypur Kharitas' 3-31, 32.
(16)
S.P.D. 24-44, 45.
(17)
Ibid - 45, Hingne Daftar I-58.
(18)
The Maratha relations with Jaypur strained after the 'Kanauj pact' - See 'Jaypur Kharitas' - 3-24,27,28,33,35,41,47,62., 'Hingne Daftar' I-57
(19)
S.P.D. 21-50.
(20)
S.P.D. 27-68.
(21)
S.P.D. 21-45.
(22)
S.P.D. 21-53.
(23)
'Hingne Daftar' I-81, 82.
(24)
S.P.D. 21-57.
(25)
Ibid - 55.
(26)
'New Hist.' Vol. II-p.383
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CIVIL WAR IN DELHI
(i)Sardar Jang Seeks Maratha Help Against the Pathans :
Wazir Safdar Jang held the Subhas of Allahabad and Oudh. The Rohillas of Barelli and the Bangash Pathans of Farrukhabad were his bitter enemies. They were fanatic Sunni Musalmans and hated the Shia Wazir. They had close contacts with Ahmed Shah Abdali of Kabul who always entered the plains of Northern India at their call (1). These Pathans were the hereditary foes of the Mughals and dreamed of the, ârestoration (2) of their rule at Delhi, and failing this, they wished to coerce the Emperor, so far as to secure for themselves the posts of Wazir and the Mir Bakshi, doing away with Safdarjangâs power.â The Emperor was also opposed to his Wazir and had attempted to depose him with the help of the Turani party and had called Nasir Jang from Deccan for the same purpose. But Safdar Jang was successful in frustrating his plan with the help of the Marathas (3) .
The Pathans rose against the Wazir in 1749 (4). The next year, they suddenly attacked his camp near Farrukhabad and on 3rd of August, killed his Bakshi Nawalray and plundered his whole camp. Safdar Jang fought (5) a severe battle near Farrukhabad on 12th September 1750, to save his territory, but the Pathans defeated him thoroughly. They then plundered (6) his capital, Lucknow, burnit and plundered the city Allahabad, took possession of Jaunpur and Gazipur and then marched on Benaras by crossing Ganga.
In sore distress Safdar Jang sent his personal agents â Rajaram Narayan (7) and Jugul Kishor to the Marathas inviting them speedily for his help. After settling their work at Jaypur Malharrao and Jayappa proceeded (8) to join him and met him on 2nd March 1751 A.D. It was settled that they should be paid rupees 25 thousand per day (9) for help.
In March and April 1751 A.D., the Marathas exerted so vigorously that the Rohillas and the Pathans were routed (10) completely. Wrote Govind Pant bundele (11) , âAhmad Khan met the fate he deserved on the banks of Ganga. Had he not been so routed, the Marathas would have lost their labours and acquisitions of former years. The most faithless of all the Pathans, Turai Khan had joined Ahmad Khan Bangash and was killed with all his followers.â
In lieu of their expenses and dues the Marathas obtained a large territory in Doab by the treaty of Lucknow. (February 1752 A.D.).
(ii)Kanauj Agreement (12th April 1752 A.D.):
Meanwhile the Pathans had invited Abadali to put down their enemy Safdar Jang and his Maratha allies. In response to the call, Abadali had reached the vicinity of Lahor, leaving Kabul in December 1751 A.D. In fear, the Emperor sent urgent summons to his Wazir to repair at once to the Capital with the Maratha contingents to save the situation. Safdar Jang at once saw Shinde and Holkar at Kanauj as they were about to leave for Deccan. He effected with them a formal agreement for their support to the Emperorâs cause, on behalf of the Emperor, on 12th April 1752 A.D. The agreement contained the following terms (12) .
That the Peshwa should defend the Emperor from his internal enemies like Pathans, the Rajputs and other Rebels, and from external foes like the Afgan king Abdali.
That the Emperor should pay 50 lakhs to the Marathas for their help, of which 30 lakhs was to be paid on account of Abdali and 20 lakhs for internal foes like the Pathans.
That in addition, the Peshwa was given the right to levy Chauth from the Punjab, Sindh and Doab.
That if Peshwa could not come personally to serve the Emperor, he should depute his Sardars for the purpose.
To put this contract into execution, Safdar Jang, with Shinde and Holkar immediately went to Delhi. But before they reached Delhi, an agreement was signed by the Emperor by which the two Subhas of Lahor and Multan had been delivered to Abdali in order to prevent his march on Delhi (13) . (23rd April 1752 A.D.)
The main cause for which the Maratha help was sought was over. But the Marathas would not move out of Delhi, unless they were paid their promised 50 lakhs. At this very moment, a call to the Sardars from the Peshwa, to repair to South (14) with Gaziuddin, came. The Emperor granted Gaziuddin, the Subhadarship of Deccan for which he paid 30 lakhs as Nazar. The same amount was paid to the Marathas as part payment of the amount promised and the Sardars (15) with Gaziuddin left for Deccan on 14th May 1752 A.D.
(iii)The Wazir, The Jat and The Rajputs Combine Against The Marathas :
The friendship of Safdar Jang with the Marathas did not last for a long. Antaji (16) informed that though he spoke in a sweet tone with the Sardars, he was conspiring with Salabat Jang the Nizam to engage the Marathas in the South so that he would come to Malwa with the Jat and the Rajputs. Antaji had intercepted letters from Salabat Jang to the Wazir in which he had stated that even if he was forced to conclude peace with the Marathas for the time being, he would see them again, when their forces would be away on some errand.
The reason for the change of attitude of the Wazir towards the Marathas was that the Emperor had appointed Imad-ul-Mulk the son of late Gaziuddin (17) (who accompanied the Sardars to Deccan on 14th May 1751 A.D., and who was poisoned on 16th of October 1752 A.D.) as Mir Bakshi and had conferred on him the Suibhadari of Deccan and given him the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk, inspite of the fact that Safdar Jang had been pressing the Emperor for the appointment of his son as Mir Bakshi and to assign the Subha of Agra to Madhaosing and Surajmal Jat.
The Emperor told Antaji that Ajmer and Agra belonged to the Peshwa as per the previous agreement (12th April 1752 A.D.) and that he had appointed the son of Gaziuddin as Mir Bakshi in view of Peshwaâs wishes.
The natural outcome of this appointment was the unity of Safdar Jang, Surajmal Jat, Madhaosing and Salabat Jang the Nizam.
As Gaziuddin II was the Maratha nominee, appointed against the wish of Safdar Jang as Mir Bakshi, it was natural that Safdar Jang should go against the Marathas. Jats and the Rajputs were the natural enemies of the Marathas over the question of the acquisition of the Subhas of Agra and Ajmer respectively (and for Agra Subha, Jaypur and the Jats were again the natural rivals.) It is very clear, hence, that the Maratha-Rajput rivalry in the second phase of their relations, was a natural outcome of the political advancement of the Marathas towards supremacy. And hence, even if the Maratha-Jaypur relations had not been strained due to the mishap of Ishwarising and the subsequent massacre of the Marathas in Jaypur city in January 1751 A.D. the Rajputs and the Marathas would never have been friends for political reasons (18) . Even though the Kachhwah, and the Jat rivalry was inevitable for Agra Subha, they tended to unite against the powerful Marathas, their common enemy.
Surajmal Jat met Madhaosing and Bakhtsing and then the Wazir at Delhi and told him that the Nawab (Gaziuddin) had handed over the Empire to the Marathas. The Emperor and the Peshwa had become brothers exchanging their turbans and asked him where lay his Wazirship (19) . He resented that he had given Agra and Ajmer to the Marathas, as a result of which their (Jat and Rajput) places had also gone to them. He proposed that under such circumstances, when the Maratha forces were engaged in Deccan (against the Nizam in 1752 A.D.) they should do away with the Nawab (Gaziuddin II) and carrying away the Emperor to Agra, all united, should drive away the Marathas. Thus it was settled (July 1752 A.D.).
(IV)The Anxiety of the Emperor:
The Emperor grew anxious over the intrigues of his all-powerful Wazir. Meanwhile Bakhtsing died (21st September 1752 A.D.). The Emperor seems to have faith in him, for, on hearing of his death, he told Bapuji Hingne that he had none on his side excepting the Peshwa. He (20) sent urgent calls to Madhaosing to proceed to Delhi. It seems he had no knowledge about Madhaosingâs friendship with the Wazir, who had sent Muhammad Alibeg to Madhaosing with a âTikaâ. Madhaosing was to proceed to Delhi after his junction at Jaypur with Vijaysing who was near Ajmer with a force of 5 thousand. At the same time he was waiting for the news from Deccan about the struggle between the Peshwa and Salabat Jang. North and South thus alienated against the Marathas. Surajmal Jat was in Delhi with the Wazir. Even the mother of the Emperor sided with the Wazir (December 1752 A.D.).
Meanwhile Abdali had crossed Atak (21) and sent his envoy to Delhi to demand 50 lakhs of rupees. The Emperor was afraid that either Abdali would march on Delhi which being a divided house was unable to stand against him, or he would occupy his three Subhas of Kabul, Multan and Lahor worth rupees 10 Crores. He asked his counselors the way out. They all retorted him that he should ask that question to the Marathas whom he had given the fine Subhas of Ajmer and Akbarabad and the âChauthâ of 22 Subhas. The Rajputs, the Mughlia party, and the Jats had all become jealous of the Marathas and hated them (22) for their predominance at Delhi.
(V) Civil War in Delhi (March to November 1753 A.D.)
The Rajputs tried to profit at the dissension between the Emperor and the Wazir. Both the parties were trying to enlist co-operation of Madhaosing. The Emperor had good opinion about Madhosing who tried to utilize the situation for the gain of Ranthambhor (23) .
The Jat Chief (24), Madhaosing and Bakhtsing (then alive) pressed the Emperor, for the Subhas of Ajmer and Agra when the Sardars were in Deccan but he did not listen to them in this respect and prepared a force of 25 thousand men with the help of Bapuji Mahadeo Hingne and Imad-ul-Mulk (Gaziuddin II). Salabat Jangâs wakil was pressing for the âFarmanâ of the Subhas of Deccan through the Wazir, but the Emperor turned him away saying that they belonged to Imad-ul-Mulk under the guidance and supervision of the Peshwa and that Salabat Jang at the most should accept Bhaganagar and serve Imad-ul-Mulk and should not interfere with the rest of the five Subhas.
This alienated completely(25) the Rajputs and the Jats who sided with the Wazir. With their support, and with the divided Turani party, the Wazir became too powerful for the Emperor. The question involved in the civil war was the grant of âChauthâ of the rest of India excepting Lahor, Multan and Kabul, and the Subhas of Ajmer and Agra to the Marathas. The Emperor naturally depended mostly on the Peshwa whom he and Gaziuddin wrote pressing letters for support, offering one crore of rupees (26) and the two Subhas of Oudh and Allahabad in return for help.
The Peshwa in return despatched Raghunathrao along with Shinde and Holkar from Poona. But before they could reach Delhi, the civil war was over. Madhaosing and Surajmal exerted effectively for a treaty which was concluded finally on seventh November 1753 A.D. Safdar Jang after that, departed for Lucknow.
Foot Notes (Description)
(1)
Patre Yadi - 83, 'The first two Nawabs of Oudh' - p. 177, 'New Hist.' Vol. II - p. 376.
(2)
M.I.S. Vol. III-160.
(3)
'Hingne Daftar' I-34, 38 to 41, S.P.D. 2-12a to 12e, 13, 14.
(4)
S.P.D.2-15.
(5)
S.P.D. 21-31.
(6)
S.P.D. 2-20 to 24.
(7)
S.P.D. 2-26, 28, 31, S.P.D. 27-65, 67, S.P.D. 21-38.
(8)
'Jaypur Kharitas' - 3-7, S.P.D. 21-40, 41, 'Hingne Daftar' 1-58.
(9)
'New Hist.' Vol. II, p. 375.
(10)
'Jaypur Kharitas' 3-14, S.P.D. 2-32, S.P.D. 21-43, 'Holkar Shahi' - I-79, 80, 84, 145, M.I.S. Vol. III-384, 'Patre Yadi' - 79, 83.
(11)
M.I.S. Vol. III-160
(12)
'Jaypur Kharitas' 3-18, 'New Hist.' Vol. II-p. 379, M.I.S. Vol. VI p. 82, 'Kota Daftar' I-86.
(13)
'New Hist.' Vol. II-p380.
(14)
'Hingne Daftar' I-54.
(15)
'Holkar Shahi' I-88, 'Jaypur Kharitas' 3-31, 32.
(16)
S.P.D. 24-44, 45.
(17)
Ibid - 45, Hingne Daftar I-58.
(18)
The Maratha relations with Jaypur strained after the 'Kanauj pact' - See 'Jaypur Kharitas' - 3-24,27,28,33,35,41,47,62., 'Hingne Daftar' I-57
(19)
S.P.D. 21-50.
(20)
S.P.D. 27-68.
(21)
S.P.D. 21-45.
(22)
S.P.D. 21-53.
(23)
'Hingne Daftar' I-81, 82.
(24)
S.P.D. 21-57.
(25)
Ibid - 55.
(26)
'New Hist.' Vol. II-p.383
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